CN112912269A - 用于车辆中的多源的多相逆变器及相关高压拓扑结构 - Google Patents

用于车辆中的多源的多相逆变器及相关高压拓扑结构 Download PDF

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CN112912269A
CN112912269A CN201980066919.1A CN201980066919A CN112912269A CN 112912269 A CN112912269 A CN 112912269A CN 201980066919 A CN201980066919 A CN 201980066919A CN 112912269 A CN112912269 A CN 112912269A
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M·布吕尔
F·乌里希
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Vitesco Technologies GmbH
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/007Physical arrangements or structures of drive train converters specially adapted for the propulsion motors of electric vehicles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/75Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using propulsion power supplied by both fuel cells and batteries
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/20Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by converters located in the vehicle
    • B60L53/24Using the vehicle's propulsion converter for charging
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02PCONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P27/00Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage
    • H02P27/04Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage
    • H02P27/06Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60YINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
    • B60Y2200/00Type of vehicle
    • B60Y2200/90Vehicles comprising electric prime movers
    • B60Y2200/91Electric vehicles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60YINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
    • B60Y2200/00Type of vehicle
    • B60Y2200/90Vehicles comprising electric prime movers
    • B60Y2200/92Hybrid vehicles
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/64Electric machine technologies in electromobility
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/10Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/14Plug-in electric vehicles
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/40Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
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Abstract

提出了一种用于操作与DC电能存储器和DC电能源结合的AC电动马达的电系统。其包括多相逆变器或者一组逆变器,其中,所述一个或多个逆变器的多个AC相被联接到马达,并且所述一个或多个逆变器的单独的DC连接被联接到DC电能源和DC电能存储器。

Description

用于车辆中的多源的多相逆变器及相关高压拓扑结构
技术领域
本发明涉及一种逆变器构造,并且具体地涉及对于具有电驱动马达、驱动或牵引电池(battery)和燃料电池(fuel cell)的车辆有利的构造。本发明使用不同电源和充电设备的组合来改进系统,提供了相关联的方法,并且处于由可充电电池和/或燃料电池供电的马达或交流发电机的领域中。本发明可以有利地被应用到电动马达车辆,其中燃料电池和/或电池能够经由逆变器给马达供电,并且当机动车辆静止时也可以由电网再充电。
背景技术
包括混合电动车辆(HEV)和电池电动车辆(BEV)的电化车辆通常包括牵引(或高压)电池,其向电驱动器或者牵引马达或者机器提供功率以用于推进。功率逆变器被用于将直流(DC)功率转变成交流(AC)功率。典型的AC牵引机器是3相马达,其可以由3个正弦电流供电,每个正弦电流以120度的相间隔驱动,但可以设想到任何数量的相。具体地,驱动马达可以有6个相。
电化车辆可以使用燃料电池来提供电动力,作为电池和马达的唯一电动力源,或作为给电池充电的外部DC或AC网络电源的补充。
为了给高压电池再充电,车辆也可以装备有嵌入式充电设备,该嵌入式充电设备包括AC/DC转换器,其可以使得能够整流来自电网的AC功率从而给电池充电。车辆也可以装备有DC/DC转换器以便将网络电压电平调试成电池的电压电平。
在这样的构造中,电池和燃料电池是DC元件,并且驱动马达可以是AC元件,并且逆变器可以被用于在不同元件之间传输电能。
一个或多个逆变器可以是模拟相电压逆变器,如申请WO 2017211655 A1、WO2017211656 A1和WO 2017211657 A1中所公开的,这些文件通过引用被包括。模拟相电压(APV)逆变器通常使用具有高频率(例如,>200 kHz)的半桥或H-桥升压转换器以便做出在AC和DC电压之间的必要转换。
在一些构造中,燃料电池和电池可以使用一个或更多个DC/DC转换器和DC链路以不同拓扑结构(topology)进行连接。驱动马达的逆变器也可以被连接到DC链路。
然而,考虑到具有电池和燃料电池的车辆中的元件的数量(或者每个元件的多种实例),有利的是降低互连拓扑结构的复杂性以便优化成本,并且特别是用于电压转换器和逆变器的电子器件的成本。
由于大电流和/或电压需求的原因,一个或多个逆变器的功率开关具体地会增加附加的成本。典型的功率开关可以是MOSFET的或者IGBT的。涉及到的储电或发电或耗电元件越多,则成本越高。因此,会希望找到降低功率电子器件的成本的方法,特别是在存在多个储电、发电和耗电元件的架构中。
在一些系统中,在电池和逆变器之间的高压DC链路导致在传动系逆变器和电池电压之间的电压独立性。模拟相电压逆变器(APV)——一种在高频率(>200 kHz)下操作的半桥升压转换器——可以被用于在升压侧上产生正弦波。
电源子系统和充电子系统的电子部件会增加附加的成本。以不同相来执行给马达供电和给电池充电。因此,有利的是重复使用用于向电动马达供电的部件来实现电功率传输和电池充电。此外,可能的是重复使用马达作为有利概念的一部分。
发明内容
本发明的实施例包括多相逆变器或一组逆变器,其中AC相被用在DC电能源和电动机器或马达之间以及DC电能存储器和电动机器或马达之间。一个或多个逆变器的DC侧可以被联接到诸如电池的电能存储器且/或可以被联接到诸如燃料电池的电能源。特别有利的实施方式包括两个3相APV逆变器,其在AC侧上被连接到同一电动机器(e-机器)或马达,并且在DC侧上一个被连接到电池且另一个被连接到燃料电池。AC相形成在DC能量存储器和能量源元件之间的AC链路。
在实施例中,两个逆变器可以被用于使用共用的AC相来驱动一个马达。例如,逆变器可以共用三个AC相来驱动马达或e-机器。其它实施例可以使用没被互连的相;而是每个逆变器驱动多相马达的单独的相。在三相逆变器的情况下,所得构造具有6个相可用于驱动e-机器或马达。因此能够在经由第一逆变器与电存储器(电池)相关联的电路和经由第二逆变器与电源(燃料电池)相关联的电路之间实现严格的电流分离(galvanic separation)。
本发明的实施例可以使用逆变器的H-桥来连接到AC网络或者电网,这二者均作为用于例如电池的充电源,且/或用于接收电功率。本发明的另一实施例可以使用逆变器的H-桥来连接到DC网络或电网,这二者均作为例如电池的充电源,且/或用于接收电功率。
附图说明
图1a-1c示出了被用在电驱车辆中的电池和燃料电池的不同拓扑结构。
图2示出了使用联接到AC马达的两个APV逆变器的本发明的实施例。
图3示出了使用联接到AC马达的两个APV逆变器的本发明的替代性实施例。
具体实施方式
在图1-1ac中示意性示出了燃料电池车辆的可能的基本电拓扑结构。图1a示出了逆变器INV1a的AC侧驱动电动马达或e-机器EM的拓扑结构。马达进而驱动车轮。逆变器的DC侧从燃料电池系统FC得到功率并且被连接到燃料电池系统FC。在燃料电池和逆变器之间的DC连接也被电连接或者联接到DC-DC转换器CV1a,其进而被连接到高压DC电池HV。在这种拓扑结构中,燃料电池和逆变器的DC侧在共同的DC电压下操作,该电压通常由用于燃料电池系统的适当操作电压来确定。用于电或牵引马达EM的AC电压通过逆变器被确定为适合用于马达和马达所需的驱动器。
图1b示出了不同的拓扑结构。同样,逆变器INV1b的AC侧驱动电动马达或e-机器EM。马达进而驱动车轮。逆变器的DC侧从高压DC电池HV得到功率并且被连接到高压DC电池HV。在电池和逆变器之间的DC连接也被电连接或者联接到DC-DC转换器CV1b,其进而被连接到燃料电池系统FC。在这种拓扑结构中,电池和逆变器的DC侧在共同的DC电压下操作,该电压通常由用于电池的适当操作电压来确定。由于DC-DC转换器的操作,用于燃料电池的电压与电池电压无关。用于电或牵引马达EM的不同相的AC电压被确定为适合用于马达和马达所需的驱动器,并且基本与DC电压无关。
图1c示出了又一拓扑结构。逆变器INV1c的AC侧驱动电动马达或e-机器EM。逆变器的DC侧从两个DC-DC转换器CV1c和CV2c得到功率并且被连接到两个DC-DC转换器CV1c和CV2c。DC-DC转换器CV1a进而被连接到高压DC电池HV。DC-DC转换器CV1b被连接到燃料电池系统FC。在这种拓扑结构中,由于这两个DC-DC转换器的操作,用于燃料电池的电压和电池电压彼此无关并且与逆变器的DC侧无关,并且反之亦可。电或牵引马达EM的不同相的AC电压仍然确定为适合用于马达和马达所需的驱动器,并且保持基本与DC电压无关。
转向图2,示出了具有两个逆变器,即INV1和INV2的本发明的实施例。第一逆变器在这种实施例中被示为在DC侧上被电连接到诸如电池的DC能量存储器ES1。第二逆变器在这种实施例中被示为被电连接到诸如燃料电池的DC能量源ES2。另一些实施例可以包括被联接到附加的能量存储器或者源的附加的逆变器。两个逆变器被示为在AC侧上被电连接到被示为EM的电动马达或电动机器(e-马达或e-机器)。该连接是经由被示为PH1、PH2、PH3的三个AC相来实现的。
在这种实施例中,INV1和INV2是两个多相逆变器,并且一个或多个逆变器的多个AC相适于被联接到马达。一个或多个逆变器的单独的DC连接适于被联接到DC电能源和DC电能存储器,以致在DC电能源和DC电能存储器之间不存在DC电连接。
至AC充电器(AC-N)的可选连接被示为逆变器INV2的一部分。这个连接使用逆变器2的H-桥HB1、HB2、HB3。充电器AC-N也可以被替换成用于向AC网络供应功率的连接,如AC-N,或者AC-N可以是至AC功率电网的双向连接。当系统被实施在车辆中时,AC-N将使至固定AC网络的连接,例如在停车库或者停车场中。
逆变器INV1、INV2优选地是APV网络,其跨相应逆变器的电感器L1、L2、L3使用较高频率来根据需要变换电压电平。每个逆变器具有3个H-桥HB1、HB2、HB3。每个H-桥包括4个开关,被标记为HS。在实施例中的功率开关可以是MOSFET的或者IGBT的,或者其它的半导体设备,或者其它的电开关。
现在转向图3,其示出了具有两个逆变器(INV1和INV2)的本发明的实施例,其中,在INV1和INV2的AC位置之间没有电连接。第一逆变器在这种实施例中被示为在DC侧上被电连接到诸如电池的DC能量存储器ES1。第二逆变器在这种实施例中被示为被电连接到诸如燃料电池的DC能量源ES2。其它实施例可以包括被联接到附加的能量存储器或者源的附加的逆变器。每个逆变器被示为在AC侧上被单独地电连接到被示为EM的电动马达或电动机器(e-马达或e-机器)的单独的相。
在AC侧上的逆变器INV1针对电动马达EM生成三个相(PH1、PH2、PH3)。类似地,在AC侧上的INV2针对电动马达EM生成三个附加相(PH4、PH5、PH6)。作为示例给出了2 x 3相构造,并且技术人员将意识到具体地根据电动马达EM的机械构造,其它构造也是可能的。根据系统的要求,相PH1、PH2、PH3和PH4、PH5、PH6的电激活可以是以0度偏移同时的(例如PH1和PH4同时)。替代性地,相可以偏移60度,或者一些其它偏移。
如图2中所示,至AC充电器或网络(输电干线)的可选连接被示作为逆变器INV2的一部分(AC-N)。

Claims (15)

1.一种用于操作与DC电能存储器和DC电能源结合的AC电动马达的电系统,所述电系统包括多相逆变器或一组逆变器,其中,所述一个或多个逆变器的多个AC相适于联接到所述马达,并且所述一个或多个逆变器的单独的DC连接适于联接到所述DC电能源和所述DC电能存储器,以致在所述DC电能源和所述DC电能存储器之间不存在DC电连接。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,逆变器的适于被联接到所述DC源的多个AC相被电连接到逆变器的被联接到所述DC存储器的多个AC相。
3.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,逆变器的适于被联接到所述DC源的AC相不被电连接到被联接到所述DC存储器的逆变器。
4.根据前一权利要求所述的系统,其中,所述DC电能存储器是电池。
5.根据前一权利要求所述的系统,其中,所述DC电能源是燃料电池。
6.根据前一权利要求所述的系统,其中,所述一个或多个逆变器适于被联接到附加DC电能存储器和/或附加DC电能源。
7.根据前一权利要求所述的系统,其中,逆变器的两个H-桥附加地适于被电连接到DC网络。
8.根据前一权利要求所述的系统,其中,一个或多个逆变器的至少两个H-桥适于被电连接到AC网络。
9.根据权利要求8所述的系统,其中,一个或多个逆变器的三个H-桥适于被电连接到所述AC网络。
10.一种操作包括与DC电能存储器和DC电能源结合的AC电动马达的电系统的方法,其中,多相逆变器或者一组逆变器被用于提供至马达的电功率的多个AC相,并且所述一个或多个逆变器的单独的DC连接被用于将电功率传输到所述DC电能源和所述DC电能存储器以及从所述DC电能源和所述DC电能存储器传输电功率。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中,所述逆变器的从所述DC源传输电功率的多个AC相被电连接到逆变器的将电功率传输到所述DC存储器以及从所述DC存储器传输电功率的多个AC相。
12.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中,所述逆变器的从所述DC源传输电功率的多个AC相不被电连接到逆变器的将电功率传输到所述DC存储器以及从所述DC存储器传输电功率的AC相。
13.根据权利要求10至12所述的方法,其中,所述DC电能存储器是电池。
14.根据权利要求10至12所述的方法,其中,所述DC电能源是燃料电池。
15.一种电驱动的机动车辆,其包括AC电驱动或牵引马达、电池、燃料电池和根据权利要求1至9中任意一项所述的系统,其中,所述系统被电联接到所述电动马达、所述电池和所述燃料电池。
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