CN112885680A - Coaxial output cavity of inboard microwave extraction outside electron collection type high order mode - Google Patents
Coaxial output cavity of inboard microwave extraction outside electron collection type high order mode Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
- H01J23/02—Electrodes; Magnetic control means; Screens
- H01J23/027—Collectors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
- H01J23/02—Electrodes; Magnetic control means; Screens
- H01J23/027—Collectors
- H01J23/033—Collector cooling devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
- H01J23/36—Coupling devices having distributed capacitance and inductance, structurally associated with the tube, for introducing or removing wave energy
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of high-power microwaves, and discloses an inner microwave extraction outer electron collection type high-order mode coaxial output cavity which comprises an outer conductor 401, an inner conductor 402, a drift tube 403, a reflector 404, an extraction cavity one gap 405, extraction cavity two gaps 406, a collector outer cylinder 407, an electron beam collector 408, an output waveguide inner conductor 409, an output waveguide 410 and an output port adjusting block 411. According to the invention, the electron beam collectors are arranged on the outer side where external cooling liquid is easily introduced, and the surface energy deposition density of the collectors is reduced by utilizing the obliquely incident electron beams, so that the problem that the conventional coaxial output cavity is easy to ablate during collection is effectively solved; meanwhile, the invention utilizes the high-order mode extraction cavity to widen the radial width of the output port slit, and effectively solves the problem that the output port slit of the existing coaxial extraction structure is very easy to be punctured. The invention has important reference significance for the structural design of the coaxial output cavity required by the long-pulse and high-repetition-frequency coaxial HPM source.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a microwave coaxial output cavity in the technical field of high-power microwaves, in particular to an inner microwave extraction outer electron collection type high-order mode coaxial output cavity.
Background
High Power Microwave (HPM) generally refers to an electromagnetic wave with a peak Power greater than 100MW and a frequency between 1 GHz and 300 GHz. The high-power microwave source is a core component of a high-power microwave system, converts the kinetic energy of a high-current relativistic electron beam into microwave energy through a high-frequency electromagnetic structure specially designed in a device, and further generates directional high-power microwave radiation through a transmitting antenna. The pursuit of higher power, higher frequency, higher efficiency microwave output is an important development goal in the field of HPM technology.
Conventional HPM sources operate in a single mode, and to avoid multiple modes being excited, the device size usually needs to be less than a certain value to turn off the higher order modes. For example: the average diameter D of the slow wave structure in the relativistic counter-wave tube and the wavelength lambda of the output microwave need to satisfy D/lambda < v02/π≈1.76(v02Second zero of the zero-order Bessel function) to cut off TM02Mode, TM03A mode of high order; in a relativistic klystron amplifier, the drift tube radius r0Need to satisfy r0< 8.79/f to cut off the fundamental mode TE of the circular waveguide11And (5) molding. Therefore, with the increase of the operating frequency of the device, the size of the conventional single-mode HPM source will be gradually reduced, and the power capacity of the device is greatly reduced, which finally results in that the high-power microwave output of the single-mode HPM source in the high frequency band is difficult to achieve. The main approaches to increase the power capacity of high band HPM sources are as follows:
1. adopting a large-radius overmoulding structure;
2. a large radius coaxial structure is adopted.
Over-mold structure is formed byThe lateral dimensions of the device are increased to increase the power capability of the device. TM in device due to increased device size02The mode and other high order modes are no longer in the off state and can also be excited by the electron beam, so the selection of the operating mode and the suppression of the competing mode in the over-mode HPM source are significant difficulties in their design. The coaxial structure increases the power capacity of the device by introducing a coaxial inner conductor and increasing the average radius of the device. By controlling the difference in radius between the inner and outer conductors, the coaxial HPM source can implement a TM02And the mode and the like are cut off in a high-order mode, so that the coaxial HPM source can still ensure the single-mode operation of the device while giving consideration to the high power capacity of the device.
In order to improve the device beam-wave energy conversion efficiency, an output cavity for collecting microwave extraction at the outer side of an axial electron collection is commonly adopted in a coaxial HPM source (the axial direction refers to the central axis direction of the coaxial HPM source, namely the OZ direction, the inner side and the outer side are divided by a high-frequency electromagnetic structure in the coaxial HPM source, the position with a smaller radius is called as the inner side, and the position with a larger radius is called as the outer side). Taking an example of a coaxial output cavity applied to a three-axis Relativistic Klystron Amplifier (TKA), the TKA device structure model is shown in fig. 1, and an enlarged view of the coaxial output cavity is shown in fig. 2. The TKA device is composed of a cathode base 101, an anode outer cylinder 102, a cathode 103, an inner conductor 104, an injection cavity 105, a first modulation cavity 106, a second modulation cavity 107, an extraction cavity 108, a first reflector 109, a second reflector 110, a third reflector 111, an electron beam collector 112, an output port adjusting block 113, and an output waveguide 114. The coaxial output cavity of the TKA device is composed of an extraction cavity 108, a third reflector 111, an electron beam collector 112, an output port adjusting block 113, and an output waveguide 114. The coaxial output cavity of the TKA device is a typical output cavity for axial electron collection and outer microwave extraction, and the working principle of the coaxial output cavity is briefly described as follows: the sufficiently clustered electron beams, when passing through the extraction cavity 108, excite a high frequency alternating electric field in the gap of the extraction cavity 108, which decelerates the electron beams, converts the kinetic energy of the electrons into electromagnetic energy, and couples out through the slit between the extraction cavity 108 and the microwave output waveguide 114. Wherein: the third reflector 111 is used for isolating the energy coupling between the second bunching cavity 107 and the extraction cavity 108 and avoiding the energy coupling between the cavities from damaging the normal operation of the beam-wave interaction; the output port adjusting block 113 is used for adjusting the frequency and the Q value of the extracting structure, and ensuring that the electromagnetic energy converted from the electron kinetic energy in the extracting cavity is coupled and output as efficiently as possible; the collector 112 is used to receive the electron beam after the beam-wave interaction.
Typical characteristics of the coaxial output cavity of a TKA device are as follows: 1) a clear boundary exists between the electron beam collector and the output waveguide, so that the collection of the electron beam and the extraction of the microwave energy are separately carried out without mutual influence; 2) electron beams directly bombard the surface of the collector along the OZ direction; 3) the extraction cavity and the microwave output waveguide are coupled through a slit. At present, the extraction structure has been successfully applied to X-Band TKA, and HPM output with frequency of 9.375GHz and Power of 1.1GW is obtained in experiments [ comparison document 1: Ju Jinchuan, Zhang Jun, Shu Ting, and Zhong Huihuang.an Improved X-Band triple Klystron Amplifier for Gigawatt Long-Pulse High-Power Microwave Generation [ J ]. IEEE Electron devices Letters,2017,38(2): 270-. However, when the TKA device is extended to a higher level, the coaxial output cavity still has significant disadvantages, mainly expressed in the following two aspects:
1. the risk of slot breakdown of the output port is large: typically, the radial width of the slot at the output port is approximately proportional to one-tenth of the wavelength of the microwave output from the device. Therefore, there is a large limit to the radial width of the outlet slot at the same operating frequency. 1) When the output power of the device is further increased, the width of the slit of the output port is almost unchanged, and the breakdown risk is increased sharply; 2) when the working frequency of the device is further increased, the radial size of the output port slit is reduced, and the breakdown risk of the output port slit under the same output power level is increased sharply.
2. Electron beam collection is highly ablative: at present, the energy efficiency of the HPM device is about 20% -30%, the high-current relativistic electron beam still has higher kinetic energy after passing through the extraction cavity, and the part of the electron beam with higher energy directly bombards the surface of the collector, so that a large amount of energy deposition is generated on the surface of the collector. Because the electron beam collector is positioned at the inner side of the device, no good technical means for introducing cooling liquid into the device is provided at present, the problem of cooling design is not considered in the coaxial output cavity, and heat dissipation is performed only by utilizing heat conduction of the collector material. The method has low heat dissipation efficiency, and the continuous bombardment of the electron beams under the conditions of long pulse and high repetition frequency can cause the surface temperature of the collector to continuously rise. The temperature rise of the surface of the collector can cause the desorption of the adsorbed gas on the surface of the material and even lead to the local erosion of the surface of the collector, and the electron beam bombards the gas or liquid metal on the surface of the collector to generate a large amount of anode plasma. The anode plasma can be reversely diffused to a device beam-wave interaction region along the direction of the magnetic induction line, the transmission of a high-current relativistic electron beam is influenced, the stable work of the device is damaged, and finally the level of the microwave power output by the device is reduced or even the device can not work at all.
The most effective method for solving the problem of the ablation of the electron beam collector is to introduce external cooling liquid to physically cool the collector and avoid the surface melting of the collector caused by the temperature rise. Since the coaxial output cavity in the reference 1 is an axial electron collection outer-side microwave extraction structure, it is difficult to introduce the cooling liquid from a position where the outer side of the device has a large radius to a position where the inner side of the electron beam collector has a small radius. Therefore, it is highly desirable to design an inside microwave extraction outside electron collection type coaxial output cavity so that the bombardment site of the high current relativistic electron beam is at a large radius position where the external cooling liquid is easily introduced. Zunwei doctor of national defense science and technology university is about an inside microwave extraction outside electron collection type TM01The mode coaxial output cavity is subjected to preliminary simulation research (comparison document 2: Zhang. X waveband high-power high-efficiency relativistic triaxial klystron [ D ]]Front edge interdisciplinary sciences academy of science, Changsha, national defense science and technology university, 2019, the extraction structure is shown in fig. 3(b), and the outside microwave extraction type TM is collected by axial electrons before improvement01The die coaxial output cavity is shown in fig. 3 (a). Although two groups of output cavities obtain HPM output with similar power in simulation, the axial electron collection outer microwave extraction type TM before improvement is adopted01Compared with a mode coaxial output cavity, the improved inside microwave extraction outside electron collection TM01The radial width of the output port slit in the coaxial output cavity of the die is further narrowed (as shown by the dashed box in fig. 3)Shown), the power capacity is further reduced and the risk of breakdown of the outlet slot at high power levels is dramatically increased. In order to avoid the breakdown of the output port slit, the power capacity of the output port slit is increased by increasing the radial width of the output port slit by the doctor of Znwei, however, the characteristic parameters of the output cavity, such as the resonant frequency, the Q value and the like, are greatly influenced by the width of the output port slit; after the radial width of the slit of the output port is increased, the extraction efficiency of the output cavity is obviously reduced, and the microwave power output by the device is obviously reduced. Due to the above inner microwave extraction and outer electron collection TM01The die coaxial output cavity is difficult to satisfy both high extraction efficiency and large output port slit width (large power capacity), so the output cavity stops at the theoretical research stage and is not subjected to deep experimental exploration. Furthermore, the electron beam collection mode of the output cavity is still an axial collection mode, the surface energy deposition density of the collector is high, and cooling through cooling liquid is difficult.
By combining the analysis, the problems of slot breakdown of an output port of a coaxial output cavity and ablation of an electron beam collector are solved, firstly, the relative position of the electron beam collector is changed, and an output cavity which is beneficial to introducing external cooling liquid is designed; secondly, changing the collecting mode of electron beams, reducing the energy deposition density on the surface of the collector as much as possible, and reducing the temperature rise speed of the surface of the collector; and then, an effective way for widening the radial width of the output port slit is explored on the basis of keeping the characteristic parameters such as the resonant frequency and the Q value of the output cavity basically unchanged, so that the extraction cavity is ensured to have high power capacity during the extraction of the microwave at the inner side.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: provides an inner microwave extraction outer electron collection type high-order mode coaxial output cavity, solves the existing TM on the basis of keeping the characteristic parameters of the resonant frequency, the Q value and the like of the output cavity basically unchanged01The two problems that the slit of the output port of the die output cavity is easy to break down and the collector is easy to ablate are solved, and a technical foundation is laid for realizing high-power and high-repetition-frequency microwave output of the coaxial HPM source in a high-frequency band.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
an inside microwave extraction outside electron collection type high-order mode coaxial output cavity comprises an outer conductor 401, an inner conductor 402, a drift tube 403, a reflector 404, an extraction cavity one gap 405, an extraction cavity two gap 406, a collector outer cylinder 407, an electron beam collector 408, an output waveguide inner conductor 409, an output waveguide 410 and an output port adjusting block 411; wherein: the reflector 404 is composed of a reflector inner cylinder 404a and a reflector outer cylinder 404 b; the first extraction cavity gap 405 is composed of an inner extraction cavity gap cylinder 405a and an outer extraction cavity gap cylinder 405 b; the second extraction cavity gap 406 is composed of an inner extraction cavity gap cylinder 406a and an outer extraction cavity gap cylinder 406 b; the electron beam collector 408 is composed of an electron beam collector drift section 408a, an electron beam collector conical transition section 408b and an electron beam collector electron bombardment section 408 c; the output waveguide 410 is composed of an output waveguide coupling slit 410a, an output waveguide tapered transition section 410b, and an output waveguide antenna connection section 410 c; the inner microwave extraction and outer electron collection type high-order mode coaxial output cavity is rotationally symmetrical about a central axis (namely an OZ axis).
The outer conductor 401 is a cylindrical tube with an inner radius of R2 and a length of L1; the inner conductor 402 is a cylinder with a radius of R1 and a length of L1, and satisfies R1< R2; the end faces of the outer conductor 401 and the inner conductor 402 are flush; the drift tube 403 is a circular ring-shaped cavity between the outer conductor 401 and the inner conductor 402, the inner radius of the cavity is R1, the outer radius of the cavity is R2, and the difference between R2 and R1 is less than one half of the operating wavelength lambda;
the reflector outer barrel 404b with the outer radius of R4 and the width of L3 is arranged on the outer conductor 401 at a position L2 away from the left end face of the outer conductor, so that the condition that R2 is less than R4 is met, and the value of L3 is 0.2-0.3 time of the working wavelength lambda; the outer wall of the inner conductor 402 opposite to the outer reflector cylinder 404b is provided with the inner reflector cylinder 404a with the inner radius of R3 and the width of L3, and R3< R1 is satisfied; a gap outer cylinder 405b of the extraction cavity with the outer radius of R6 and the width of L5 is arranged on the outer conductor 401 at a position L4 away from the right end face of the reflector 404, so that the R2 is less than R6, the value of L4 is 0.3-0.4 times of the working wavelength lambda, and the value of L5 is 0.2-0.3 times of the working wavelength lambda; the outer wall of the inner conductor 402 opposite to the extraction cavity-gap outer cylinder 405b is provided with the extraction cavity-gap inner cylinder 405a with the inner radius of R5 and the width of L5, and R5< R1 is satisfied; an outer barrel 406b of the two extraction cavities with the outer radius of R8 and the width of L7 is arranged on the outer conductor 401 at a position L6 away from the right end face of the one extraction cavity gap 405, and the conditions that R2 is less than R8, the value of L6 is 0.15-0.25 times of the working wavelength lambda, and the value of L7 is 0.2-0.3 times of the working wavelength lambda are met; the outer wall of the inner conductor 402 opposite to the outer barrel 406b of the extraction cavity is provided with an inner barrel 406a of the extraction cavity with an inner radius of R7 and a width of L7, and R7 is more than R1;
the collector outer cylinder 407 is a cylindrical cylinder with an inner radius of R9 and a length of L8, the left end face of the collector outer cylinder is flush with the right end face of the outer conductor 401, and the value of L8 is 3-5 times of the working wavelength lambda, so that R9< R6< R1 is satisfied; the electron beam collector 408 is arranged at the position where the radius of the end surface of the left side of the collector outer cylinder 407 is R10; the electron beam collector 408 is composed of the electron beam collector drift section 408a, the electron beam collector conical transition section 408b and the electron beam collector electron bombardment section 408 c; the drift section 408a of the electron beam collector is a circular cavity with an inner radius of R10, an outer radius of R11 and a width of L9, and the value of L9 is 0.8-1.2 times of the working wavelength lambda, so that R1 is more than R10 and less than R11 and less than R2; the conical transition section 408b of the electron beam collector is a hollow truncated cone-shaped cavity, the outer radius of the upper bottom of the conical transition section is R11, the outer radius of the lower bottom of the conical transition section is R12, the height of the conical transition section is L10, the radius of the hollow part is R10, and the value of L10 is 0.3-0.7 times of the working wavelength lambda, so that R10< R11< R12 is satisfied; the electron bombardment section 408c of the electron beam collector is a circular cavity with an inner radius of R10, an outer radius of R12 and a width of L11, and the value of L11 is 2-4 times of the working wavelength lambda;
the output waveguide inner conductor 409 is a cylinder with a radius of R7 and a length of L8; the output waveguide 410 is a circular cavity between the collector outer cylinder 407 and the output waveguide inner conductor 409; the output waveguide 410 is composed of the output waveguide coupling slit 410a, the output waveguide tapered transition section 410b, and the output waveguide antenna connection section 410 c; the output waveguide coupling slit 410a is a section of annular cavity with an inner radius of R7, an outer radius of R9 and a width of L12, the value of L12 is 0.3-0.4 times of the working wavelength lambda, R7 is more than R9 and less than R1, and the difference between R9 and R7 is 0.2-0.4 times of the working wavelength lambda; the output waveguide conical transition section 410b is a hollow truncated cone-shaped cavity, the outer radius of the upper bottom of the output waveguide conical transition section is R9, the outer radius of the lower bottom of the output waveguide conical transition section is R13, the height of the output waveguide conical transition section is L13, the radius of the hollow part is R7, and the value of L13 is 0.5-0.8 times of the working wavelength lambda, so that R7< R9< R13 is satisfied; the output waveguide antenna connection section 410c is a circular cavity with an inner radius of R7 and an outer radius of R13;
the output port adjusting block 411 is a metal ring embedded on the outer wall of the output waveguide inner conductor 409, the inner radius of the metal ring is R7, the outer radius of the metal ring is R14, the width of the metal ring is L14, the value of L14 is 0.15-0.25 times of the working wavelength lambda, and R7< R14 is satisfied;
the extraction cavity-gap 405 operates in a coaxial TM011Mode, the extraction cavity gap 406 operates in the coaxial TM031In the mode, the two extraction cavity gaps are used for converting the kinetic energy of the high-current relativistic electron beam into electromagnetic energy in the extraction cavity gaps; the reflector 404 is used for inhibiting the microwave energy in a gap 405 of the extraction cavity from leaking to an electron beam modulation region in front of the coaxial output cavity, so as to avoid energy coupling among the cavities from damaging the normal operation of beam-wave interaction; the output port adjusting block 411 is used for adjusting the frequency and the Q value of the coaxial output cavity, and ensuring that the electromagnetic energy converted from the electronic kinetic energy in the output cavity is coupled and output as much as possible; the electron beam collector 408 is configured to receive a high current relativistic electron beam after a beam-wave interaction.
The working principle of the invention is as follows: when the sufficiently clustered electron beams pass through the first extraction cavity gap 405 and the second extraction cavity gap 406, a high-frequency alternating electric field is excited in the two gaps, the electric field decelerates the electron beams, the kinetic energy of the electron beams is converted into electromagnetic energy, and the electromagnetic energy is coupled and output through the output waveguide coupling slit 410a between the second extraction cavity gap 406a and the microwave output waveguide 410; after entering the collector 408, the electron beam will generate a certain radial deflection under the constraint of the guiding magnetic field, and finally bombard the outer surface of the electron bombardment section 408c of the electron beam collector in an inclined manner;
under the condition of high power, a beam-wave interaction area of the HPM microwave device can accumulate high-power electromagnetic energy, and can excite a strong electric field of hundreds of kV in a corresponding beam-wave interaction resonant cavity, and the strong electric field can easily cause the surface of a device material to generate radio frequency breakdown; two main ways of avoiding the radio frequency breakdown of the surface of the device material are provided, wherein firstly, a metal material with a higher breakdown threshold value is adopted, and secondly, the structure of the device is optimally designed, so that the field intensity of an electric field concentration area is reduced; the inner microwave extraction outer electron collection type high-order mode coaxial output cavity provided by the invention is made of a non-magnetic stainless steel material with a high breakdown threshold value and relatively low manufacturing cost, and meanwhile, the inner microwave extraction outer electron collection type high-order mode coaxial output cavity provided by the invention adopts a chamfer design for all sharp points of a beam-wave interaction area and an HPM output area; the chamfer area amplifying structure of the inner microwave extraction outer electron collection type high-order mode coaxial output cavity provided by the invention is shown in fig. 5, and can be divided into a reflector chamfer area 501, an extraction cavity-gap chamfer area 502, an extraction cavity-gap chamfer area 503, an electron beam collector chamfer area 504, an output waveguide coupling port chamfer area 505 and an output port adjusting block chamfer area 506 according to chamfer positions, and the chamfer radius of each area can be optimally designed according to practical application background.
Compared with the prior art, the invention can achieve the following technical effects:
(1) the invention provides an inner side microwave extraction outer side electron collection type high-order mode coaxial output cavity which works in TM011-TM031The double-gap extraction cavity structure of the mode increases the radial width of a coupling port between the extraction cavity and the microwave output waveguide from about one tenth of a working wavelength lambda to about one quarter of the working wavelength lambda under the condition of ensuring that the resonance frequency and the Q value required by high-efficiency beam-wave interaction of the extraction structure are basically unchanged, and effectively solves the problem of high output port slit breakdown risk of a coaxial output cavity in the prior art introduced by the background;
(2) according to the inner-side microwave extraction outer-side electron collection type high-order-mode coaxial output cavity, the bombardment area of the electron beam is adjusted from the position with a smaller radius at the inner side to the position with a larger radius at the outer side, so that the physical cooling of the collector is facilitated by introducing external cooling liquid, and the problem of 'extremely easy ablation of the collector' caused by the temperature rise of the collector area is effectively solved;
(3) according to the high-order mode coaxial output cavity with the inner microwave extraction and the outer electron collection provided by the invention, the electron beam collection mode of the coaxial output cavity in the prior art is changed from direct axial bombardment on the inclined plane of the collector to radial deflection and then bombardment on the surface of the collector, so that the receiving area of an electron beam is effectively increased, the energy deposition density on the unit area of the surface of the collector is reduced, the temperature rise rate of the collector material caused by energy deposition is reduced, and the problem of 'collection is easy to ablate' caused by the temperature rise of the collector region is relieved from a physical source.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a prior art X-band three-axis relativistic klystron amplifier with background introduction;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of the coaxial output cavity of the X-band triaxial relativistic klystron amplifier of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a modified diagram of the coaxial output cavity "inside microwave extraction outside electron collection" of a prior art disclosed X-band triaxial relativistic klystron amplifier with background introduction;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an inside microwave extraction outside electron collection type high order mode coaxial output cavity according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of a chamfered region of an inside microwave extraction outside electron collection type high-order mode coaxial output cavity according to the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a comparison of resonance parameters before and after an improvement in an inside microwave extraction outside electron collection type high-order mode coaxial output cavity provided by the present invention;
fig. 7 is a comparison graph of electron beam motion trajectories before and after an improvement of an inside microwave extraction outside electron collection type high-order mode coaxial output cavity provided by the present invention.
Detailed Description
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate an embodiment of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the invention and not to limit the invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of an embodiment of the inside microwave extraction outside electron collection type high order mode coaxial output cavity of the present invention, which is applied to an X-band TKA; FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of the chamfered area of FIG. 4; the invention is composed of an outer conductor 401, an inner conductor 402, a drift tube 403, a reflector 404, a first extraction cavity gap 405, a second extraction cavity gap 406, a collector outer cylinder 407, an electron beam collector 408, an output waveguide inner conductor 409, an output waveguide 410 and an output port adjusting block 411; wherein: the reflector 404 is composed of a reflector inner cylinder 404a and a reflector outer cylinder 404b, and the extraction cavity-gap 405 is composed of an extraction cavity-gap inner cylinder 405a and an extraction cavity-gap outer cylinder 405 b; the second extraction cavity gap 406 is composed of an inner extraction cavity gap cylinder 406a and an outer extraction cavity gap cylinder 406 b; the electron beam collector 408 is composed of an electron beam collector drift section 408a, an electron beam collector conical transition section 408b and an electron beam collector electron bombardment section 408 c; the output waveguide 410 is composed of an output waveguide coupling slit 410a, an output waveguide tapered transition section 410b, and an output waveguide antenna connection section 410 c; the overall structure is rotationally symmetric about the central axis (i.e., the OZ axis).
The outer conductor 401, the inner conductor 402, the collector outer cylinder 407, the output waveguide inner conductor 409 and the output port adjusting block 411 are made of non-magnetic stainless steel materials;
the end faces of the outer conductor 401 and the inner conductor 402 are flush; the collector outer cylinder 407 is flush with the end faces of the left side and the right side of the output waveguide inner conductor 409; the outer conductor 401 and the collector outer cylinder 407 are connected into a whole through a flange with a sealing groove and a positioning step; the inner conductor 402 and the output waveguide inner conductor 409 are connected through threads; the left sides of the outer conductor 401 and the inner conductor 402 are connected with an electron beam modulation region of a coaxial HPM source; the right sides of the collector outer cylinder 407 and the output waveguide inner conductor 409 are connected with a coaxial HPM source output antenna;
the outer conductor 401 is a cylindrical tube with an inner radius of R2 and a length of L1; the inner conductor 402 is a cylinder with a radius of R1 and a length of L1, and satisfies R1< R2; the drift tube 403 is a circular ring-shaped cavity between the outer conductor 401 and the inner conductor 402, and has an inner radius of R1 and an outer radius of R2, where the difference between R2 and R1 is 0.33 times the operating wavelength λ in this embodiment;
the reflector outer barrel 404b with the outer radius of R4 and the width of L3 is arranged on the outer conductor 401 at a position L2 away from the left end face of the outer conductor, so that the condition that R2 is less than R4 is met, in the embodiment, the value of L2 is 1.25 times of the working wavelength lambda, and the value of L3 is 0.25 times of the working wavelength lambda; the outer wall of the inner conductor 402 opposite to the outer reflector cylinder 404b is provided with the inner reflector cylinder 404a with the inner radius of R3 and the width of L3, and R3< R1 is satisfied;
a gap outer cylinder 405b of the extraction cavity with the outer radius of R6 and the width of L5 is arranged on the outer conductor 401 at a position L4 away from the right end face of the reflector 404, so that R2< R6 is satisfied, in this embodiment, the value of L4 is 0.33 times of the working wavelength λ, and the value of L5 is 0.23 times of the working wavelength λ; the outer wall of the inner conductor 402 opposite to the extraction cavity-gap outer cylinder 405b is provided with the extraction cavity-gap inner cylinder 405a with the inner radius of R5 and the width of L5, and R5< R1 is satisfied;
an outer barrel 406b of the two-gap extraction cavity with the outer radius of R8 and the width of L7 is arranged on the outer conductor 401 at a position L6 away from the right end face of the one-gap extraction cavity 405, so that the requirement that R2 is less than R8 is met, in the embodiment, the value of L6 is 0.2 times of the working wavelength λ, and the value of L7 is 0.24 times of the working wavelength λ; the outer wall of the inner conductor 402 opposite to the outer barrel 406b of the extraction cavity is provided with an inner barrel 406a of the extraction cavity with an inner radius of R7 and a width of L7, and R7 is more than R1;
the collector outer cylinder 407 is a cylindrical cylinder with an inner radius of R9 and a length of L8, and the left end face of the collector outer cylinder is flush with the right end face of the outer conductor 401, so that R9< R6< R1 is satisfied; the electron beam collector 408 is arranged at the position where the radius of the end surface of the left side of the collector outer cylinder 407 is R10; the electron beam collector 408 is composed of the electron beam collector drift section 408a, the electron beam collector conical transition section 408b and the electron beam collector electron bombardment section 408 c; the drift section 408a of the electron beam collector is a circular cavity with an inner radius of R10, an outer radius of R11 and a width of L9, in this embodiment, the value of L9 is 1 time of the working wavelength λ, and R1< R10< R11< R2 is satisfied; the conical transition section 408b of the electron beam collector is a hollow truncated cone-shaped cavity, the outer radius of the upper bottom of the conical transition section is R11, the outer radius of the lower bottom of the conical transition section is R12, the height of the conical transition section is L10, and the radius of the hollow part is R10, in the embodiment, the value of L10 is 0.5 times of the working wavelength lambda, and R10< R11< R12 is satisfied; the electron bombardment section 408c of the electron beam collector is a circular cavity with an inner radius of R10, an outer radius of R12 and a width of L11, and the value of L11 is 2 times of the working wavelength λ in this embodiment;
the output waveguide inner conductor 409 is a cylinder with a radius of R7 and a length of L8; the output waveguide 410 is a circular cavity between the collector outer cylinder 407 and the output waveguide inner conductor 409; the output waveguide 410 is composed of the output waveguide coupling slit 410a, the output waveguide tapered transition section 410b, and the output waveguide antenna connection section 410 c; the output waveguide coupling slit 410a is a circular cavity with an inner radius of R7, an outer radius of R9 and a width of L12, and satisfies that R7< R9< R1, in this embodiment, the value of L12 is 0.33 times of the working wavelength λ, and the difference between R9 and R7 is 0.25 times of the working wavelength λ; the tapered transition section 410b of the output waveguide is a hollow truncated cone-shaped cavity, the outer radius of the upper bottom of the tapered transition section is R9, the outer radius of the lower bottom of the tapered transition section is R13, the height of the tapered transition section is L13, the radius of the hollow part is R7, R7 is satisfied, R9 is smaller than R13, and the value of L13 is about 0.67 time of the working wavelength lambda in the embodiment; the output waveguide antenna connection section 410c is a circular cavity with an inner radius of R7 and an outer radius of R13;
the output port adjusting block 411 is a metal ring embedded on the outer wall of the output waveguide inner conductor 409, the inner radius of the metal ring is R7, the outer radius of the metal ring is R14, and the width of the metal ring is L14, so that the requirement that R7 is greater than R14 is met, and the value of L14 is 0.1 time of the working wavelength λ in the embodiment;
the extraction cavity-gap 405 operates in a coaxial TM011Mode, the extraction cavity two-gap 406 works in the same wayShaft TM031In the mode, the two extraction cavity gaps are used for converting the kinetic energy of the high-current relativistic electron beam into electromagnetic energy in the extraction cavity gaps; the reflector 404 is used for inhibiting the microwave energy in a gap 405 of the extraction cavity from leaking to an electron beam modulation region in front of the coaxial output cavity, so as to avoid energy coupling among the cavities from damaging the normal operation of beam-wave interaction; the output port adjusting block 411 is used for adjusting the frequency and the Q value of the extraction structure, and ensuring that the electromagnetic energy converted from the kinetic energy of electrons in the extraction cavity is coupled and output as much as possible; the electron beam collector 408 is used for receiving a strong current relativistic electron beam after beam-wave interaction;
the working principle of the invention is as follows: when the sufficiently clustered electron beams pass through the first extraction cavity gap 405 and the second extraction cavity gap 406, a high-frequency alternating electric field is excited in the two gaps, the electric field decelerates the electron beams, the kinetic energy of the electron beams is converted into electromagnetic energy, and the electromagnetic energy is coupled and output through the output waveguide coupling slit 410a between the second extraction cavity gap 406a and the microwave output waveguide 410; after entering the collector 408, the electron beam will generate a certain radial deflection under the constraint of the guiding magnetic field, and finally bombard the outer surface of the electron bombardment section 408c of the electron beam collector in an inclined manner;
the present embodiment realizes an inner microwave extraction outer high-order mode coaxial output cavity (corresponding to the dimensions: R1-34 mm, R2-44 mm, R3-36.5 mm, R4-51.5 mm, R5-29 mm, R6-48.5 mm, R7-14 mm, R8-64 mm, R9-22 mm, R10-35 mm, R11-43 mm, R12-45.5 mm, R13-26 mm, R14-17 mm, L1-77.7 mm, L2-40 mm, L2-7.5 mm, L2-10 mm, L2-2 mm, L2-2 mm, L-6 mm, L-3 cm);
under the condition of high power, a beam-wave interaction area of the HPM microwave device can accumulate high-power electromagnetic energy, a strong electric field of hundreds of kV can be excited in a corresponding beam-wave interaction resonant cavity, and the strong electric field can easily cause the surface of a device material to generate radio frequency breakdown. Two main ways of avoiding the radio frequency breakdown of the surface of the device material are provided, wherein firstly, a metal material with a higher breakdown threshold value is adopted, and secondly, the structure of the device is optimally designed, so that the field intensity of an electric field concentration area is reduced; the inner microwave extraction outer electron collection type high-order mode coaxial output cavity provided by the invention is made of a non-magnetic stainless steel material with a high breakdown threshold value and relatively low manufacturing cost, and meanwhile, the inner microwave extraction outer electron collection type high-order mode coaxial output cavity provided by the invention performs chamfering design on all sharp points of a beam-wave interaction area and an HPM output area; the chamfer area amplifying structure of the inner microwave extraction outer electron collection type high-order mode coaxial output cavity is shown in fig. 5 and can be divided into a reflector chamfer area 501, an extraction cavity-gap chamfer area 502, an extraction cavity-gap chamfer area 503, an electron beam collector chamfer area 504, an output waveguide coupling port chamfer area 505 and an output port adjusting block chamfer area 506 according to chamfer positions; in this embodiment, the chamfer radius of the tip of the reflector chamfer area 501 is 1mm, the chamfer radius of the tip of the extraction cavity-gap chamfer area 502 is 3mm, the chamfer radius of the tip of the extraction cavity-gap chamfer area 503 is 3mm, the chamfer radius of the electron beam collector chamfer area 504 is 2mm, the chamfer radius of the output waveguide coupling port chamfer area 505 is 5mm, and the chamfer radius of the output port adjusting block chamfer area 506 is 1.5 mm;
FIG. 6 is a comparison of resonance parameters before and after an improvement in an inside microwave extraction outside electron collection type high-order mode coaxial output cavity provided by the present invention; after optimization, the resonant frequency of the extraction structure is unchanged, and the Q value is increased from 52.9 to 61.8; characteristic parameters such as resonant frequency, Q value and the like of the extraction structure before and after optimization are basically unchanged, and the microwave extraction capability of the extraction structure before and after optimization is effectively ensured to be basically unchanged;
FIG. 7 is a comparison graph of electron beam motion trajectories before and after an improvement in an inside microwave extraction outside electron collection type high order mode coaxial output cavity provided by the present invention; as is apparent from fig. 7(b), the electron beam bombardment position of the optimized inside microwave extraction outside electron collection type high-order mode coaxial output cavity is at a position with a larger outside radius, and the electron density received on the electron beam bombardment area unit surface area of the optimized inside microwave extraction outside electron collection type high-order mode coaxial output cavity is lower, thereby effectively alleviating the problem of 'collection is easy to ablate' caused by the temperature rise of the collector area.
From the above results, the present invention provides an inner microwave extraction outer electron collection type high-order mode coaxial output cavity, which solves the existing TM on the basis of keeping the characteristic parameters such as resonant frequency, Q value, etc. of the extraction structure basically unchanged01The two problems that a slit of an output port of the die extraction structure is easy to break down and a collector is easy to ablate are solved, and the method has important reference significance for designing a coaxial output cavity required by a similar coaxial HPM source.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and all technical solutions belonging to the idea of the present invention belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. An inner microwave extraction outer electron collection type high-order mode coaxial output cavity comprises an outer conductor (401), an inner conductor (402), a drift tube (403), a reflector (404), an extraction cavity first gap (405), an extraction cavity second gap (406), a collector outer cylinder (407), an electron beam collector (408), an output waveguide inner conductor (409), an output waveguide (410) and an output port adjusting block (411); wherein: the reflector (404) is composed of a reflector inner cylinder (404a) and a reflector outer cylinder (404 b); the first extraction cavity gap (405) consists of an inner extraction cavity gap cylinder (405a) and an outer extraction cavity gap cylinder (405 b); the second extraction cavity gap (406) consists of an inner extraction cavity gap cylinder (406a) and an outer extraction cavity gap cylinder (406 b); the electron beam collector (408) consists of an electron beam collector drift section (408a), an electron beam collector conical transition section (408b) and an electron beam collector electron bombardment section (408 c); the output waveguide (410) consists of an output waveguide coupling slit (410a), an output waveguide tapered transition section (410b) and an output waveguide antenna connecting section (410 c); the inner side microwave extraction outer side electron collection type high-order mode coaxial output cavity is rotationally symmetrical about a central axis; the outer conductor (401) is a cylindrical tube with an inner radius of R2 and a length of L1; the inner conductor (402) is a cylinder with a radius of R1 and a length of L1, and R1< R2 is satisfied; the end faces of the left side and the right side of the outer conductor (401) and the inner conductor (402) are flush; the drift tube (403) is a circular ring-shaped cavity between the outer conductor (401) and the inner conductor (402), the inner radius of the cavity is R1, the outer radius of the cavity is R2, and the difference between R2 and R1 is less than one half of the working wavelength lambda; the reflector outer barrel (404b) with the outer radius of R4 and the width of L3 is arranged on the outer conductor (401) at a position L2 away from the left end face of the outer conductor, so that the condition that R2 is less than R4 is met, and the value of L3 is 0.2-0.3 times of the working wavelength lambda; the outer wall of the inner conductor (402) opposite to the reflector outer cylinder (404b) is provided with the reflector inner cylinder (404a) with the inner radius of R3 and the width of L3, and R3< R1 is satisfied; an extraction cavity-gap outer cylinder (405b) with the outer radius of R6 and the width of L5 is arranged on the outer conductor (401) and is away from the end face L4 at the right side of the reflector (404), R2 is more than R6, the value of L4 is 0.3-0.4 times of the working wavelength lambda, and the value of L5 is 0.2-0.3 times of the working wavelength lambda; the outer wall of the inner conductor (402) opposite to the extraction cavity-gap outer cylinder (405b) is provided with the extraction cavity-gap inner cylinder (405a) with the inner radius of R5 and the width of L5, and R5< R1 is satisfied; an outer barrel (406b) of the two extraction cavities with the outer radius of R8 and the width of L7 is arranged on the outer conductor (401) and is separated from the right end face L6 of the first extraction cavity gap (405), R2 is more than R8, the value of L6 is 0.15-0.25 times of the working wavelength lambda, and the value of L7 is 0.2-0.3 times of the working wavelength lambda; the outer wall of the inner conductor (402) opposite to the outer barrel (406b) of the two extraction cavities is provided with the inner barrel (406a) of the two extraction cavities with the inner radius of R7 and the width of L7, and R7 is more than R1; the collector outer cylinder (407) is a cylindrical cylinder with an inner radius of R9 and a length of L8, the left end face of the collector outer cylinder is flush with the right end face of the outer conductor (401), and the value of L8 is 3-5 times of the working wavelength lambda, so that R9< R6< R1 is satisfied; the electron beam collector (408) is arranged at the position where the radius of the left end face of the collector outer cylinder (407) is R10; the electron beam collector (408) is composed of the electron beam collector drift section (408a), the electron beam collector conical transition section (408b) and the electron beam collector electron bombardment section (408 c); the drift section (408a) of the electron beam collector is a circular cavity with an inner radius of R10, an outer radius of R11 and a width of L9, and the value of L9 is 0.8-1.2 times of the working wavelength lambda, so that R1 is more than R10 and less than R11 and less than R2; the conical transition section (408b) of the electron beam collector is a hollow truncated cone-shaped cavity, the outer radius of the upper bottom of the conical transition section is R11, the outer radius of the lower bottom of the conical transition section is R12, the height of the conical transition section is L10, the radius of the hollow part is R10, the value of L10 is 0.3-0.7 time of the working wavelength lambda, and R10< R11< R12 is satisfied; the electron bombardment section (408c) of the electron beam collector is a circular cavity with an inner radius of R10, an outer radius of R12 and a width of L11, and the value of L11 is 2-4 times of the working wavelength lambda; the output waveguide inner conductor (409) is a cylinder with a radius of R7 and a length of L8; the output waveguide (410) is a circular cavity between the collector outer cylinder (407) and the output waveguide inner conductor (409); the output waveguide (410) is composed of the output waveguide coupling slot (410a), the output waveguide tapered transition section (410b), and the output waveguide antenna connection section (410 c); the output waveguide coupling slit (410a) is a section of annular cavity with the inner radius of R7, the outer radius of R9 and the width of L12, the value of L12 is 0.3-0.4 times of the working wavelength lambda, R7 is more than R9 and more than R1, and the difference between R9 and R7 is 0.2-0.4 times of the working wavelength lambda; the output waveguide conical transition section (410b) is a hollow truncated cone-shaped cavity, the outer radius of the upper bottom of the output waveguide conical transition section is R9, the outer radius of the lower bottom of the output waveguide conical transition section is R13, the height of the output waveguide conical transition section is L13, the radius of the hollow part is R7, and the value of L13 is 0.5-0.8 times of the working wavelength lambda, so that R7< R9< R13 is satisfied; the output waveguide antenna connecting section (410c) is a circular cavity with an inner radius of R7 and an outer radius of R13; the output port adjusting block (411) is a metal ring embedded on the outer wall of the output waveguide inner conductor (409), the inner radius of the metal ring is R7, the outer radius of the metal ring is R14, the width of the metal ring is L14, the value of L14 is 0.15-0.25 time of the working wavelength lambda, and R7< R14 is met.
2. The inside microwave extraction outside electron collection type high order mode coaxial output cavity of claim 1, wherein: the extraction cavity-gap (405) operates in a coaxial TM011Mode, the extraction cavity two gap (406)) Operating in coaxial TM031In the mode, the two extraction cavity gaps are used for converting the kinetic energy of the high-current relativistic electron beam into electromagnetic energy in the extraction cavity gaps; the reflector (404) is used for inhibiting the microwave energy in a gap (405) of the extraction cavity from leaking to the electron beam modulation region in front of the coaxial output cavity, so that the energy coupling among the cavities is prevented from destroying the normal operation of beam-wave interaction; the output port adjusting block (411) is used for adjusting the frequency and the Q value of the extracting structure and ensuring that the electromagnetic energy converted from the electron kinetic energy in the extracting cavity is coupled and output as much as possible; the electron beam collector (408) is configured to receive a high current relativistic electron beam after a beam-wave interaction.
3. The inside microwave extraction outside electron collection type high order mode coaxial output cavity of claim 1, wherein: when the sufficiently clustered electron beams pass through the first gap (405) of the extraction cavity and the second gap (406) of the extraction cavity, a high-frequency alternating electric field is excited in the two gaps, the electric field decelerates the electron beams, the kinetic energy of the electron beams is converted into electromagnetic energy, and the electromagnetic energy is coupled and output through the output waveguide coupling slit (410a) between the inner cylinder (406a) of the second gap of the extraction cavity and the microwave output waveguide (410); after entering the collector (408), the electron beam generates a certain radial deflection under the constraint of the guiding magnetic field, and finally obliquely bombards the outer surface of the electron bombardment section (408c) of the electron beam collector.
4. The inside microwave extraction outside electron collection type high order mode coaxial output cavity of claim 1, wherein: the output cavity is made of non-magnetic stainless steel materials with high breakdown threshold values, chamfering design is adopted for all sharp points of the beam-wave interaction region and the HPM output region, the output cavity is divided into a reflector chamfering region (501), a cavity-one-gap chamfering region (502), a cavity-two-gap chamfering region (503), an electron beam collector chamfering region (504), an output waveguide coupling port chamfering region (505) and an output port adjusting block chamfering region (506) according to chamfering positions, and chamfering radiuses of the regions can be optimally designed according to practical application backgrounds.
5. The inside microwave extraction outside electron collection type high order mode coaxial output cavity of claim 1, wherein: the end faces of the left side and the right side of the outer conductor (401) and the inner conductor (402) are flush; the collector outer cylinder (407) is flush with the end faces of the left side and the right side of the output waveguide inner conductor (409); the outer conductor (401) and the collector outer cylinder (407) are connected into a whole through a flange with a sealing groove and a positioning step; the inner conductor (402) and the output waveguide inner conductor (409) are connected through threads; the left sides of the outer conductor (401) and the inner conductor (402) are connected with an electron beam modulation region of a coaxial HPM source; the right sides of the collector outer cylinder (407) and the output waveguide inner conductor (409) are connected with a coaxial HPM source output antenna.
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