CN112877603A - Alloy material for incinerator grate and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Alloy material for incinerator grate and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
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- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
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- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
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Abstract
The invention provides an alloy material for a grate of an incinerator and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the field of manufacturing and processing of special alloy materials. The alloy material for the incinerator grate comprises the following alloy elements in percentage by weight: 0.15 to 1.5 percent of carbon C, 2 to 3 percent of silicon Si, 0.6 to 1.5 percent of manganese Mn, 18 to 29 percent of chromium Cr, 2.5 to 4.0 percent of nickel Ni0, 0.15 to 0.45 percent of molybdenum Mo, 0.1 to 0.8 percent of copper Cu, 0.05 to 0.20 percent of rare earth element RE, less than or equal to 0.03 percent of sulfur S, less than or equal to 0.04 percent of phosphorus P, 0.1 to 0.3 percent of nitrogen N, 0.05 to 0.40 percent of strong carbide forming element, 0.04 to 0.06 percent of boron B, 0.04 to 0.06 percent of aluminum Al, and the balance of iron Fe and other inevitable impurities. The alloy material for the fire grate has the characteristics of high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, carbonization resistance, abrasion resistance and the like, is simple in process, long in service life and good in comprehensive performance, is very suitable for fire grates of large urban domestic garbage incinerators in China, and has wide application prospect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of manufacturing and processing of special alloy materials, and particularly relates to an alloy material for a grate of an incinerator and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Mechanical grate incinerators are one of the most widely used municipal waste treatment facilities in the world today, with the incinerator grates being the major wear-resistant wearing parts of the facility. The quality and the service life of the fire grate affect the use effect and the economic effect of incineration equipment, and are parts which are mainly researched and manufactured by equipment manufacturers.
The incinerator grate has very bad working conditions: solid or liquid (leachate) wastes carried by the grate often contain acid, alkali, corrosion and toxic substances; the temperature of a hearth in the waste incineration process is up to 1000 ℃, the temperature of flue gas is up to 800-; the fire grate can interact with garbage materials and other components in the furnace in the moving process, and the mechanical abrasion phenomenon and the like occur. Therefore, the fire grate needs to be made of a material which has outstanding performances of high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, carbonization resistance, abrasion resistance and the like. The design and manufacture of the fire grate segment is one of the key technologies of the fire grate and is taken as the patent technology of equipment manufacturers.
Foreign incinerator grate materials manufactured by Detison Krupp VDM have been made of a nickel-based alloy Nicrofer 45. TM. with the composition of Ni 47%, Cr (26-29)%, C (0.05-0.12)%, Mn 1.0%, Si (2.5-3.0)%, Cu 0.3%, Al 0.2%, RE (0.05-0.15)%, P0.015% and S0.01%. The fire grate of the Mitsubishi-Martin grate furnace is made of high-chromium molybdenum alloy cast steel and has unique and excellent heat resistance, wear resistance and corrosion resistance. In China, large-scale urban domestic garbage incineration equipment mainly depends on import. The grate segments of the main combustion area of the reciprocating grate imported from abroad are generally made of high-chromium cast iron, contain over 24-28% of Cr and have higher heat-resistant temperature, but the imported grate is expensive and has higher running cost. Domestic homemade fire grate pieces are usually made of Cr heat-resistant materials such as 3Cr18Mn12Si2N and the like, and the materials can obtain good mechanical properties after heat treatment, but the corrosion resistance and the reliability of the fire grate pieces are reduced due to the over-high Mn content. The heat-resistant cast iron fire grate is used by domestic manufacturers, but the corrosion resistance and the mechanical property are poor, the heat-strength property is low, and the service life is unstable.
The German nickel base alloy Nicrofer 45TM material has the main alloy element contents of Ni 47% and Cr (26-29)%, so that the manufacturing cost of the material is increased. The main alloy element content of the high chromium nickel alloy cast steel material manufactured by Mitsubishi-Martin company is Cr (26-29)%, so that the manufacturing cost of the material is increased. 3Cr18Mn12Si2N and the like are selected at home, and the Mn content is too high, so that the corrosion resistance and the reliability are reduced. 3Cr25Ni20 and the like are selected at home, the content of Cr and Ni is high, and the material manufacturing cost is high. The domestic high-chromium cast iron or heat-resistant cast iron, heat-resistant ductile iron and the like are selected, so that the cast iron is brittle and easy to break, simple in components and not corrosion-resistant.
In summary, in the prior art, high-performance grate materials have high manufacturing cost, low cost grate materials have poor performance and unstable service life, and the running cost is increased due to frequent replacement of the grate. Therefore, the composition and the manufacturing process of the alloy material for the grate are improved, and the research on the alloy material for the grate with low cost and high performance is of great significance.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem that an alloy material for manufacturing a grate of an incinerator in the prior art cannot simultaneously have excellent comprehensive performance and proper manufacturing cost, and provides the alloy material for the grate of the incinerator and a preparation method thereof. Compared with the prior art, the alloy material for the fire grate has the advantages of high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, carbonization resistance, excellent abrasion resistance and low manufacturing cost.
The invention provides an alloy material for a fire grate of an incinerator and a preparation method thereof, wherein the alloy material comprises the following alloy elements in percentage by weight: 0.15 to 1.5 percent of carbon C, 2 to 3 percent of silicon Si, 0.6 to 1.5 percent of manganese Mn, 18 to 29 percent of chromium Cr, 2.5 to 4.0 percent of nickel Ni, 0.15 to 0.45 percent of molybdenum Mo, 0.1 to 0.8 percent of copper Cu, 0.05 to 0.20 percent of rare earth element RE, less than or equal to 0.03 percent of sulfur S, less than or equal to 0.04 percent of phosphorus P, 0.1 to 0.3 percent of nitrogen N, 0.05 to 0.40 percent of strong carbide forming element, 0.04 to 0.06 percent of boron B, 0.04 to 0.06 percent of aluminum Al, and the balance of iron Fe and other inevitable impurities.
The design idea of the alloy components of the invention is as follows:
the working condition of the incinerator fire grate requires that the fire grate material has high oxidation resistance, high structure stability and better high-temperature abrasive wear resistance at 1000 ℃. It is therefore deduced that: the material with hard phase with good high temperature stability and high hardness is distributed on the substrate with good oxidation resistance and heat strength, so that the ideal material with comprehensive excellent performances of high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, carbonization resistance and abrasion resistance can be obtained.
Further, the alloy material for the incinerator grate comprises the following alloy elements in percentage by weight: 0.8% of carbon C, 2.5% of silicon Si, 0.9% of manganese Mn, 22% of chromium Cr, 3.5% of nickel Ni, 0.35% of molybdenum Mo, 0.5% of copper Cu, 0.12% of rare earth element RE, 0.01% of sulfur S, 0.02% of phosphorus P, 0.2% of nitrogen N, 0.25% of strong carbide forming element, 0.05% of boron B, 0.05% of aluminum Al, and the balance of iron Fe and other inevitable impurities.
Wherein the selection content of each alloy element and the function in the invention are respectively as follows:
chromium Cr is the main element in the heat-resistant alloy. Cr can make the surface of the heat-resisting alloy form continuous compact Cr in oxidizing atmosphere2O3The oxide film can prevent oxygen and other oxidizing gases from entering the material, reduce the oxidation of the internal material and improve the oxidation resistance of the material. However, excessive Cr content tends to cause δ brittleness, so the Cr content is generally not more than 30%, and too low Cr content cannot ensure the high temperature resistance of the material, so (18-29)% is preferred.
Carbon C is the main element affecting the alloy properties. The steel has high strength and hardness with the increase of carbon content. Meanwhile, the amount of carbide is increased, and the wear resistance of the high-temperature material is improved. But the content of carbon is increased, Cr carbide formed in the alloy is increased, the content of chromium in the matrix is reduced, and the oxidation resistance of the high-chromium alloy is reduced, so that the content is (0.15-1.5)%.
Nickel Ni is an element that expands the austenite region. The electrode potential and high-temperature strength of the material can be improved. However, the nickel is rare, the nickel content is high, and the cost is too large, so the content is controlled to be (2.5-4.0)%. The nickel and chromium are often used in combination to greatly improve their oxidation properties.
Manganese Mn is also an austenitizing element. Can partially replace the function of nickel in steel. However, the high-temperature strength and oxidation resistance of the heat-resistant alloy are reduced due to the excessive content of manganese, so that the content is 0.6-1.5 percent.
Molybdenum Mo can increase the passivation capability of steel, and can also strongly strengthen the matrix in a solid solution manner, so that the thermal stability of the heat-resistant alloy is improved, but the cost is also improved by increasing the content of molybdenum, and the content is (0.15-0.45)%.
Silicon Si is a beneficial element for resisting high-temperature oxidation in the heat-resistant alloy, the mass fraction of the silicon Si is generally not less than 0.4%, the silicon Si exists in ferrite or austenite in a solid solution form, and an austenite phase region can be reduced. At high temperature, silicon in the alloy reacts with oxygen, chromium and the like comprehensively to form a compact mixed oxide film. The hardness and strength of ferrite and austenite can be improved, the effect is stronger than that of manganese, nickel, chromium and the like, the elastic limit and yield limit of the steel are obviously improved, and the fatigue strength is improved, but when the content of silicon exceeds 3%, the plasticity and toughness of the steel can be obviously reduced, so that the selection is 2% -3%.
The rare earth element RE can improve the forming capability of the heat-resistant alloy oxide film, has good deoxidation and desulphurization effects, reduces non-metallic inclusions and improves the inclusion morphology. The rare earth can improve the form of carbide in grain boundary and prevent the coarsening of crystal grains.
Ti, V and Nb belong to strong carbide forming elements. Titanium is a strong deoxidizer in steel, and can make the internal structure of steel compact, refine crystal grains, reduce aging sensitivity and cold brittleness and improve welding performance; vanadium is an excellent deoxidizer of steel, can refine structure grains, improve strength and toughness, and improve hydrogen corrosion resistance under high temperature and high pressure of carbide formed by vanadium and carbon; niobium can refine crystal grains, reduce the overheating sensitivity and the tempering brittleness of steel and improve the strength. A small amount of one or more of Ti, V and Nb is added into the heat-resistant alloy to form high-melting-point and extremely stable carbide at high temperature, which can play the role of external crystal nucleus to refine the cast structure. MC type carbide (VC, TiC, NbC) on grain boundary can effectively prevent austenite grain from growing and improve the form of grain boundary Cr carbide.
The addition of trace boron B in the steel can improve the compactness and hot rolling performance of the steel and improve the strength. The aluminum Al is a common deoxidizer in steel, a small amount of aluminum is added into the steel, crystal grains can be refined, the impact toughness is improved, the aluminum also has the oxidation resistance and the corrosion resistance, and the high-temperature corrosion resistance of the steel can be obviously improved by combining the aluminum with chromium and silicon.
Further, the yield strength σ of the produced alloy material at normal temperature0.2Not less than 400MPa, tensile strength sigmabNot less than 600MPa and not less than 220 HB.
The preparation method of the alloy material for the grate of the incinerator further comprises the following steps:
1) material preparation and charging: adding furnace burden into smelting equipment according to the weight percentage of the components;
2) alloy smelting: melting down the furnace burden in the smelting equipment, wherein the smelting temperature is 1620-; sampling after melting down, carrying out full analysis, and adjusting components according to an analysis result;
3) tapping and pouring: when the molten steel reaches the tapping temperature of 1590-1600 ℃ and the deoxidation condition is good, tapping and pouring are carried out;
4) and (3) subsequent heat treatment: quenching and tempering.
Furthermore, the furnace burden comprises low-carbon steel scrap, ferroalloy and pure nickel, the average carbon content of the furnace burden is matched according to the lower limit of the design components, and the S and P content is 0.005-0.01% lower than the upper limit.
Further, the charging materials are sequentially added with low-carbon scrap steel, iron alloy and pure nickel, the iron alloy is roasted before being added, the moisture of the iron alloy is removed, and the temperature is kept between 200 ℃ and 300 ℃.
Furthermore, the smelting equipment adopts a medium-frequency induction furnace and a neutral furnace lining.
Furthermore, in the melting process of the step 2), a flux is required to be added for slagging and covering the molten steel to separate impurities from iron, so that the purity of the molten steel is improved.
Further, the deoxidation method in the step 3) is to add silicon-calcium alloy into the molten steel for deoxidation treatment.
Further, the specific operation of the subsequent heat treatment of the step 4) and the quenching is to heat the poured steel piece to 1100-1150 ℃, and cool the steel piece after heat preservation for 3-5h, so as to refine crystal grains and ensure the comprehensive performance of the steel piece.
Further, the specific operation of the tempering of the subsequent heat treatment in the step 4) is to reheat the quenched steel piece to 650 +/-10 ℃, preserve heat for 3-5 hours and then cool the quenched steel piece to room temperature so as to eliminate quenching stress.
Further, the prepared fire grate can be used for a long time at 1300 ℃.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
in the chemical components of the incinerator grate alloy material provided by the invention, the contents of three elements of chromium, nickel and molybdenum are obviously lower than those of similar foreign products, so that the manufacturing cost is reduced; the preparation method provided by the invention can be used for preparing the carbon/silicon/manganese/copper alloy material, and the provided equipment has low requirement and the parameters are easy to control, so that the overall manufacturing cost is low; the mechanical property of the alloy material for the grate of the incinerator provided by the invention is equivalent to that of similar products at home, but is obviously higher than that of similar products at home.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a grate made in accordance with example 1 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to specific examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples. The process is conventional unless otherwise specified, and the starting materials are commercially available from the open literature.
Example 1
The alloy material for the fire grate of the incinerator comprises the following alloy elements in percentage by weight:
0.8% of carbon C, 2.5% of silicon Si, 0.9% of manganese Mn, 22% of chromium Cr, 3.5% of nickel Ni, 0.35% of molybdenum Mo, 0.5% of copper Cu, 0.12% of rare earth element RE, 0.01% of sulfur S, 0.02% of phosphorus P, 0.2% of nitrogen N, 0.25% of strong carbide forming element, 0.05% of boron B, 0.05% of aluminum Al, and the balance of iron Fe and other inevitable impurities.
Adding low-carbon steel scrap, ferroalloy and pure nickel into a medium-frequency induction furnace in sequence according to the weight percentage for smelting, and neutralizing a furnace lining, wherein the smelting temperature is 1650 ℃. Before the ferroalloy is added, baking is carried out to remove moisture, and the temperature is kept between 200 ℃ and 300 ℃. During the melting process, a proper amount of flux is added for slagging, molten steel is covered, after furnace burden is melted down, sampling is carried out for full analysis, and components are adjusted according to the analysis result before the furnace. And when the molten steel reaches the tapping temperature of 1600 ℃, adding the silicon-calcium alloy for deoxidation, and when the deoxidation condition is good, tapping and pouring. Carrying out subsequent heat treatment: heating the cast steel part to 1120 ℃, preserving heat for 4 hours, then cooling with water for quenching, and refining crystal grains; and reheating the quenched steel part to 650 ℃, preserving heat for 4 hours, and carrying out high-temperature tempering to eliminate quenching stress.
The resulting grate is shown in fig. 1.
Example 2
The alloy material for the fire grate of the incinerator comprises the following alloy elements in percentage by weight:
0.8% of carbon C, 2.2% of silicon Si, 0.9% of manganese Mn, 22% of chromium Cr, 3.5% of nickel Ni, 0.35% of molybdenum Mo, 0.5% of copper Cu, 0.12% of rare earth element RE, 0.01% of sulfur S, 0.03% of phosphorus P, 0.2% of nitrogen N, 0.20% of strong carbide forming element, 0.03% of boron B, 0.03% of aluminum Al, and the balance of iron Fe and other inevitable impurities.
Adding low-carbon steel scrap, ferroalloy and pure nickel into a medium-frequency induction furnace in sequence according to the weight percentage for smelting, and neutralizing a furnace lining, wherein the smelting temperature is 1620 ℃. Before the ferroalloy is added, baking is carried out to remove moisture, and the temperature is kept between 200 ℃ and 300 ℃. During the melting process, a proper amount of flux is added for slagging, molten steel is covered, after furnace burden is melted down, sampling is carried out for full analysis, and components are adjusted according to the analysis result before the furnace. When the molten steel reaches the tapping temperature of 1590 ℃, adding a silicon-calcium alloy for deoxidation, and when the deoxidation condition is good, tapping and pouring. Carrying out subsequent heat treatment: heating the cast steel part to 1120 ℃, preserving heat for 4 hours, then cooling with water for quenching, and refining crystal grains; and reheating the quenched steel part to 650 ℃, preserving heat for 4 hours, and carrying out high-temperature tempering to eliminate quenching stress.
Example 3
The alloy material for the fire grate of the incinerator comprises the following alloy elements in percentage by weight:
0.9% of carbon C, 2.8% of silicon Si, 0.9% of manganese Mn, 22% of chromium Cr, 3.5% of nickel Ni, 0.35% of molybdenum Mo, 0.6% of copper Cu, 0.10% of rare earth element RE, 0.02% of sulfur S, 0.02% of phosphorus P, 0.2% of nitrogen N, 0.15% of strong carbide forming element, 0.05% of boron B, 0.05% of aluminum Al, and the balance of iron Fe and other inevitable impurities.
The low-carbon steel scrap, the ferroalloy and the pure nickel are sequentially added into a medium-frequency induction furnace according to the weight percentage for smelting, and the furnace lining is neutral, and the smelting temperature is 1640 ℃. Before the ferroalloy is added, baking is carried out to remove moisture, and the temperature is kept between 200 ℃ and 300 ℃. During the melting process, a proper amount of flux is added for slagging, molten steel is covered, after furnace burden is melted down, sampling is carried out for full analysis, and components are adjusted according to the analysis result before the furnace. And when the molten steel reaches the tapping temperature of 1600 ℃, adding the silicon-calcium alloy for deoxidation, and when the deoxidation condition is good, tapping and pouring. Carrying out subsequent heat treatment: heating the cast steel part to 1150 ℃, preserving heat for 5 hours, then quenching by water cooling, and refining crystal grains; and reheating the quenched steel part to 650 ℃, preserving the heat for 5 hours, and carrying out high-temperature tempering to eliminate quenching stress.
The samples produced in examples 1-3 were tested for quality and sent to a factory for use, with the results shown in Table 1:
TABLE 1
According to the data in the table 1, the alloy material for the incinerator grate reduces the contents of three elements of chemical components of chromium, nickel and molybdenum, so that the manufacturing cost is reduced, but the comprehensive performance is superior and is equivalent to the performance of the high-cost grate material abroad, and the ranges of the elements of carbon, silicon, manganese, copper, phosphorus, sulfur and the like are moderate, so that the smelting process is easy to control.
The above-described embodiments are only preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. Various changes and modifications can be made by one skilled in the art, and any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The alloy material for the incinerator grate is characterized by comprising the following elements in percentage by weight: 0.15 to 1.5 percent of carbon C, 2 to 3 percent of silicon Si, 0.6 to 1.5 percent of manganese Mn, 18 to 29 percent of chromium Cr, 2.5 to 4.0 percent of nickel Ni, 0.15 to 0.45 percent of molybdenum Mo, 0.1 to 0.8 percent of copper Cu, 0.05 to 0.20 percent of rare earth element RE, less than or equal to 0.03 percent of sulfur S, less than or equal to 0.04 percent of phosphorus P, 0.1 to 0.3 percent of nitrogen N, 0.05 to 0.40 percent of strong carbide forming element, 0.04 to 0.06 percent of boron B, 0.04 to 0.06 percent of aluminum Al, and the balance of iron Fe and other inevitable impurities.
2. The alloy material for incinerator grates according to claim 1, characterized in that the elemental composition of said alloy material for incinerator grates comprises, in weight percent: 0.8% of carbon C, 2.5% of silicon Si, 0.9% of manganese Mn, 22% of chromium Cr, 3.5% of nickel Ni, 0.35% of molybdenum Mo, 0.5% of copper Cu, 0.12% of rare earth element RE, 0.01% of sulfur S, 0.02% of phosphorus P, 0.2% of nitrogen N, 0.25% of strong carbide forming element, 0.05% of boron B, 0.05% of aluminum Al, and the balance of iron Fe and other inevitable impurities.
3. The alloy material for grates of incinerators as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said strong carbide forming element is selected from one or more of vanadium V, titanium Ti and niobium Nb.
4. A method for preparing an alloy material for a grate of an incinerator as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, including the steps of:
1) material preparation and charging: adding furnace burden into smelting equipment according to the weight percentage of the components;
2) alloy smelting: melting down the furnace burden in the smelting equipment at the smelting temperature of 1620-;
3) tapping and pouring: when the molten steel reaches the tapping temperature of 1590-1600 ℃ and the deoxidation condition is good, tapping and pouring are carried out;
4) and (3) subsequent heat treatment: quenching and tempering.
5. The method for preparing the alloy material for the grate of the incinerator according to claim 4, wherein the furnace burden comprises low-carbon steel scrap, ferroalloy and pure nickel, the average carbon content of the furnace burden is matched according to the lower limit of the design components, and the S and P contents are 0.005% -0.01% lower than the upper limit.
6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the charging sequence comprises charging low-carbon steel scrap, ferroalloy and pure nickel in sequence, the ferroalloy is baked to remove water before charging, and the temperature is maintained at 200-300 ℃.
7. The method for preparing the alloy material for the grate of the incinerator according to claim 4, wherein the smelting equipment adopts a medium-frequency induction furnace and a neutral furnace lining.
8. The method for preparing the alloy material for the grate of the incinerator according to claim 4, wherein a flux is added in the melting process in the step 2) for slagging, molten steel is covered to separate impurities from iron, and the purity of the molten steel is improved.
9. The preparation method of the alloy material for the fire grate of the incinerator according to the claim 4, wherein the deoxidation specific method in the step 3) is to add silicon-calcium alloy into molten steel for deoxidation treatment.
10. The method for preparing the alloy material for the grate of the incinerator as claimed in claim 4, wherein the step 4) of subsequent heat treatment for quenching is specifically carried out by heating the poured steel part to 1100 ℃ and 1150 ℃, preserving heat for 3-5h and then cooling with water; the specific operation of tempering is to reheat the quenched steel to 650 +/-10 ℃, keep the temperature for 3-5h and then cool the steel to room temperature.
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115074612A (en) * | 2022-03-04 | 2022-09-20 | 中原内配集团股份有限公司 | Ferritic alloy cast iron, cast iron cylinder sleeve and manufacturing method of cast iron cylinder sleeve |
| CN115094348A (en) * | 2022-06-30 | 2022-09-23 | 上海康恒环境股份有限公司 | Alloy material and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN116804257A (en) * | 2023-06-21 | 2023-09-26 | 鞍钢集团矿业有限公司 | Low-cost austenitic-ferritic dual-phase heat-resistant steel and preparation method thereof |
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| JP2019183216A (en) * | 2018-04-06 | 2019-10-24 | 日光金属株式会社 | Heat resistant cast steel and incinerator and incinerator fire grate using the same |
| CN110863142A (en) * | 2019-11-25 | 2020-03-06 | 南通市腾飞金属铸造有限公司 | Processing method of fire grate |
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| CN115074612A (en) * | 2022-03-04 | 2022-09-20 | 中原内配集团股份有限公司 | Ferritic alloy cast iron, cast iron cylinder sleeve and manufacturing method of cast iron cylinder sleeve |
| CN115094348A (en) * | 2022-06-30 | 2022-09-23 | 上海康恒环境股份有限公司 | Alloy material and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN116804257A (en) * | 2023-06-21 | 2023-09-26 | 鞍钢集团矿业有限公司 | Low-cost austenitic-ferritic dual-phase heat-resistant steel and preparation method thereof |
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