CN112820896A - Thermoelectric coupling energy-saving and energy-storing system and method based on hydrogen fuel cell - Google Patents
Thermoelectric coupling energy-saving and energy-storing system and method based on hydrogen fuel cell Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04029—Heat exchange using liquids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04052—Storage of heat in the fuel cell system
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04225—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells during start-up
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04268—Heating of fuel cells during the start-up of the fuel cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/0656—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants by electrochemical means
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
- H02S10/00—PV power plants; Combinations of PV energy systems with other systems for the generation of electric power
- H02S10/10—PV power plants; Combinations of PV energy systems with other systems for the generation of electric power including a supplementary source of electric power, e.g. hybrid diesel-PV energy systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
- H01M2250/40—Combination of fuel cells with other energy production systems
- H01M2250/402—Combination of fuel cell with other electric generators
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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Abstract
The invention relates to a thermoelectric coupling energy-saving and energy-storing system and method based on a hydrogen fuel cell. The system comprises a fuel cell air inlet module, a fuel cell heat management module, a heat collection and storage module and a power generation module, wherein the fuel cell air inlet module is connected with a fuel cell stack; the power generation module is respectively connected with the user load, the fuel cell air inlet module and the heat collection and storage module; the heat storage tank is connected with the heat collector and is respectively connected with the user load and the fuel cell air inlet module; the user load is connected with the galvanic pile. The method has the advantages of realizing the efficient recycling of the waste heat of the hydrogen fuel cell system, simplifying and optimizing the low-temperature cold start problem of the hydrogen fuel cell, realizing the uninterrupted supply of regional heat and electricity and relieving the greenhouse effect to a certain extent.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of low-temperature cold start, waste heat recovery and heat management of a hydrogen fuel cell system, and particularly relates to a thermoelectric coupling energy-saving and energy-storing system and method based on a hydrogen fuel cell.
Background
The information in this background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and is not necessarily to be construed as an admission or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art that is already known to a person of ordinary skill in the art.
1. Intermittency of photovoltaic power generation;
the photovoltaic power generation is a power generation device which converts solar radiation energy into electric energy by utilizing a photovoltaic effect, mainly comprises a solar cell panel, a voltage conversion device, a controller and the like, is a power generation mode with great prospect, and has the advantages of permanence, cleanness, flexibility and the like. The power generation power of photovoltaic power generation has a direct relation with the illumination intensity, when the illumination is insufficient, the power generation power is greatly reduced, and the power generation efficiency is also reduced; when no light is emitted at night or in cloudy days, the photovoltaic power generation cannot work; when the illumination intensity is high, the load cannot be absorbed, so that the photovoltaic power generation has obvious intermittence, a large energy power adjusting gap exists, and a peak-shaving energy storage scheme is needed to be coordinated.
2. Low temperature cold start of the fuel cell;
the hydrogen fuel cell stack generates water at the cathode during a chemical reaction, and when the temperature is lower than 0 ℃, if the fuel cell system is in a starting stage, the water generated at the cathode is gradually saturated, and the water is frozen and accumulated at the cathode side, so that the starting is failed. Failure of the cold start can cause damage to the internal components of the stack, affecting the chemical reaction rate. Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the change of current density during the cold start of a stack, in a low-temperature environment, under a certain start voltage, the change of the current density with time when the cold start succeeds and fails, the low-temperature cold start failure of a hydrogen fuel cell system will have a large influence on the output characteristics of the cell, and the service life of the cell will also be reduced. Common cold start control strategies include external control heating and internal heating, the external control heating method usually includes heating inlet air, heating coolant, heating end plates and the like, and the internal heating includes a self-heating method for controlling the output characteristic of the stack, controlling starvation self-heating of reactants, and self-heating of reaction gas mixture introduced into a cathode and the like. The method of using external control heating is simple, easy to realize and good in effect, but needs an external heating device.
3. Fuel cell waste heat energy;
the power generation of the hydrogen fuel cell is limited by the second law of thermodynamics, the theoretical maximum power generation amount is 83%, after the cell is connected to a load, the theoretical maximum power generation amount is limited by various irreversible factors, so that the final output efficiency is 40% -50%, the rest energy is the heat generated by the fuel cell during the reaction, and because the working temperature of the hydrogen fuel cell must be kept within the range of 60-80 ℃, a cooling device must be used for dissipating the heat generated by the reaction out of a pile system, so that the temperature of the system is kept reasonable, the service life of the system is prolonged, and the good performance of the system is kept. The heat at the temperature of 60-80 ℃ is a low-grade heat source, but is equivalent to 45-60% of the total energy of the hydrogen entering the fuel cell, so that the waste heat utilization of the hydrogen fuel cell has a great prospect. The ways of utilizing or combining the hydrogen fuel cell waste heat with other systems often include: home cogeneration, drive adsorption cooling cycle, organic rankine cycle, thermoelectric generator, thermal regeneration electrochemical cycle, and the like. It can also be used to increase the hydrogen discharge rate of metal hydride canisters or to preheat inlet air and hydrogen, etc. at low temperatures. The carnot cycle efficiency limits the efficiency of heat engines such as organic rankine cycles, thermoelectric generators, thermal regenerative electrochemical cycles, and the like. Therefore, the efficiency of power generation using the waste heat recovery of the fuel cell is low as compared with the cogeneration application.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above problems in the prior art, it is an object of the present invention to provide a hydrogen fuel cell based thermoelectric coupling energy saving and storage system and method. The method has the advantages of realizing the efficient recycling of the waste heat of the hydrogen fuel cell system, simplifying and optimizing the low-temperature cold start problem of the hydrogen fuel cell, realizing the uninterrupted supply of regional heat and electricity and relieving the greenhouse effect to a certain extent.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
in a first aspect, a thermoelectric coupling energy-saving and energy-storing system based on a hydrogen fuel cell comprises a fuel cell air inlet module, a fuel cell heat management module, a heat collection and storage module and a power generation module, wherein the power generation module comprises a photovoltaic power generation system and a fuel cell power generation system, the fuel cell power generation system comprises a fuel cell stack, the fuel cell air inlet module is connected with the fuel cell stack, the fuel cell heat management module comprises a user load, and the heat collection and storage module comprises a heat storage tank and a heat collector;
the power generation module is respectively connected with the user load, the fuel cell air inlet module and the heat collection and storage module;
the heat storage tank is connected with the heat collector and is respectively connected with the user load and the fuel cell air inlet module; a user load is connected to the fuel cell stack.
The existing method for utilizing the waste heat of the fuel cell is that the hydrogen fuel cell is coupled with heat engines such as an organic Rankine cycle, a thermoelectric generator, a thermal regeneration electrochemical cycle and the like, the efficiency of the hydrogen fuel cell is limited by the efficiency of a Carnot cycle, and the Carnot cycle has a high-temperature heat source temperature ThAnd a low temperature heat source temperature TcAny engine operating between these two temperatures with an efficiency of
However, the operating temperature of the fuel cell is in the range of 60-80 degrees, the heat of 60-80 degrees is a low-grade heat source, but occupies 45-60% of the total energy of the hydrogen fuel cell, and the waste heat utilization efficiency of the fuel cell is low.
Through the coupling effect of the hydrogen fuel cell, the photovoltaic power generation system, the user load, the heat collector, the heat storage tank and the like, the utilization rate of the waste heat energy of the hydrogen fuel cell reaches more than 80 percent, and the efficient utilization of the low-grade heat energy is realized. In the application of coupling the existing fuel cell with users, a high-grade heat source of the high-temperature solid oxide fuel cell is mostly utilized, in a low-grade heat source, the heat source is recycled after the taste of the heat source is improved by adopting a heat pump technology, and the invention combines a solar heat collector to more efficiently and directly utilize waste heat energy.
The heat accumulation tank divides the circulating water into two temperature intervals, a high-temperature water source and a low-temperature water source, and the high-temperature water source is used for preheating the inlet air when the heat accumulation tank is started, so that the cold starting time of the electric pile can be reduced, and the high-temperature water source is used for heating the inlet air in the working process so as to provide temperature compensation after the humidifier is humidified.
The waste heat water of the user is used as the cooling water of the electric pile, the freezing phenomenon of the cooling water at low temperature is avoided, the probability of cold start failure is reduced, the service life of the battery is prolonged, and the temperature of the output water of the user is stable, so that the stability of the hydrogen fuel battery is facilitated.
In a second aspect, a thermoelectric coupling energy saving and storing method based on a hydrogen fuel cell includes the following steps:
when the light intensity exists, the photovoltaic power generation is started, the generated energy is supplied to a user load, when the light intensity is strong, redundant electric quantity is firstly used for electrolyzing water to prepare hydrogen, when the hydrogen of the high-pressure hydrogen tank is abundant, the redundant electric quantity is supplied to a power grid and a charging pile, and when the generated energy of the photovoltaic power generation is insufficient or no light exists, a fuel cell is started to generate power;
when the illumination intensity is strong, the heat collector is started to heat the circulating water of the user load, when the illumination intensity is weak, the circulating water of the user load and the circulating water of the fuel cell are heated, when the illumination intensity is weak, the heat collector does not work, the circulating water of the fuel cell directly circulates to a high-temperature water source area of the heat storage tank, and meanwhile, the electric heater of the heat storage tank is started;
when illumination intensity is weaker, the fuel cell air inlet module is started, when the ambient temperature is lower than a threshold temperature T4, the high-temperature water of the heat storage tank is used for heating the cooling water, meanwhile, the high-temperature water of the heat storage tank is used for heating the air, if the temperature of the cooling water after heat exchange is higher than a threshold T5, the cooling water directly enters the heat collector and then circulates to a high-temperature water source region of the heat storage tank, and otherwise, the cooling water flows into a low-temperature water source region of the heat storage tank.
One or more technical schemes of the invention have the following beneficial effects:
1. the energy-saving effect is as follows: the waste heat energy of the hydrogen fuel cell is fully utilized and coupled with a heat storage system for regional heat supply, and the theoretical energy comprehensive utilization rate reaches over 80 percent.
2. The structure is simplified: the waste heat water of a user is used as a water source of the hydrogen fuel cell heat management system, so that a water storage tank of the fuel cell system is omitted; the temperature of the waste heat water of the user is stable, and the waste heat water can be directly used as cooling liquid to enter the fuel cell stack when the fuel cell is in low-temperature cold start, so that a cooling liquid heating device is omitted.
3. The output stability of the fuel cell is increased; the high-temperature heat source of the heat storage tank is utilized to heat the air inlet system of the fuel cell, and the small circulating cooling liquid in the heat management system is preheated, so that the output characteristic of the fuel cell is optimal under the optimal working environment. The temperature of the waste heat water of the user is mild and stable, the low-temperature cold start time of the hydrogen fuel cell can be greatly prolonged, the failure probability of cold start is reduced, and the service life of the cell is prolonged.
4. Uninterrupted heat supply and power supply: the photovoltaic power generation and the hydrogen fuel cell power generation are subjected to combined power generation and coupling heat supply, corresponding control strategies are formulated according to different illumination intensities, and the requirements of uninterrupted power supply and uninterrupted heat supply are met.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description, serve to explain the invention and not to limit the invention.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the change of current density during cold start of a galvanic pile;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a hydrogen fuel cell based thermoelectric coupled energy conservation and storage system;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a heat storage tank;
FIG. 4 is a system control logic block diagram;
wherein, 1-photovoltaic power generation board, 2-DC/AC converter, 3-accumulator, 4-solar heat collector, 5-heat storage tank, 6-user load, 7-collector water pump, 8-electrolyzer, 9-one-way valve, 10-first electromagnetic valve, 11-second electromagnetic valve, 12-high pressure hydrogen tank, 13-first pressure reducing valve, 14-first humidifier, 15-first flowmeter, 16-third electromagnetic valve, 17-first pressure sensor, 18-heat exchanger, 19-air flowmeter, 20-second humidifier, 21-air compressor, 22-air filter, 23-hydrogen circulating pump, 24-PEMFC, 25-first temperature sensor, 26-second pressure sensor, 27-a liquid flow meter, 28-an ion detection sensor, 29-a cooling fan, 30-a cooling water pump, 31-a heat mixer, 32-a thermostat, 33-a first DC/DC converter, 34-a second DC/DC converter, 35-a third DC/DC converter, 36-a power grid, 37-a charging pile, 38-an energy management controller, 39-a hydrogen compressor, 40-a fourth electromagnetic valve, 41-a back pressure valve, 42-a second temperature sensor, 43-a third temperature sensor, 44-a fourth temperature sensor, 45-a fifth electromagnetic valve, 46-a first three-way valve, 47-a fifth temperature sensor, 48-a deionization device, 49-a water mixing cavity, 50-a second three-way valve, 51-a high-temperature water source region, 52-low temperature water source inlet, 53-low temperature water source water supplementing port, 54-low temperature water source region, 55-low temperature water source outlet, 56-inclined temperature layer, 57-electric heater, 58-high temperature water source water supplementing port, 59-high temperature water source inlet, 60-liquid level switch and 61-high temperature water source outlet.
Detailed Description
It is to be understood that the following detailed description is exemplary and is intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
It is noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments according to the present application. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, and it should be understood that when the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising" are used in this specification, they specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, devices, components, and/or combinations thereof, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
In a first aspect, a thermoelectric coupling energy-saving and energy-storing system based on a hydrogen fuel cell comprises a fuel cell air inlet module, a fuel cell heat management module, a heat collection and storage module and a power generation module, wherein the power generation module comprises a photovoltaic power generation system and a fuel cell power generation system, the fuel cell power generation system comprises a fuel cell stack, the fuel cell air inlet module is connected with the fuel cell stack, the fuel cell heat management module comprises a user load, and the heat collection and storage module comprises a heat storage tank and a heat collector;
the power generation module is respectively connected with the user load, the fuel cell air inlet module and the heat collection and storage module;
the heat storage tank is connected with the heat collector and is respectively connected with the user load and the fuel cell air inlet module; a user load is connected to the fuel cell stack.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the heat storage tank includes an upper high temperature water source region, a lower low temperature water source region, and a middle thermocline.
Optionally, the heat storage tank further includes an electric heater, a low-temperature water source water inlet, a high-temperature water source water supplementing opening, a high-temperature water source water inlet, a low-temperature water source water outlet, a low-temperature water source water inlet, and a low-temperature water source water supplementing opening, the electric heater is connected to the high-temperature water source region of the heat storage tank, the low-temperature water source water inlet, the high-temperature water source water supplementing opening, and the high-temperature water source water inlet are respectively connected to the high-temperature water source region, and the low-temperature water source.
The electric heater is used for heating the high-temperature water source region when the temperature in the high-temperature water source of the heat storage tank is low, keeping the temperature of the high-temperature water source region constant, continuously and stably supplying a user load, and heating the air entering the fuel cell to keep the working stability of the hydrogen fuel cell.
The low-temperature water in the heat storage tank is heated by the heat collector and then returns to the heat storage tank.
In some embodiments of the invention, the outlet of the low temperature water source region is connected to the heat collector, and the outlet of the heat collector is connected to the inlet of the high temperature water source region.
In some embodiments of the invention, the outlet of the high temperature water source region of the heat storage tank is connected to a user load.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the fuel cell stack and the heat storage tank of the heat collecting and storage module are connected through a second DC/DC converter.
In some embodiments of the invention, the fuel cell air intake module comprises a hydrogen air intake module and an air intake module, the hydrogen air intake module and the air intake module are respectively connected with the fuel cell stack, and the hydrogen air intake module is connected with the photovoltaic power generation system.
In some embodiments of the invention, the hydrogen gas inlet module comprises an electrolytic cell, a hydrogen gas compressor and a high-pressure hydrogen tank which are connected in sequence, the high-pressure hydrogen tank is connected with the fuel cell stack, and the electrolytic cell is connected with the photovoltaic power generation system through a converter.
In some embodiments of the invention, the hydrogen inlet module further includes a first pressure reducing valve, a first humidifier, a first flow meter, a first pressure sensor, and a hydrogen circulating pump, which are connected in sequence, and the hydrogen circulating pump is connected to the gas outlet and the gas inlet pipeline of the fuel cell stack.
In some embodiments of the invention, the air intake module comprises an air filter, a second humidifier and a heat exchanger which are connected in sequence, and the heat exchanger is connected with the fuel cell stack.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the high temperature water source region of the heat storage tank is connected to a heat exchanger of the air intake module.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the fuel cell power generation system further includes a cooling water inlet module, and the user load and the high-temperature water source region of the heat storage tank are respectively connected to the cooling water inlet module.
In some embodiments of the invention, the cooling water inlet module comprises a heat mixer and a cooling fan, the user load is connected with the heat mixer and the cooling fan respectively, and the high-temperature water source area of the heat storage tank is connected with the heat mixer.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the cooling water inlet module further includes a cooling water pump, an ion detection sensor, a liquid flow meter, a second pressure sensor, a first temperature sensor, and a thermostat, which are connected in sequence, wherein the cooling water pump is connected to the heat mixer and the cooling fan, and the thermostat is connected to the heat mixer and the cooling fan.
In some embodiments of the invention, the user load is connected to the cooling water intake module through a back pressure valve and a deionization device.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the power generation system further comprises an energy manager, a power grid, and a charging pile, wherein the power generation system is connected to the energy manager through a converter, and the energy manager is respectively connected to the user load, the power grid, and the charging pile.
In some embodiments of the invention, the power generation system further comprises a storage battery, and the power generation system is connected with the storage battery through a third DC/DC converter.
In a second aspect, a thermoelectric coupling energy saving and storing method based on a hydrogen fuel cell includes the following steps:
when the light intensity exists, the photovoltaic power generation is started, the generated energy is supplied to a user load, when the light intensity is strong, redundant electric quantity is firstly used for electrolyzing water to prepare hydrogen, when the hydrogen of the high-pressure hydrogen tank is abundant, the redundant electric quantity is supplied to a power grid and a charging pile, and when the generated energy of the photovoltaic power generation is insufficient or no light exists, a fuel cell is started to generate power;
when the illumination intensity is strong, the heat collector is started to heat the circulating water of the user load, when the illumination intensity is weak, the circulating water of the user load and the circulating water of the fuel cell are heated, when the illumination intensity is weak, the heat collector does not work, the circulating water of the fuel cell directly circulates to a high-temperature water source area of the heat storage tank, and meanwhile, the electric heater of the heat storage tank is started;
when the light intensity is weak, starting the fuel cell air inlet module, and when the ambient temperature is lower than the threshold temperature T4The high-temperature water of the heat storage tank is used for heating the cooling water, the high-temperature water of the heat storage tank is used for heating the air, and if the temperature of the cooling water after heat exchange is higher than a threshold value T5Cooling the water to obtainAnd the water flows into the heat collector and then circulates to a high-temperature water source region of the heat storage tank, or the water flows into a low-temperature water source region of the heat storage tank.
In some embodiments of the invention, the recirculated cooling water generated by the user load enters the heat mixer and then the fuel cell stack if the temperature is below the high threshold T1; if the temperature is higher than the high threshold value T1, the circulating cooling water enters the fuel cell stack after passing through the cooling fan. Preferably, T1 is 72-76 ℃.
In some embodiments of the invention, T4 is-2 to 2 ℃ and T5 is 65 to 75 ℃.
The system comprises a fuel cell air inlet module, a fuel cell heat management module, a heat collection and storage module and a power generation module; the system comprises a photovoltaic power generation panel, a DC/AC converter, a storage battery, a solar thermal collector, a heat storage tank, a user load, a thermal collector water pump, an electrolytic cell, a one-way valve, a solenoid valve, a high-pressure hydrogen tank, a pressure reducing valve, a humidifier, a flowmeter, a pressure stabilizing valve, a pressure sensor, a heat exchanger, a flowmeter, a humidifier, an air compressor, an air filter, a hydrogen circulating pump, a PEMFC (proton exchange membrane fuel cell) stack, a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, a flowmeter, an ion detection sensor, a cooling fan, a water pump, a heat mixer, a thermostat, a DC/DC converter, a charging pile, an energy management controller and;
the fuel cell air intake module comprises a hydrogen air intake module and an air intake module. The gas source of the hydrogen gas inlet module is derived from a high-pressure hydrogen tank 12, after the pressure of the gas source is reduced by a first pressure reducing valve 13, the hydrogen gas is humidified by a first humidifier 14, the state of a third electromagnetic valve 16 is controlled, so that the hydrogen gas enters the galvanic pile according to a certain flow and flow rate, and meanwhile, the gas inlet amount and the gas inlet pressure are adjusted according to real-time feedback of a first flow meter 15, a first pressure sensor 17 and the like. Since the intake amount of hydrogen is an excessive supply, unreacted hydrogen at the hydrogen outlet is returned to the hydrogen intake module by the hydrogen circulation pump 23.
The air intake module is used for blowing air filtered by a filter 22 into a pipeline through an air compressor 21, and then humidifying the air through a second humidifier 20. The gas flow meter installed in the pipeline measures the air inlet flow, the temperature sensor measures the air inlet temperature, when the air temperature is low, the second electromagnetic valve 11 is controlled to be opened, the high-temperature water source in the heat storage tank 5 exchanges heat with air in the heat exchanger 18 to heat the air, the heat exchange amount is adjusted by air inlet temperature feedback, the flow direction of the three-way valve 46 is controlled by the low-temperature heat source after heat exchange according to the measured value of the fifth temperature sensor 47, if the temperature is high, the low-temperature heat source circularly enters the heat collector through the heat collector water pump 7, and if not, the low-temperature heat source enters the low-temperature water source. The air inlet amount is controlled to be excessive, and the air outlet of the stack discharges the remaining air and the reaction product water through the back pressure valve 41.
The heat management module of the fuel cell mainly has the functions of discharging heat generated by chemical reaction in the stack, a water-cooling mode is adopted, a cooling water source is from a waste heat cold source of a user load 6, and the amount of water supplied is controlled by a fourth electromagnetic valve 40. Meanwhile, under the environment of subzero temperature, a heating device of the fuel cell during low-temperature cold start is omitted, the preheating time of the low-temperature cold start is shortened, the starting response speed at low temperature is greatly improved, and the failure probability of the cold start is reduced.
Because the temperature difference between the inlet temperature and the outlet temperature of the thermal management system of the fuel cell is not too large and is generally within 10 ℃, the invention designs a novel large and small thermal management circulating system of the fuel cell, the circulating direction is controlled by the thermostat 32, and if the inlet temperature of cooling water is lower than a high threshold T1 of the temperature and is about 75 ℃, small circulation is carried out: namely, cooling water is circulated through the heat mixer 31, the heat mixer 31 mixes the high-temperature water source of the heat storage tank with the circulating cooling water to realize the heating effect on the cooling water, the mixing proportion of the high-temperature water source is fed back by the water temperature of the cooling water, specifically, the electromagnetic valve 10 controls the amount of the high-temperature water source, the temperature is lower than a low threshold value T2 and is about 65 ℃, and the first electromagnetic valve 10 is fully opened; if the cooling water inlet temperature is higher than a high threshold value T1 of the temperature, a large cycle is performed: namely, the cooling water exchanges heat with air through the cooling fan 29 by the thermostat 32, so as to realize the cooling of the cooling water, the temperature is higher than a high threshold value T3 and is about 80 ℃, and the cooling fan 29 operates at the maximum power; the cooling water pump 30 pumps cooling water into the electric pile, and the pressure, temperature and flow data of the cooling water are measured by the second pressure sensor 26, the first temperature sensor 25, the liquid flow meter 27 and the like. Because the coolant uses circulating water, a high voltage is generated on the bipolar plate, and in order to prevent the coolant from conducting electricity and transmitting current to the whole cooling circulation flow channel, the ion content of the circulating water is detected by the ion detector 28, and if the ion content exceeds a limit value, ions in the cooling circulation water are removed by the deionizer 48.
The outlet cooling water of the fuel cell heat management system fully absorbs the heat generated by the chemical reaction of the electric pile, the temperature of the outlet cooling water is higher than the waste heat of a user and lower than the temperature of a high-temperature water source in the heat storage tank, in order to fully utilize the rest heat energy, the outlet cooling water flows into the heat collector 4 through a pipeline through the one-way valve 9, and when the heat collector is illuminated, the outlet cooling water heats the circulating water to become a high-temperature heat source and finally circulates to the heat storage tank 5 to be stored.
The heat collecting and storing module comprises a heat storage tank 5, a heat collector 4 and a heat collector water pump 7, wherein the heat storage tank 5 is structurally shown as the following figure 2 and comprises a high-temperature water source water outlet 61, a water inlet 59, a water replenishing port 58, a high-temperature water source region 51, a low-temperature water source water inlet 52, a water outlet 55, a water replenishing port 53, a low-temperature water source region 54, an inclined temperature layer 56, an electric heater 57 for heating water and a liquid level switch 60 for judging the water level. The upper part of the heat storage tank is a high-temperature water source, generally more than 90 ℃, the lower part of the heat storage tank is a low-temperature water source, generally 40-65 ℃, the temperature of the heat storage tank is measured by a third temperature sensor 43 and a fourth temperature sensor 44, a temperature difference exists between the high-temperature water source and the low-temperature water source of the heat storage tank 5, an inclined temperature layer 56 is formed naturally due to mixing of the high-temperature water and the low-temperature water, the heat collector 4 collects heat energy in sunlight, heating circulating water is stored in a high-temperature water source region 51 at the upper part of the heat storage tank 5 after heating, power of the water circulation is provided by a water pump 7 of the heat collector, when no light exists, power is supplied by.
The power generation module comprises a photovoltaic power generation System and a fuel cell power generation System, wherein the photovoltaic power generation System converts light Energy into electric Energy through a photovoltaic effect by a solar cell panel 1, a part of the generated electric Energy is coupled with a second direct current converter 34 for generating power by a fuel cell through a first direct current converter 33, then the direct current is converted into alternating current through an alternating current inverter 2, and after the power is comprehensively distributed through an Energy Management System 38 (EMS), the electric Energy is supplied to a user load 6 for power utilization, a charging pile 37 is charged, and the electric Energy is merged into a power grid 36 and the like. The other part of the electric energy is converted into low-voltage electricity through the third direct current converter 35 to charge the storage battery 3, and the storage battery is used for supplying low-voltage electricity for the whole system and comprises various electric controllers, a real-time digital display device, a sensor, a safety alarm system and the like.
The water electrolysis hydrogen production module has the function of electrolyzing water to produce hydrogen by utilizing electric energy generated by photovoltaic power generation, and when no light is emitted or the photovoltaic power generation amount is not enough to completely supply power loads, the fuel cell is started to generate power, so that uninterrupted power supply is realized. When the illumination is abundant, redundant electric energy of photovoltaic power generation is used for electrolyzing water, and when photovoltaic direct current passes through the electrolytic cell 8, the electrolyzed water generates hydrogen, and the hydrogen is compressed by the hydrogen compressor 39 and then stored in the hydrogen tank.
The invention will be further illustrated by the following examples
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1, the thermoelectric coupling energy-saving and energy-storing system based on the hydrogen fuel cell includes a fuel cell air intake module, a fuel cell thermal management module, a heat collection and storage module, and a power generation module.
A fuel cell hydrogen gas inlet module; the outlet of the high-pressure hydrogen tank 12 is connected with a first pressure reducing valve 13, the other end of the first pressure reducing valve 13 after reducing the pressure of the hydrogen is connected with a first humidifier 14, the other end of the first humidifier 14 is connected with a first flow meter 15, the other end of the first flow meter 15 is connected with a third electromagnetic valve 16, the other end of the third electromagnetic valve 16 is connected with a pipeline, the pipeline is connected with the hydrogen inlet of the electric pile 24, and a first pressure sensor 17 is installed at the hydrogen pipeline; the hydrogen outlet of the galvanic pile 24 is connected with a pipeline, the pipeline is connected with a hydrogen circulating pump 23, the hydrogen circulating pump 23 is connected with a pipeline at the hydrogen inlet, and the residual hydrogen in the reaction flows back to the air inlet.
A fuel cell air intake module; the pipe connection air cleaner 22 of air inlet department, the air intake of air compressor 21 is connected to the air cleaner 22 other end, humidifier 20's entry is connected to air compressor 21's air outlet, humidifier 20's exit linkage air flow meter 19's entry, air flow meter 19's exit linkage heat exchanger 18's air inlet, the air inlet of pile is connected to heat exchanger 18's air outlet, second solenoid valve 11 is connected to heat exchanger 18's water inlet, heat accumulation jar 5 high temperature water source is connected to second solenoid valve 11's the other end, the water inlet of first three-way valve 46 is connected to heat exchanger 18's delivery port, the export of first three-way valve 46 is passed through the pipeline and is connected with heat accumulation jar 5 low temperature water source, the other end passes through the pipe and is connected with the import of heat collector water pump 7, temperature sensor 47 is installed to the water.
A fuel cell thermal management module; the cooling water source of the fuel cell heat management is residual heat water from a user, firstly, the outlet of a fourth electromagnetic valve 40 is connected with the inlet of a thermostat 32 through a pipeline, the outlet of the thermostat 32 is respectively connected with a cooling fan 29 and a heat mixer 31, the former is cooled by the cooling fan 29 and then is connected to a cooling water pump 30 through a pipeline, and a large circulation is formed; the latter is connected with the inlet of the heat mixer 31, the other inlet of the heat mixer 31 is connected with the first electromagnetic valve 10, the other end of the first electromagnetic valve 10 is connected with the high-temperature water source of the heat storage tank, the high-temperature water source flows into the heat mixer 31 for heat mixing, and the outlet of the heat mixer 31 is connected with the cooling water pump 30 through the water mixing cavity 49 to form a small cycle. The outlet of the cooling water pump 30 is connected with the inlet of the deionization device 48, the outlet of the deionization device 48 is connected with the inlet of the liquid flow meter 27, the outlet of the liquid flow meter 27 is connected with the cooling water inlet of the electric pile, and the ion detection sensor 28, the temperature sensor 25 and the pressure sensor 26 are installed at the water inlet pipeline. And a cooling water outlet of the fuel cell stack 24 is connected with an inlet of the one-way valve 9, an outlet of the one-way valve 9 is connected with the second three-way valve 50, and an outlet of the second three-way valve 50 is respectively connected with a pipeline in front of the heat collector 4 and a pipeline in front of a high-temperature water source of the heat storage tank 5.
A heat collection and storage module; the inlet of the fifth electromagnetic valve 45 is connected to the low-temperature water source outlet of the heat storage tank 5, the outlet of the fifth electromagnetic valve 45 is connected with the inlet of the heat collector water pump 7 through a pipeline, the outlet of the heat collector water pump 7 is connected to the inlet of the heat collector 4, when illumination exists, the heat collector heats the water source, the outlet is connected to the water inlet of the high-temperature heat source of the heat storage tank 5, the high-temperature water source water outlet of the heat storage tank 5 is connected to a user area, after heat exchange is carried out in the user area, part of low-temperature water flows back to the low-temperature water source water inlet of the heat storage tank 5, the other part of low-temperature water flows to the inlet of the fourth electromagnetic valve 40 through a pipeline and enters the fuel cell electric pile heat management module, the third temperature sensor 43.
A power generation module; the output end of the photovoltaic power generation panel 1 is connected with a first DC/DC converter 33, the output end of the fuel cell stack 24 is connected with a second DC/DC converter 34, the first DC/DC converter 33 and the second DC/DC converter 34 are connected in parallel to form a direct current bus circuit of the power generation module, one path of the direct current bus circuit is connected with a low-voltage direct current converter 35, a third DC/DC converter 35 is connected with a low-voltage storage battery 3 to charge the low-voltage storage battery, the other path of the direct current bus circuit is connected with an inverter 2 to be converted into alternating current, the alternating current is connected with an energy management system EMS, and after the energy and power control strategy of the energy management system EMS is distributed, the. The direct current converter 34 of the fuel cell stack is connected with the electric heater of the heat storage tank 5 in parallel.
A water electrolysis hydrogen production module; the first DC/DC converter 33 is connected to the electrolytic cell 8, the electrolytic cell 8 electrolyzes water to obtain hydrogen, the hydrogen is connected to the compressor 39 through a pipeline, and after being compressed by the compressor 39, the hydrogen is connected to the hydrogen tank 12 through a pipeline for storage.
A thermoelectric coupling energy-saving and energy-storing method based on a hydrogen fuel cell comprises the following specific steps:
electric management control; when the illumination intensity is strong, the photovoltaic power generation is controlled to generate power according to a maximum power point tracking mode, when the generated energy of a photovoltaic power generation module meets the requirement of a user load, redundant electric quantity is firstly used for electrolyzing water to prepare hydrogen and stored in the high-pressure hydrogen tank 12, and when the hydrogen in the high-pressure hydrogen tank 12 is abundant, the redundant electric quantity is used for supplying charging of a charging pile or being merged into a power grid; when the illumination intensity is insufficient, the generated energy of the photovoltaic power generation module cannot meet the requirement of a user load, and the fuel cell is started to generate power and work together with the photovoltaic power generation; and when the light intensity is not high (such as at night or in cloudy days), only the fuel cell is started to generate electricity so as to meet the uninterrupted power supply of the load.
Circulating heat management control; when the illumination intensity is strong, the power generation capacity of the photovoltaic power generation module meets the requirement of a user load, only the photovoltaic power generation module works, and meanwhile, the heat collector 4 is started to heat circulating water of the user; when the illumination intensity is weak, the photovoltaic power generation capacity cannot meet the requirement of a user load, the photovoltaic power generation module and the fuel cell work together, and the heat collector 4 heats circulating water of the user and circulating water of the fuel cell; when the light intensity is not high, only the fuel cell works, the heat collector 4 does not work, the circulating water of the fuel cell directly circulates to the high-temperature water source area of the heat storage tank, the electric heater of the heat storage tank 5 is started, and the fuel cell supplies electricity to heat water so as to meet the requirement of uninterrupted hot water supply.
Fuel cell start-up control; when the generated energy of the photovoltaic power generation module cannot meet the requirement of a user load, starting a fuel cell, controlling the opening state of the fourth electromagnetic valve 40, starting a hydrogen and air intake system, if the ambient temperature is lower than T4, controlling the opening of the first electromagnetic valve 10, heating cooling water, simultaneously controlling the opening of the second electromagnetic valve 11, preheating inlet air, and if the temperature of the water subjected to heat exchange is higher than T5, directly flowing into the heat collector 4 to circulate to the high-temperature water source region 51 of the heat storage tank 5, or else flowing into the low-temperature water source region 54 of the heat storage tank.
Managing the waste heat of the fuel cell; after the fuel cell is started, because the rest heat energy is about equal to the generated energy and the temperature is generally higher than the temperature of the low-temperature water source of the heat storage tank 5, in order to fully utilize the waste heat, the heat collector water pump is controlled to finally circulate the waste heat water into the heat storage tank 5.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A thermoelectric coupling energy-saving and energy-storing system based on a hydrogen fuel cell is characterized in that: the system comprises a fuel cell air inlet module, a fuel cell heat management module, a heat collection and storage module and a power generation module, wherein the power generation module comprises a photovoltaic power generation system and a fuel cell power generation system;
the power generation module is respectively connected with the user load, the fuel cell air inlet module and the heat collection and storage module;
the heat storage tank is connected with the heat collector and is respectively connected with the user load and the fuel cell air inlet module; a user load is connected to the fuel cell stack.
2. A hydrogen fuel cell based thermoelectric coupling energy saving and storage system as in claim 1 wherein: the heat storage tank comprises a high-temperature water source region on the upper portion, a low-temperature water source region on the lower portion and an inclined temperature layer in the middle portion, an outlet of the low-temperature water source region is connected with the heat collector, an outlet of the heat collector is connected with an inlet of the high-temperature water source region, and an outlet of the high-temperature water source region of the heat storage tank is connected with a user load.
3. A hydrogen fuel cell based thermoelectric coupling energy saving and storage system as in claim 2 wherein: the heat storage tank also comprises an electric heater, a low-temperature water source water inlet, a high-temperature water source water supplementing port, a high-temperature water source water inlet, a low-temperature water source water outlet, a low-temperature water source water inlet and a low-temperature water source water supplementing port, the electric heater is connected with a high-temperature water source region of the heat storage tank, the low-temperature water source water inlet, the high-temperature water source water supplementing port and the high-temperature water source water inlet are respectively connected with the high-temperature water source region, and the low-temperature water source water outlet.
4. A hydrogen fuel cell based thermoelectric coupling energy saving and storage system as in claim 1 wherein: the fuel cell stack is connected with a heat storage tank of the heat collection and storage module through a second DC/DC converter.
5. A hydrogen fuel cell based thermoelectric coupling energy saving and storage system as in claim 1 wherein: the fuel cell air inlet module comprises a hydrogen inlet module and an air inlet module, the hydrogen inlet module and the air inlet module are respectively connected with the fuel cell stack, and the hydrogen inlet module is connected with the photovoltaic power generation system;
preferably, the hydrogen gas inlet module comprises an electrolytic cell, a hydrogen gas compressor and a high-pressure hydrogen tank which are connected in sequence, the high-pressure hydrogen tank is connected with the fuel cell stack, and the electrolytic cell is connected with the photovoltaic power generation system through a converter;
preferably, the air intake module comprises an air filter, a second humidifier and a heat exchanger which are connected in sequence, and the heat exchanger is connected with the fuel cell stack.
6. The hydrogen fuel cell-based thermoelectric coupling energy saving and storage system of claim 5, wherein: and a high-temperature water source area of the heat storage tank is connected with a heat exchanger of the air inlet module.
7. A hydrogen fuel cell based thermoelectric coupling energy saving and storage system as in claim 1 wherein: the fuel cell power generation system also comprises a cooling water inlet module, and the high-temperature water source regions of the user load and the heat storage tank are respectively connected with the cooling water inlet module;
preferably, the cooling water inlet module comprises a heat mixer and a cooling fan, a user load is respectively connected with the heat mixer and the cooling fan, and a high-temperature water source region of the heat storage tank is connected with the heat mixer;
preferably, the cooling water inlet module further comprises a cooling water pump, an ion detection sensor, a liquid flow meter, a second pressure sensor, a first temperature sensor and a thermostat which are sequentially connected, wherein the cooling water pump is respectively connected with the heat mixer and the cooling fan, and the thermostat is respectively connected with the heat mixer and the cooling fan;
preferably, the user load is connected with the cooling water inlet module through a back pressure valve and a deionization device.
8. A hydrogen fuel cell based thermoelectric coupling energy saving and storage system as in claim 1 wherein: the power generation system is connected with the energy manager through the converter, and the energy manager is connected with the user load, the power grid and the charging pile respectively.
9. A hydrogen fuel cell based thermoelectric coupling energy saving and storage system as in claim 1 wherein: the power generation system is connected with the storage battery through a third DC/DC converter.
10. A method for saving and storing energy by using a hydrogen-based fuel cell thermoelectric coupling of the system of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein: the method comprises the following specific steps:
when the light intensity exists, the photovoltaic power generation is started, the generated energy is supplied to a user load, when the light intensity is strong, redundant electric quantity is firstly used for electrolyzing water to prepare hydrogen, when the hydrogen of the high-pressure hydrogen tank is abundant, the redundant electric quantity is supplied to a power grid and a charging pile, and when the generated energy of the photovoltaic power generation is insufficient or no light exists, a fuel cell is started to generate power;
when the illumination intensity is strong, the heat collector is started to heat the circulating water of the user load, when the illumination intensity is weak, the circulating water of the user load and the circulating water of the fuel cell are heated, when the illumination intensity is weak, the heat collector does not work, the circulating water of the fuel cell directly circulates to a high-temperature water source area of the heat storage tank, and meanwhile, the electric heater of the heat storage tank is started;
when illumination intensity is weaker, the fuel cell air inlet module is started, when the ambient temperature is lower than a threshold temperature T4, the high-temperature water of the heat storage tank is used for heating the cooling water, meanwhile, the high-temperature water of the heat storage tank is used for heating the air, if the temperature of the cooling water after heat exchange is higher than a threshold T5, the cooling water directly enters the heat collector and then circulates to a high-temperature water source region of the heat storage tank, and otherwise, the cooling water flows into a low-temperature water source region of the heat storage tank.
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