CN112772789A - Functional additive for pomegranate peel feed, preparation method and application - Google Patents
Functional additive for pomegranate peel feed, preparation method and application Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN112772789A CN112772789A CN202011637518.8A CN202011637518A CN112772789A CN 112772789 A CN112772789 A CN 112772789A CN 202011637518 A CN202011637518 A CN 202011637518A CN 112772789 A CN112772789 A CN 112772789A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- feed
- pomegranate
- extract
- petroleum ether
- pomegranate rind
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
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- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
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- A23L3/3454—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2250/00—Food ingredients
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
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- Birds (AREA)
- Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention discloses a functional additive for pomegranate rind feed, a preparation method and application, and belongs to the technical field of feed and additives thereof. The invention solves the technical problem that the existing mildew-proof additive for feed is generally a chemical compound, has corrosivity and irritation and poor palatability to fish. The additive is used for preventing mildew of feed, consists of pomegranate bark extract and contains at least one of pomegranate bark petroleum ether extract or pomegranate bark ethanol extract. The pomegranate bark extract is used as the mildew-proof additive for the feed, so that the defects of a chemical composition additive can be avoided, the comprehensive utilization potential of pomegranate bark is exerted, waste is turned into wealth, and the hypoxia tolerance and the anti-infection capability of fish can be improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fish feed, and particularly relates to a functional additive for pomegranate rind feed, a preparation method and application.
Background
The mould is widely distributed and various in nature, and most of the mould can cause the mildew and deterioration of the feed. The mildew inhibitor is an additive added into feed for inhibiting the growth of mildew and prolonging the storage period of the feed. The anti-mildew agent used in feed production is generally an organic acid such as propionic acid, sodium propionate, calcium propionate, acetic acid, sorbic acid, sodium sorbate, sodium benzoate, fumaric acid, and the like. These substances are generally chemical compounds, corrosive and irritating, poorly palatable to fish, even containing harmful substances, and risking residues in the aquatic products.
"high density, intensification" is an important feature of current aquaculture. But the fish carrying amount of the water body is improved by the high-density culture mode; the relative living space of the fishes in the water body is reduced, the competition and interference among different individuals are intensified, the activity of the fishes is improved, and the factors improve the oxygen demand of the fishes to different degrees. The high-density culture improves the feed feeding amount, increases culture wastes in the water body, and aggravates the conversion of water body substances, and the factors improve the oxygen consumption in the water body. The above situation further aggravates the anaerobic stress of the cultured fish. The anoxia stress reaction can reduce fish immunity and raise fish's susceptibility to pathogenic bacteria, so as to raise the use amount of antibiotic and chemical medicine and raise fish medicine residue. The defects of high-density culture make the market urgently need a feed which can improve the anoxia resistance and infection resistance of fish, has no residue, no toxic or side effect and no environmental pollution, and is used for improving the culture benefit, reducing the drug residue and improving the fish meat quality.
The pomegranate rind is the dried pericarp of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) belonging to the byproduct of pomegranate pulp processing. The pericarpium Granati is rich in polyphenol, organic acid, flavone, alkaloids, etc., and has antidiarrheal, hemostatic, antibacterial, and anthelmintic effects on animals. However, few reports are made about the pomegranate rind extract as a fish feed mildew preventive and used for preparing fish feed with hypoxia tolerance and anti-infection functions. Pomegranate resources are abundant in China, and a large amount of pomegranate rind is produced every year. Therefore, the application research of the pomegranate rind in the aquatic feed is developed, the new application of the pomegranate rind is developed, the traditional utilization structure of the pomegranate rind is improved, the comprehensive utilization potential of the pomegranate rind is exerted, waste is changed into valuable, and the economic and social benefits of the pomegranate rind are improved, so that the method has very important significance.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems that the existing mildew-proof additive for feed is generally a chemical compound, has corrosivity and irritation and has poor palatability to fish.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention discloses a functional additive for pomegranate rind feed, which is used for preventing mildew of the feed and consists of pomegranate rind extract.
Wherein the pomegranate bark extract comprises at least one of petroleum ether extract or ethanol extract of pomegranate bark.
Wherein the content of polyphenols in petroleum ether extract of pericarpium Granati is not less than 70.0 mg/g.
Preferably, the content of polyphenols in the petroleum ether extract of pericarpium Granati is 78.15-86.32 mg/g.
Wherein the content of polyphenols in the ethanol extract of pericarpium Granati is not less than 130.0 mg/g.
Preferably, the content of polyphenols in the ethanol extract of pericarpium Granati is 134.52-151.26 mg/g.
And (3) determining the content of polyphenols in the petroleum ether extract and the ethanol extract of the pomegranate rind by adopting a Folin-Ciocalteau reagent method.
The invention further discloses a preparation method of the functional additive for pomegranate rind feed, which comprises the following steps: mixing pericarpium Granati with petroleum ether, stirring, filtering the obtained mixed solution to obtain filtrate and petroleum ether extraction residue, and distilling the filtrate under reduced pressure to remove solvent to obtain petroleum ether extract of pericarpium Granati; mixing pericarpium Granati with ethanol, stirring, filtering the obtained mixture to obtain filtrate and residue, and distilling the filtrate under reduced pressure to remove solvent to obtain ethanol extract of pericarpium Granati.
Wherein, the pomegranate bark and petroleum ether or ethanol are mixed according to the weight and volume ratio of 1: 6-8, i.e. the ratio of the weight of the solid to the volume of the liquid.
Preferably, the petroleum ether extraction residue or the ethyl acetate extraction residue is mixed with ethanol, stirred, the obtained mixture is filtered to obtain filtrate and residue, and the filtrate is subjected to reduced pressure distillation to remove the solvent, so as to obtain the ethanol extract of pomegranate rind. Wherein the extraction residue of ethyl acetate is obtained by the above-mentioned extraction residue of petroleum ether.
Wherein, the petroleum ether extraction residue or the ethyl acetate extraction residue and ethanol are mixed according to the weight and volume ratio of 1: 6-8, i.e. the ratio of the weight of the solid to the volume of the liquid.
Furthermore, the invention also discloses application of the functional additive for the pomegranate rind feed in preparing the fish feed, the functional additive is used for preventing mildew of the fish feed, and the pomegranate rind petroleum ether extract and the pomegranate rind ethanol extract are added in the preparation process of the fish feed.
Specifically, the addition amount of the pomegranate bark petroleum ether extract and the pomegranate bark ethanol extract accounts for 0.3-1.8% of the total weight of the feed.
Preferably, the addition amount of the pomegranate rind petroleum ether extract and the pomegranate rind ethanol extract accounts for 1.2-1.8% of the total weight of the feed.
Most preferably, the addition amount of the pomegranate rind petroleum ether extract and the pomegranate rind ethanol extract accounts for 1.26% of the total weight of the feed.
Furthermore, the invention also discloses application of the functional additive for the pomegranate rind feed in preparing fish feed, wherein the functional additive is used for resisting anoxia of the fish feed, and the pomegranate rind ethanol extract is added in the preparation process of the fish feed.
Specifically, the addition amount of the pomegranate peel ethanol extract accounts for 0.6-1.8% of the total weight of the feed.
Preferably, the addition amount of the pomegranate rind ethanol extract accounts for 1.2-1.8% of the total weight of the feed.
Most preferably, the pomegranate rind ethanol extract is added in an amount of 1.337% based on the total weight of the feed.
Furthermore, the invention also discloses application of the functional additive for the pomegranate rind feed in preparing the fish feed, the functional additive is used for resisting infection of the fish feed, and the pomegranate rind petroleum ether extract is added in the preparation process of the fish feed.
Specifically, the addition amount of the pomegranate rind petroleum ether extract accounts for 0.6-1.8% of the total weight of the feed.
Preferably, the pomegranate rind petroleum ether extract is added in an amount of 0.9-1.8% by weight based on the total weight of the feed.
Most preferably, the pomegranate rind petroleum ether extract is added in an amount of 1.050% by weight based on the total weight of the feed.
The invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
the pomegranate bark extract is used as the mildew-proof additive for the feed for the first time, so that the defects of a chemical composition additive can be avoided, the comprehensive utilization potential of the pomegranate bark is exerted, and waste is turned into wealth;
the functional additive for pomegranate rind feed is a natural feed additive taking natural plant extracts as functional components, and has no residue, no toxic or side effect and no environmental pollution. Compared with the chemical additive, the natural additive is safer, healthier and more environment-friendly;
according to the mildew condition of the feed, the polarity characteristic of the active ingredients with the mildew-proof function in the pomegranate rind is determined, the petroleum ether extract of the pomegranate rind is low in polarity, and the ethanol extract of the pomegranate rind is high in polarity, so that other extracts similar to the polarity are also suitable for the method;
according to the invention, the composition and the use method of the pomegranate bark extract can be adjusted according to the actual functional requirements of the target feed, so that the fish feed with different functional advantages is obtained;
according to the influence of the pomegranate rind extract on the mildew amount of the feed and the hypoxia tolerance and anti-infection capability of the fish, a proper concentration range is screened out, and the optimal addition concentration is determined;
the invention provides a simple medium and a method for adding pomegranate bark extract into feed.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding and description of the embodiments of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a broken line regression of the mildew rate of pellet feed with addition of pomegranate rind petroleum ether extract and pomegranate rind ethanol extract;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the effect of feeding different pomegranate rind extract pellet feeds on the duration of hypoxia tolerance of carp;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing the broken line regression of the hypoxia tolerance duration of carp fed with ethanol extract pellet feed of pomegranate rind;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the effect of feeding different pomegranate rind extract pellet feeds on the survival rate of carp after toxin counteracting;
fig. 5 is a schematic view of broken line regression of survival rate of carp after challenge by feeding pomegranate rind petroleum ether extract pellet feed.
Detailed Description
The invention discloses a function additive for pomegranate rind feed, which is prepared from pomegranate rind extract, is used for preventing mildew of feed, can replace a chemical synthetic additive, and fully utilizes waste pomegranate rind.
Furthermore, the inventor finds in experiments that any pomegranate bark extract does not help the mildew prevention of the feed, and finds that the mildew prevention performance of the feed can be remarkably improved when at least one of the petroleum ether extract of the pomegranate bark or the ethanol extract of the pomegranate bark is used through a large number of screening experiments in the early stage.
In addition, when the petroleum ether extract and the ethanol extract of the pomegranate rind are used together, the mildew resistance of the feed is remarkably improved.
In addition, the hypoxia resistance of the carp can be obviously improved by feeding the ethanol extract of the pomegranate rind alone, and the anti-infection property of the carp can be obviously improved by feeding the petroleum ether extract of the pomegranate rind alone.
Specifically, the preparation of the functional additive for pomegranate rind feed and the application of the functional additive in the feed can be carried out according to the following steps:
(1) crushing the dried pomegranate rind and sieving the crushed pomegranate rind by a 18-mesh sieve to obtain pomegranate rind powder;
(2) mixing dry pomegranate rind powder with petroleum ether 1: 6-8, stirring for more than 5 hours, filtering the mixed solution to obtain filtrate and petroleum ether extraction residue, and distilling the filtrate under reduced pressure to remove the solvent to obtain petroleum ether extract; mixing dry pomegranate rind powder with ethanol 1: 6-8, stirring for more than 5 hr, filtering the mixture to obtain filtrate and residue, and distilling the filtrate under reduced pressure to remove solvent to obtain pericarpium Granati ethanol extract.
Preferably, the ratio of petroleum ether extraction residue or ethyl acetate extraction residue to ethanol 1: 6-8, stirring for more than 5 hr, filtering the mixture to obtain filtrate and residue, and distilling the filtrate under reduced pressure to remove solvent to obtain pericarpium Granati ethanol extract.
(3) In the process of adding the petroleum ether extract into the fish feed, firstly dissolving the pomegranate peel petroleum ether extract into oil in the formula, and then mixing the oil dissolved with the petroleum ether extract into other feed raw materials to prepare the fish pellet feed; in the process of adding the pomegranate peel ethanol extract into the fish feed, the pomegranate peel ethanol extract is firstly dissolved in water and then mixed into other feed raw materials to prepare the fish pellet feed.
In the practical application process, the composition of the functional additive for pomegranate rind feed can be adjusted according to different application scenes. The method comprises the following specific steps:
when the main purpose is to improve the mildew resistance of the feed, at least one of the petroleum ether extract and the ethanol extract of the pomegranate rind is added in the process of preparing the feed.
When the pomegranate rind petroleum ether extract and the ethanol extract are used together, the mildew resistance of the feed is obviously improved.
Preferably, the addition amount of the pomegranate rind petroleum ether extract and the ethanol extract accounts for 0.3-1.8% of the total weight of the feed.
More preferably, the addition amount of the pomegranate rind petroleum ether extract and the ethanol extract accounts for 1.2 to 1.8 percent of the total weight of the feed.
Most preferably, the addition amount of the pomegranate rind petroleum ether extract and the ethanol extract accounts for 1.26 percent of the total weight of the feed.
When the main purpose is to improve the hypoxia tolerance of the fish fed with the feed, the pomegranate rind ethanol extract is independently added in the process of preparing the feed.
Preferably, the pomegranate rind ethanol extract is added in an amount of 0.6-1.8% by weight based on the total weight of the feed.
Further preferably, the pomegranate rind ethanol extract accounts for 1.2-1.8% of the total weight of the feed.
Most preferably, the pomegranate rind ethanol extract is added in an amount of 1.337% based on the total weight of the feed.
When the main purpose is to improve the anti-infection performance of the fish fed with the feed, the pomegranate rind petroleum ether extract is independently added in the process of preparing the feed.
Preferably, the pomegranate rind petroleum ether extract is added in an amount of 0.6-1.8% by weight based on the total weight of the feed.
Further preferably, the pomegranate rind petroleum ether extract is added in an amount of 0.9-1.8% by weight based on the total weight of the feed.
Most preferably, the pomegranate rind petroleum ether extract is added in an amount of 1.050% by weight based on the total weight of the feed.
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to examples and accompanying drawings, and the exemplary embodiments and descriptions thereof are only used for explaining the present invention and are not meant to limit the present invention.
Preparation examples of 4 different types of pomegranate rind extracts
Crushing 1000g of dried pomegranate rind and sieving the crushed pomegranate rind with a 18-mesh sieve to obtain pomegranate rind powder;
taking 600g of pomegranate rind powder, mixing with petroleum ether 1: 7, stirring for 6 hours at 900 rpm, filtering the mixed solution to obtain filtrate and residues, repeatedly extracting for 3 times, and distilling the filtrate under reduced pressure until the weight of the filtrate is constant to remove petroleum ether to obtain a pomegranate rind petroleum ether extract;
taking 600g of pomegranate rind powder, mixing with ethyl acetate 1: 7, stirring for 6 hours at 900 revolutions per minute, filtering the mixed solution to obtain filtrate and residue, repeatedly extracting for 3 times, and distilling the filtrate under reduced pressure until the weight is constant to remove ethyl acetate to obtain an ethyl acetate extract of pomegranate rind;
mixing the pomegranate peel petroleum ether extraction residue or ethyl acetate extraction residue with ethanol 1: 7, stirring for 6 hours at 900 rpm, filtering the mixed solution to obtain filtrate and residues, repeatedly extracting for 3 times, and distilling the filtrate under reduced pressure until the weight is constant to remove ethanol, thereby obtaining an ethanol extract of the pomegranate rind;
mixing the pomegranate peel ethanol extraction residue with water 1: 7, stirring for 6 hours at 900 rpm, centrifuging or filtering the mixed solution to obtain clear supernatant or filtrate and residue, repeatedly extracting for 3 times, and distilling the supernatant or filtrate under reduced pressure to constant weight to remove water to obtain the pomegranate rind water extract.
Preparation example of Fish feed supplemented with different types of pomegranate rind extracts
According to the feed formula, the 4 prepared pomegranate rind extracts are respectively added into feed raw materials according to the concentration of 0 (blank) and 1.0% (accounting for 1.0% of the total weight of the feed) to prepare the granulated feed with the diameter of 2mm, the feed formula is shown in table 1, and the specific preparation method is as follows:
firstly, uniformly mixing the petroleum ether extract with the fish oil and the corn oil, then uniformly mixing the mixture with other raw materials in the formula, then adding drinking water accounting for 50 percent of the total mass of the feed, stirring and uniformly mixing the mixture, preparing the granular feed with the diameter of 2mm by using a small-sized granular feed machine, and drying the granular feed in a 60-DEG C forced air oven for 24 hours;
uniformly mixing the ethyl acetate extract with fish oil and corn oil, uniformly mixing with other raw materials in the formula, adding drinking water accounting for 50% of the total mass of the feed, uniformly stirring and mixing, preparing the granular feed with the diameter of 2mm by using a small-sized granular feed machine, and drying in a 60-DEG C forced air oven for 24 hours;
dissolving the ethanol extract in drinking water 50% of the total mass of the feed, mixing with other raw materials in the formula, making into granulated feed with diameter of 2mm with a small-sized granulated feed machine, and drying in a 60 deg.C blast oven for 24 h;
dissolving the water extract in drinking water 50% of the total feed mass, mixing with other raw materials, making into granulated feed with diameter of 2mm with small-sized granulated feed machine, and drying in 60 deg.C blast oven for 24 hr.
TABLE 1 feed formulation
1The vitamin supplement comprises per kilogram: 0.80g of retinol (500,000IU/g), vitamin D3(500,000IU/g)0.48g, DL-alpha-tocopherol (50%) 20.00g, vitamin K3(23%) 0.43g, vitamin B10.11g (90%), 0.63g of riboflavin (80%), 0.92g of pyridoxine (81%), 0.10g of cyanocobalamin (1%), 2.73g of D-calcium pantothenate (90%), 2.82g of nicotinic acid (99%), 5.00g of D-biotin (2%), 52.33g of inositol (99%) and 0.52g of folic acid (96%).
2The mineral supplement comprises per kilogram: FeSO4·7H269.70g of O (containing 20 percent of Fe) and CuSO4·5H2O (Cu 25%) 1.20g, ZnSO4·7H221.64g of O (containing 23% of Zn), MnSO4·H24.09g of O (containing 32% of Mn) and Na2SeO3·5H2O (containing Se 1%) 2.50g and KI (containing I4%) 2.90 g.
Fish feed mold growth test example added with different pomegranate peel extracts
20g of the dried pellet feed is put into a culture dish and flattened, 15 ml of aqueous solution containing 0.01 percent of spores of aspergillus niger and aspergillus viridis is respectively added, and the culture is carried out for 36h at 25 ℃, the detection results are shown in table 2, wherein "-" shows that no mildew exists, "+" shows that mild mildew exists, "+ +" shows that moderate mildew exists, and "+ + + + +" shows that severe mildew exists. This experiment was repeated 3 times with similar results. The result shows that the growth of the aspergillus niger and aspergillus viridis of the pellet feed added with the pomegranate peel petroleum ether extract and the ethanol extract is the worst, and the mildew-proof effect is good.
TABLE 2 growth of mould in fish feed with different pomegranate rind extracts
Influence of adding pomegranate rind composite extracts with different concentrations on mildew rate of granulated feed
According to the same formula and method, the pomegranate peel composite extract (petroleum ether extract/ethanol extract is 1:1) is added into the feed according to the concentrations of 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5 and 1.8% respectively to prepare corresponding 7 kinds of pellet feed respectively. After air drying at 60 ℃, 20g of each feed is respectively added into a culture dish for flattening, 20 ml of water is respectively added into the culture dish for naturally dying mildew, and the culture is carried out at 25 +/-2 ℃. After 36h the results were observed and the percentage of the area of the dish that had mildewed was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2, and the analysis by polyline regression is shown in FIG. 1, with data expressed as the mean of 3 replicates. + -. standard deviation. The same column data marked with different letters indicated significant differences and the same indicated insignificant differences (P < 0.05).
The result shows that in the concentration range of 0.3-1.8%, the proportion of the feed mildew is remarkably reduced by adding the petroleum ether extract and the ethanol extract simultaneously (P <0.05), and the optimal addition concentration of the composite extract for inhibiting the feed mildew is 1.26% (P < 0.05).
TABLE 2 influence of different concentrations of pomegranate rind composite extract on the mildew rate of pellet feed
Influence of feeding of different types of pomegranate peel extract feed on carp hypoxia tolerance
After carp fries are purchased from local places, the carps are temporarily cultured in a culture room for one week. Carp fries 420 with equivalent weight (difference not more than 1%) were selected and randomly divided into 5 treatment groups with 3 fish tanks and 20 fish tanks. The shape, size and color of each fish tank are the same, and the size is 30 multiplied by 40 cm; tap water is used as a water source, the volume of water in the tank is 30L, and one 800L/h flow aerator is arranged in the tank. The temperature of the culture room is controlled to be 22 +/-1 ℃, and the oxygen is continuously supplied by the oxygen increasing machine. The 5 treatment groups were fed with the blank and the feeds containing 1.0% petroleum ether extract of pomegranate rind, 1.0% ethyl acetate extract, 1.0% ethanol extract and 1.0% water extract, respectively, and fed with the feed for 4 times per day. The hypoxia tolerance of carp was measured 7 days later.
The measuring method is an airless sealing method, 10 carps with the same weight of each treatment group are respectively selected from each fish tank, 32ml of aerated tap water in the same tank is prepared for each g of carps, and the airless sealing method is carried out in a plastic bottle. The duration of time from normal to loss of balance (rollover) and oxygen consumption rate of 8 fish among them were measured and calculated. The results of the experiment are shown in FIG. 2, and the data are presented as mean. + -. standard deviation of 3 replicates. The data are marked with letters indicating significant difference, and the same indicating insignificant difference (P < 0.05). The results show that the duration of anoxia endurance is longest when the 4 kinds of extracts are fed with the feed containing the pomegranate rind ethanol extract.
Influence of feeding of pomegranate peel ethanol extract feed with different concentrations on carp hypoxia tolerance
According to the same formula and method, the pomegranate peel ethanol extract is added into the feed according to the concentrations of 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5 and 1.8 percent respectively to prepare corresponding 7 kinds of pellet feed. After carp fries are purchased from local places, the carps are temporarily cultured in a culture room for one week. Carp fries 420 with equivalent weight (difference not more than 1%) were selected and randomly divided into 7 treatment groups, each group having 3 fish tanks, and 20 fish in each tank. The shape, size and color of each fish tank are the same, and the size is 30 multiplied by 40 cm; tap water is used as a water source, the volume of water in the tank is 30L, and one 800L/h flow aerator is arranged in the tank. The temperature of the culture room is controlled to be 22 +/-1 ℃, and the oxygen is continuously supplied by the oxygen increasing machine. The 7 treatment groups are respectively fed with feeds containing 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5 and 1.8% of pomegranate peel ethanol extracts, and fed for 4 times per day after being fed with full food. After 7 days, the hypoxia tolerance of the carp was measured (same as above, no air seal method).
The results of the assay are shown in FIG. 3, and the data are presented as the mean of 3 replicates. + -. standard deviation. The result shows that the addition of the 0.6-1.8% pomegranate peel ethanol extract obviously improves the duration time of the carp hypoxia tolerance, and broken line regression analysis shows that the most appropriate addition amount of the pomegranate peel ethanol extract for improving the duration time of the carp hypoxia tolerance is 1.337%.
Influence of feeding of different types of pomegranate peel extract feed on survival rate of carp after toxin counteracting
After carp fries are purchased from local places, the carps are temporarily cultured in a culture room for one week. 300 carp fries with equivalent weight (the difference is not more than 1%) are randomly divided into 5 treatment groups, each group comprises 3 fish tanks, and 20 fish tanks are arranged in each tank. The shape, size and color of each fish tank are the same, and the size is 30 multiplied by 40 cm; tap water is used as a water source, the volume of water in the tank is 30L, and one 800L/h flow aerator is arranged in the tank. The temperature of the culture room is controlled to be 22 +/-1 ℃, and the oxygen is continuously supplied by the oxygen increasing machine. The 5 treatment groups were fed with the blank and the feeds containing 1.0% petroleum ether extract of pomegranate rind, 10% ethyl acetate extract, 10% ethanol extract and 10% water extract, respectively, and fed for 4 times per day of satiety. Stopping feeding for 1 day after 7 days of feeding and carrying out toxicity attack experiments.
The toxicity counteracting experiment adopts an intraperitoneal injection method. Three people respectively inject the fish in three repeated fish tanks in 7 treatment groups, and 10 carps with the same weight are selected in each fish tank. The injection for each fish is 5.0 × 1070.1mL of aeromonas hydrophila solution at a concentration of one/mL. After injection and sterilization, the fish are put into the fish tanks under the same conditions, and the death number of the fish in each fish tank is observed and recorded in the next week. The results of the experiment are shown in FIG. 4, and the data are expressed as the mean of 3 replicates. + -. standard deviation. The data labeled with letters show significant difference, while the same ones show insignificant difference (P)<0.05). The results show that the survival rate of the toxin-counteracting carp fed with the feed containing the petroleum ether extract is highest among the 4 extracts.
Influence of feeding of pomegranate peel petroleum ether extracts with different concentrations on survival rate of carp after toxin counteracting
According to the same formula and method, the pomegranate rind petroleum ether extract is added into the feed according to the concentrations of 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5 and 1.8 percent respectively to prepare corresponding 7 kinds of pellet feed. After carp fries are purchased from local places, the carps are temporarily cultured in a culture room for one week. Carp fries 420 with equivalent weight (difference not more than 1%) were selected and randomly divided into 7 treatment groups, each group having 3 fish tanks, and 20 fish in each tank. The shape, size and color of each fish tank are the same, and the size is 30 multiplied by 40 cm; tap water is used as a water source, the volume of water in the tank is 30L, and one 800L/h flow aerator is arranged in the tank. The temperature of the culture room is controlled to be 22 +/-1 ℃, and the oxygen is continuously supplied by the oxygen increasing machine. The 7 treatment groups are respectively fed with feeds containing 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5 and 1.8 percent of pomegranate rind petroleum ether extract, and the feeds are fed for 4 times per day after being fed with full food. After 7 days, the feeding is stopped for 1 day and the toxicity attack experiment is carried out (the method is the same as the method in the above, the intraperitoneal injection method). The results of the assay are shown in FIG. 5, and the data are presented as the mean of 3 replicates. + -. standard deviation. The result shows that the survival rate of the carp after challenge is obviously improved by adding 0.6-1.8% of the pomegranate bark petroleum ether extract, and broken line regression analysis shows that the optimal addition concentration of the pomegranate bark petroleum ether extract for improving the survival rate of the carp after challenge is 1.05%.
The above-mentioned embodiments are intended to illustrate the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention in further detail, and it should be understood that the above-mentioned embodiments are merely exemplary embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The functional additive for the pomegranate rind feed is characterized in that: the additive is used for preventing mildew and/or anoxia and/or infection of feed, and comprises pericarpium Granati extract.
2. The pomegranate rind functional additive for feed according to claim 1, wherein: the pomegranate bark extract comprises at least one of petroleum ether extract of pomegranate bark or ethanol extract of pomegranate bark.
3. The pomegranate rind functional additive for feed according to claim 2, wherein: the content of polyphenol substances in the petroleum ether extract of the pomegranate peel is more than or equal to 70.0 mg/g; the preferable content of polyphenols in the petroleum ether extract is 78.15-86.32 mg/g; the content of polyphenols in the ethanol extract of pericarpium Granati is not less than 130 mg/g; the preferable pomegranate peel ethanol extract contains the polyphenols of 134.52-151.26 mg/g.
4. The preparation method of the functional additive for the pomegranate rind feed is characterized by comprising the following steps: mixing pericarpium Granati with petroleum ether, stirring, filtering the obtained mixed solution to obtain filtrate and petroleum ether extraction residue, and distilling the filtrate under reduced pressure to remove solvent to obtain petroleum ether extract of pericarpium Granati; mixing pericarpium Granati with ethanol, stirring, filtering the obtained mixture to obtain filtrate and residue, and distilling the filtrate under reduced pressure to remove solvent to obtain ethanol extract of pericarpium Granati.
5. The method for preparing the pomegranate rind feed functional additive according to claim 4, wherein the method comprises the following steps: mixing the petroleum ether extraction residue with ethanol, stirring, filtering the obtained mixture to obtain filtrate and residue, and distilling the filtrate under reduced pressure to remove solvent to obtain pericarpium Granati ethanol extract.
6. The method for preparing the functional additive for pomegranate rind feed according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the pomegranate peel and petroleum ether or ethanol are mixed according to the weight and volume ratio of 1: mixing at a ratio of 6-8; mixing the petroleum ether extraction residue with ethanol according to the weight and volume ratio of 1: mixing at a ratio of 6-8.
7. The application of the functional additive for pomegranate rind feed in preparing fish feed is characterized in that: the functional additive is used for preventing mildew of fish feed, pomegranate peel petroleum ether extract and pomegranate peel ethanol extract are added in the preparation process of the fish feed, and the addition amount of the pomegranate peel petroleum ether extract and the pomegranate peel ethanol extract accounts for 0.3-1.8% of the total weight of the feed; preferably, the addition amount of the pomegranate rind petroleum ether extract and the pomegranate rind ethanol extract accounts for 1.2 to 1.8 percent of the total weight of the feed; most preferably, the addition amount of the pomegranate rind petroleum ether extract and the pomegranate rind ethanol extract accounts for 1.26% of the total weight of the feed.
8. The use of the functional additive for pomegranate rind feed according to claim 7 in preparing fish feed, wherein the functional additive comprises: the pomegranate bark petroleum ether extract and the pomegranate bark ethanol extract are used in equal weight proportion.
9. The application of the functional additive for pomegranate rind feed in preparing fish feed is characterized in that: the functional additive is used for the hypoxia tolerance of fish feed, and the pomegranate peel ethanol extract is added in the preparation process of the fish feed, and the addition amount of the pomegranate peel ethanol extract accounts for 0.6-1.8% of the total weight of the feed; preferably, the addition amount of the pomegranate peel ethanol extract accounts for 1.2-1.8% of the total weight of the feed; most preferably, the pomegranate rind ethanol extract is added in an amount of 1.337% by weight based on the total weight of the feed.
10. The application of the functional additive for pomegranate rind feed in preparing fish feed is characterized in that: the functional additive is used for resisting infection of fish feed, and the pomegranate peel petroleum ether extract is added in the preparation process of the fish feed, wherein the addition amount of the pomegranate peel petroleum ether extract accounts for 0.6-1.8% of the total weight of the feed; preferably, the addition amount of the pomegranate rind petroleum ether extract accounts for 0.9-1.8% of the total weight of the feed; most preferably, the pomegranate rind petroleum ether extract is added in an amount of 1.050% by weight based on the total weight of the feed.
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| CN117204503A (en) * | 2023-08-25 | 2023-12-12 | 广东联鲲集团有限公司 | Pomegranate rind extract composite additive and preparation method and application thereof |
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