CN112825981B - Functional additive for aloe skin feed, preparation method and application - Google Patents
Functional additive for aloe skin feed, preparation method and application Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN112825981B CN112825981B CN202011641993.2A CN202011641993A CN112825981B CN 112825981 B CN112825981 B CN 112825981B CN 202011641993 A CN202011641993 A CN 202011641993A CN 112825981 B CN112825981 B CN 112825981B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- feed
- aloe
- aloe skin
- extract
- skin
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 235000011399 aloe vera Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 184
- 241001116389 Aloe Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 175
- 239000013538 functional additive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 105
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 98
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- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
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- BCZXFFBUYPCTSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium propionate Chemical compound [Ca+2].CCC([O-])=O.CCC([O-])=O BCZXFFBUYPCTSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011627 DL-alpha-tocopherol Substances 0.000 description 1
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- MJVAVZPDRWSRRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Menadione Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C(C)=CC(=O)C2=C1 MJVAVZPDRWSRRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Niacin Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1 PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004283 Sodium sorbate Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005276 aerator Methods 0.000 description 1
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- AFHJQYHRLPMKHU-WEZNYRQKSA-N aloin B Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1[C@H]1C2=CC(CO)=CC(O)=C2C(=O)C2=C(O)C=CC=C21 AFHJQYHRLPMKHU-WEZNYRQKSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 235000010331 calcium propionate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- RMRCNWBMXRMIRW-BYFNXCQMSA-M cyanocobalamin Chemical compound N#C[Co+]N([C@]1([H])[C@H](CC(N)=O)[C@]\2(CCC(=O)NC[C@H](C)OP(O)(=O)OC3[C@H]([C@H](O[C@@H]3CO)N3C4=CC(C)=C(C)C=C4N=C3)O)C)C/2=C(C)\C([C@H](C/2(C)C)CCC(N)=O)=N\C\2=C\C([C@H]([C@@]/2(CC(N)=O)C)CCC(N)=O)=N\C\2=C(C)/C2=N[C@]1(C)[C@@](C)(CC(N)=O)[C@@H]2CCC(N)=O RMRCNWBMXRMIRW-BYFNXCQMSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- BEFDCLMNVWHSGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenylcyclopentane Chemical compound C=CC1CCCC1 BEFDCLMNVWHSGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- CDAISMWEOUEBRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N scyllo-inosotol Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C1O CDAISMWEOUEBRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- JXKPEJDQGNYQSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium propionate Chemical compound [Na+].CCC([O-])=O JXKPEJDQGNYQSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- JZRWCGZRTZMZEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiamine Chemical compound CC1=C(CCO)SC=[N+]1CC1=CN=C(C)N=C1N JZRWCGZRTZMZEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- QYSXJUFSXHHAJI-YRZJJWOYSA-N vitamin D3 Chemical compound C1(/[C@@H]2CC[C@@H]([C@]2(CCC1)C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)=C\C=C1\C[C@@H](O)CCC1=C QYSXJUFSXHHAJI-YRZJJWOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-IEOSBIPESA-N α-tocopherol Chemical compound OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2O[C@@](CCC[C@H](C)CCC[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1C GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-IEOSBIPESA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
- A23L3/34—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals
- A23L3/3454—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
- A23L3/3463—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
- A23L3/3535—Organic compounds containing sulfur
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
- Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Physiology (AREA)
- Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
- Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a functional additive for aloe skin feed, a preparation method and application thereof, belonging to the technical field of feed and additives thereof. The invention solves the technical problems that the existing mildew-proof and water-retaining additive for feed is generally a chemical composition, has corrosiveness and irritation, and has poor palatability to fish. The additive is used for mildew prevention or water retention of feed, consists of aloe skin extract, and comprises at least one of ethyl acetate extract or water extract. The aloe skin extract is used as a mildew-proof and water-retaining functional additive for feed, so that the defects of chemical composition additives can be avoided, the comprehensive utilization potential of aloe skin is exerted, waste is changed into valuable, and the hypoxia tolerance of fish can be improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fish feed, and particularly relates to a functional additive for aloe skin feed, a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
In nature, the mould is widely distributed and various, and most mould can cause the mould and deterioration of the feed. The mildew preventive is an additive added into feed to inhibit the growth of mildew and prolong the storage period of the feed. The mildew preventive used in feed production is generally an organic acid such as propionic acid, sodium propionate, calcium propionate, acetic acid, sorbic acid, sodium sorbate, sodium benzoate, fumaric acid, etc. These substances are generally chemical compositions, are corrosive and irritating, have poor palatability to fish, even contain harmful substances, and have the risk of remaining in the aquatic products.
At present, the water content of the common compound pellet feed in China is generally specified to be 11-12%, however, the dry-pressed pellet feed system commonly used by large-scale feed enterprises at present seriously dissipates water in raw materials in the processing process, and the water content of the pellet feed leaves the factory to be about 8%. The moisture content of the feed pellets is too low, which is an economic loss for feed enterprises. The existing enterprises use mixed organic acid with a certain proportion to keep the moisture of feed particles, however, the organic acid component is a chemical composition, the price is high, the palatability to fish is poor, the residual risk exists, and the safety of the feed is always questioned.
Aloe vera (Aloe vera (haw.) Berg, aloe vera) aliased shallot, as early as 1918, the U.S. food and drug administration confirmed Aloe as edible; aloe gel products have been widely used in the manufacture of beverages, jellies, yogurt, cans, and other foods. The aloe skin is a byproduct of aloe gel product manufacture, and modern scientific researches prove that the aloe Pi Fu contains aloin, aloe polysaccharide and aloe crude fiber and has the effects of sterilizing, enhancing animal physique, promoting wound healing, enhancing immunity and regeneration, detoxifying and resisting aging. Aloe resources are abundant in China, and a large amount of aloe skin is produced each year. Therefore, the application research of the aloe skin in aquatic feeds is developed, the new application of the aloe skin is developed, the traditional aloe skin utilization structure is improved, the comprehensive utilization potential of the aloe skin is developed, waste is changed into valuable, and the economic and social benefits of the aloe skin are improved, so that the aloe skin feed has very important significance. However, few reports about aloe skin extract as a mildew-proof water-retaining additive for fish feed exist at present.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems that the existing mildew-proof and water-retaining additive for feed is generally a chemical composition, has corrosiveness and irritation and has poor palatability to fish.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention discloses a functional additive for aloe skin feed, which is used for mildew prevention or water retention of the feed and consists of aloe skin extract.
Wherein the aloe bark extract comprises at least one of ethyl acetate extract of aloe bark or water extract of aloe bark.
Wherein the content of total polyphenols in the ethyl acetate extract of aloe peel is more than or equal to 140.0g/kg.
Preferably, the total polyphenol content in the ethyl acetate extract of aloe peel is 149.6-167.4g/kg.
Wherein, the content of crude protein in the water extract of aloe peel is more than or equal to 20.0%, and the content of total sugar is more than or equal to 30.0%.
Preferably, the crude protein content of the aloe peel water extract is 22.52-26.84%, and the total sugar content is 34.86-39.77%.
The total phenol content of the aloe peel ethyl acetate extract is measured by a Folin-Ciocalteau reagent method, and the crude protein and total sugar content of the aloe peel water extract are respectively measured by a Kjeldahl nitrogen determination method and a phenol-sulfuric acid method.
The invention further discloses a preparation method of the functional additive for aloe skin feed, which comprises the following steps: mixing aloe skin with ethyl acetate, stirring, filtering the obtained mixture to obtain filtrate and extraction residue, and distilling the filtrate under reduced pressure to remove solvent to obtain ethyl acetate extract of aloe skin; mixing aloe skin or ethyl acetate extraction residue with water, stirring, centrifuging or filtering the obtained mixture to obtain clear supernatant or filtrate and residue, and vacuum distilling the supernatant or filtrate to remove water to obtain aloe skin water extract.
Wherein, aloe peel and ethyl acetate or water are mixed according to the weight and volume of 1: mixing the ethyl acetate extraction residues and water according to the weight and volume of 1:6-8, i.e. the ratio of the weight of the solid to the volume of the liquid.
Furthermore, the invention also discloses application of the functional additive for the aloe skin feed in preparing fish feed, wherein the functional additive is used for water retention of the fish feed, and aloe skin water extract is added in the preparation process of the fish feed.
Specifically, the addition amount of the aloe peel water extract accounts for 0.9-1.8% of the total weight of the feed.
Preferably, the addition amount of the aloe peel water extract accounts for 1.2-1.8% of the total weight of the feed.
Most preferably, the aloe rind water extract is added in an amount of 1.38% of the total weight of the feed.
Furthermore, the invention also discloses application of the functional additive for the aloe skin feed in preparing fish feed, wherein the functional additive is used for preventing mildew of the fish feed, and one of aloe skin ethyl acetate extract or aloe skin water extract is added in the preparation process of the fish feed.
Specifically, the addition amount of the extract accounts for 0.3-1.8% of the total weight of the feed.
Preferably, the extract is added in an amount of 1.2-1.8% based on the total weight of the feed.
Most preferably, the ethyl acetate extract is added in an amount of 1.65% of the total weight of the feed; most preferably, the water extract is added in an amount of 1.58% by weight based on the total weight of the feed.
Furthermore, the invention also discloses application of the functional additive for the aloe skin feed in preparing fish feed, wherein the functional additive is used for preventing mildew of the fish feed, and the aloe skin ethyl acetate extract and the aloe skin water extract are added simultaneously in the preparation process of the fish feed.
Specifically, the addition amount of the aloe skin ethyl acetate extract and the aloe skin water extract accounts for 0.3-1.8% of the total weight of the feed.
Preferably, the addition amount of the aloe skin ethyl acetate extract and the aloe skin water extract accounts for 1.2-1.8% of the total weight of the feed.
Most preferably, the aloe vera skin ethyl acetate extract and aloe vera skin water extract are added in an amount of 1.56% by weight based on the total weight of the feed.
Preferably, when the two extracts are added, the aloe peel ethyl acetate extract and the aloe peel water extract are used in equal weight proportions.
Furthermore, the invention also discloses application of the functional additive for aloe skin feed in preparing the hypoxia-resistant fish feed, wherein aloe skin ethyl acetate extract and aloe skin water extract are added in the preparation process of the fish feed.
Preferably, the addition amount of the aloe skin ethyl acetate extract and the aloe skin water extract accounts for 0.6-1.5% of the total weight of the feed.
Most preferably, the aloe vera skin ethyl acetate extract and aloe vera skin water extract are added in an amount of 1.22% by weight of the total feed.
Preferably, the aloe vera skin ethyl acetate extract and aloe vera skin water extract are used in the same weight ratio.
The invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
the aloe skin extract is used as the mildew-proof and water-retaining functional additive for feed for the first time, so that the defects of chemical composition additives can be avoided, the comprehensive utilization potential of aloe skin is exerted, and waste is changed into valuable;
the functional additive for aloe skin feed is a natural feed additive which takes natural plant extracts as functional components, has no residue, no toxic or side effect and no environmental pollution. The natural additive is safer, healthier and more environment-friendly than the chemical additive;
according to the mildew and moisture content of the feed, the polarity characteristics of active ingredients with mildew preventing and water retaining functions in aloe skin are determined, the ethyl acetate extract of aloe skin is of medium polarity, and the water extract of aloe skin is of high polarity, so that other extracts similar to the polarity are also suitable for the method;
according to the invention, the composition and the using method of the aloe skin extract can be adjusted according to the actual functional requirements of the target feed, so that the fish feed with different functional advantages is obtained;
according to the influence of aloe skin extract on the mildew and moisture content of feed and the hypoxia tolerance of fish, a proper concentration range is screened out, and the optimal addition concentration is determined;
the present invention provides a simple medium and method for adding aloe skin extract into feed.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding and description of embodiments of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principle of the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the broken line regression of the moisture content of a pellet feed prepared by adding aloe peel water extracts with different concentrations;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a polynomial regression of the mould release rate of pellet feed prepared by adding aloe peel extracts of different types and different concentrations;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the recurrence regression of the duration of hypoxia tolerance of carp fed with a combination of aloe peel ethyl acetate extract and aloe peel water extract at different concentrations to produce pellet feed.
Detailed Description
The invention discloses a functional additive for aloe skin feed, which consists of aloe skin extract, is used for mildew prevention or water retention of feed, can replace chemical composition additives, and simultaneously fully utilizes waste aloe skin.
Further, the inventors found that not any aloe skin extract can contribute to the mildew-proof and water-retaining properties of the feed in experiments, and found that when at least one of ethyl acetate extract of aloe skin or water extract of aloe skin is used, the mildew-proof and water-retaining properties of the feed can be remarkably improved through a large number of screening experiments in the early stage.
Specifically, the water extract of aloe peel can improve the water retention and mildew resistance of the feed at the same time, the ethyl acetate extract of aloe peel can improve the mildew resistance of the feed, when the water extract of aloe peel and the ethyl acetate extract are used together, the mildew resistance of the feed is obviously improved, and in addition, the water extract of aloe peel and the ethyl acetate extract are fed at the same time, the hypoxia tolerance of carps can be obviously improved.
Specifically, the preparation of the functional additive for aloe skin feed and the application of the functional additive in the feed can be carried out according to the following steps:
(1) Pulverizing dried aloe skin, sieving with 18 mesh sieve to obtain aloe skin powder, or pulverizing fresh aloe skin;
(2) The dry aloe peel powder and ethyl acetate 1: mixing at a ratio of 6-8, stirring for more than 5 hr, filtering the mixed solution to obtain filtrate and ethyl acetate extraction residue, and distilling the filtrate under reduced pressure to remove solvent to obtain ethyl acetate extract; mixing dried aloe peel powder or crushed fresh aloe peel with water 1: mixing at a ratio of 6-8, stirring for more than 5 hr, centrifuging or filtering the mixture to obtain clear supernatant or filtrate and residue, and vacuum distilling the supernatant or filtrate to constant weight to remove water to obtain aloe skin water extract. Preferably, the residue is extracted with water 1: mixing at a ratio of 6-8, stirring for more than 5 hr, centrifuging or filtering the mixture to obtain clear supernatant or filtrate and residue, and vacuum distilling the supernatant or filtrate to constant weight to remove water to obtain aloe skin water extract.
(3) In the process of adding the ethyl acetate extract into the fish feed, firstly dissolving the aloe skin ethyl acetate extract into oil in a formula, and then mixing the oil dissolved with the ethyl acetate extract into other feed raw materials to prepare the fish pellet feed; in the process of adding the water extract into the fish feed, the aloe skin water extract is dissolved in water and then mixed into other feed raw materials to prepare the fish pellet feed.
In the practical application process, the composition of the functional additive for aloe skin feed can be adjusted according to different application scenes. The method comprises the following steps:
when the main purpose is to improve the water retention of the feed, the aloe peel water extract is added in the process of preparing the feed.
Preferably, the addition amount of the aloe peel water extract accounts for 0.9-1.8% of the total weight of the feed; further preferably, the addition amount of the aloe peel water extract accounts for 1.2-1.8% of the total weight of the feed; most preferably, the aloe rind water extract is added in an amount of 1.38% of the total weight of the feed.
When the main purpose is to improve the mildew resistance of the feed, one of the aloe peel water extract and the ethyl acetate extract can be added independently in the process of preparing the feed.
Ethyl acetate extract is added singly, preferably, the addition amount accounts for 0.3 to 1.8 percent of the total weight of the feed; further preferably, the ethyl acetate extract is added in an amount of 1.2-1.8% of the total weight of the feed; most preferably, the ethyl acetate extract is added in an amount of 1.65% by weight based on the total weight of the feed.
The water extract is added singly, preferably, the addition amount accounts for 0.3 to 1.8 percent of the total weight of the feed; further preferably, the water extract is added in an amount of 1.2-1.8% of the total weight of the feed; most preferably, the water extract is added in an amount of 1.58% by weight based on the total weight of the feed.
Further, the invention discovers that when the aloe bark water extract and the ethyl acetate extract are used together, the mildew-proof performance of the feed is obviously improved.
Preferably, the addition amount of the aloe peel water extract and the ethyl acetate extract accounts for 0.3-1.8% of the total weight of the feed.
Further preferably, the aloe bark water extract and the ethyl acetate extract are added in an amount of 1.2-1.8% of the total weight of the feed.
Most preferably, the aloe peel water extract and the ethyl acetate extract are added in an amount of 1.56% of the total weight of the feed.
In addition, when the aloe skin water extract and the ethyl acetate extract are used together, the mildew resistance can be obviously improved, and the hypoxia tolerance of fish can be improved after feeding.
Preferably, the addition amount of the aloe peel ethyl acetate extract and the aloe peel water extract accounts for 0.6-1.5% of the total weight of the feed; when the addition amount is 1.22%, the fish feed has excellent mildew resistance and hypoxia tolerance.
For the purpose of making apparent the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention, the present invention will be further described in detail with reference to the following examples and the accompanying drawings, wherein the exemplary embodiments of the present invention and the descriptions thereof are for illustrating the present invention only and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention.
Preparation examples of 4 different aloe rind extracts
Pulverizing 1000g of dry aloe skin, and sieving with 18 mesh sieve to obtain aloe skin powder;
400g of aloe peel powder is taken and mixed with petroleum ether 1:6, mixing the materials in proportion, stirring for 5 hours at 900 rpm, filtering the mixed solution to obtain filtrate and residue, repeatedly extracting for 3 times, distilling the filtrate under reduced pressure to constant weight to remove petroleum ether, and obtaining aloe peel petroleum ether extract;
400g of aloe peel powder is taken and mixed with ethyl acetate 1:6, mixing, stirring for 5 hours at 900 rpm, filtering the mixed solution to obtain filtrate and residue, repeatedly extracting for 3 times, distilling the filtrate under reduced pressure to constant weight, and removing ethyl acetate to obtain aloe skin ethyl acetate extract;
extracting residues with ethanol 1 according to aloe peel ethyl acetate: 6, mixing, stirring for 5 hours at 900 rpm, filtering the mixed solution to obtain filtrate and residue, extracting repeatedly for 3 times, distilling the filtrate under reduced pressure to constant weight, and removing ethanol to obtain aloe skin ethanol extract;
extracting the residue or ethanol residue with water 1:6, stirring for 5 hours at 900 rpm, centrifuging or filtering the mixture to obtain clear supernatant or filtrate and residue, repeatedly extracting for 3 times, distilling the supernatant or filtrate under reduced pressure to constant weight, and removing water to obtain aloe peel water extract.
Preparation examples of fish feed with different aloe skin extracts
According to the feed formulation, the 4 aloe skin extracts prepared above were added to feed raw materials at concentrations of 0 (blank) and 1.0% (1.0% of the total weight of the feed) respectively to prepare pellet feeds with diameters of 2mm, the feed formulation is shown in table 1, and the specific preparation method is as follows:
firstly, uniformly mixing petroleum ether extract with fish oil and corn oil, uniformly mixing the petroleum ether extract with other raw materials in a formula, then adding drinking water accounting for 50% of the total mass of the feed, uniformly stirring and mixing, preparing pellet feed with the diameter of 2mm by using a small pellet feed machine, and drying in a blast oven at 60 ℃ for 24 hours;
mixing ethyl acetate extract with fish oil and corn oil uniformly, mixing with other raw materials in the formula uniformly, adding drinking water accounting for 50% of the total mass of the feed, stirring and mixing uniformly, preparing pellet feed with a diameter of 2mm by using a small pellet feed machine, and drying in a blast oven at 60 ℃ for 24 hours;
dissolving the ethanol extract in drinking water accounting for 50% of the total mass of the feed, uniformly mixing the drinking water with other raw materials in the formula, preparing the pellet feed with the diameter of 2mm by using a small pellet feed machine, and drying in a blast oven at 60 ℃ for 24 hours;
the water extract is firstly dissolved in drinking water accounting for 50 percent of the total mass of the feed, then is uniformly mixed with other raw materials in the formula, and is made into pellet feed with the diameter of 2mm by a small pellet feed machine, and is dried in a blast oven at 60 ℃ for 24 hours.
Table 1 feed formulation
1 Each kilogram of vitamin additive comprises: retinol (500,000 IU/g) 0.80g, vitamin D 3 (500,000 IU/g) 0.48g, DL-alpha-tocopherol (50%) 20.00g, vitamin K 3 (23%) 0.43g, vitamin B 1 (90%) 0.11g, riboflavin (80%) 0.63g, pyridoxine (81%) 0.92g, cyanocobalamine (1%) 0.10g, calcium D-pantothenate (90%) 2.73g, niacin (99%) 2.82g, D-biotin (2%) 5.00g, inositol (99%) 52.33g and folic acid (96%) 0.52g.
2 Each kilogram of mineral additive comprises: feSO 4 ·7H 2 69.70g of O (20% of Fe) and CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O (Cu 25%) 1.20g, znSO 4 ·7H 2 O (Zn 23%) 21.64g, mnSO 4 ·H 2 O (containing Mn 32%) 4.09g, na 2 SeO 3 ·5H 2 2.50g of O (containing Se 1%) and 2.90g of KI (containing I4%).
Test examples of mould growth of fish feed with different aloe skin extracts
20g of the above dried pellet feed was taken and put into a petri dish to be spread, 15 ml of an aqueous solution containing 0.01% of spores of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus viridis was added, respectively, and the mixture was cultured at 25℃for 36 hours, and the test results are shown in Table 2, in which "-" is no mildew, "+" is light mildew, "++" is moderate mildew, and "++ + +" is severe mildew. This experiment was repeated 3 times and the results were similar. The results show that the granular feed Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus viridis added with the aloe bark ethyl acetate extract and the water extract has the worst growth and good mildew-proof effect.
TABLE 2 growth of mould in fish feeds with different aloe rind extracts
Fish feed moisture content test examples with different aloe skin extracts
After the pellet feed is dried, the moisture content of each treatment group feed is measured by a Mide halogen rapid moisture meter, the detection results are shown in table 3, and the results show that the moisture content of the feed pellets added with the aloe peel water extract is highest, and the influence of other extracts on the moisture content of the feed pellets is not obvious. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of 3 replicates. In the same column of data, the different labeling letters indicate significant differences, and the same labeling letters indicate insignificant differences (P < 0.05).
TABLE 3 moisture content of fish feeds of different aloe rind extracts
Fish feed moisture content test examples with aloe peel water extracts of different concentrations
The aloe peel water extracts are added into feeds according to the concentration of 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5 and 1.8 percent respectively to prepare 7 corresponding pellet feeds, the moisture content of each treatment group feed is measured according to the same method after the air drying at 60 ℃, the detection results are shown in table 4, and the broken line regression analysis is shown in figure 1.
The result shows that the water content of the feed particles is increased by 0.9-1.8% of the aloe peel water extract, the water content of the feed is the highest (P < 0.05) when the water content of the aloe peel water extract is 1.2-1.8%, and the optimal water content of the aloe peel water extract is 1.38% (P < 0.05).
TABLE 4 Fish feed moisture content of aloe rind Water extracts of different concentrations
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of 3 replicates. The letter differently labeled in the same column of data indicates significant differences, and the same indicates insignificant differences (P < 0.05).
Influence of different kinds of aloe skin extracts with different concentrations on mildew rate of pellet feed
According to the same formulation and method, aloe bark water extract, ethyl acetate extract and composite extract (water extract/ethyl acetate extract=1:1) were added to feeds at concentrations of 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5 and 1.8% respectively to prepare 7 corresponding pellet feeds. After air-drying at 60 ℃, 20g of each feed is respectively taken and added into a culture dish for flattening, 20 ml of water is respectively added, and the feed is naturally dyed with mould and cultured at 25+/-2 ℃. After 36h the results were observed and the percentage of the mould-generating area in the area of the dish was assessed. The results of the test are shown in Table 5, the polynomial regression analysis is shown in FIG. 2, the data are expressed as the mean.+ -. Standard deviation of 3 replicates, and the minimum x values of the three equations from top to bottom are 1.65, 1.58 and 1.56, respectively.
The results show that the addition of the aloe peel water extract, the ethyl acetate extract and the compound extract significantly reduces the feed mildew proportion, and meanwhile, the addition of the water extract and the ethyl acetate extract has better effect of inhibiting feed particle mildew than the single use effect, and the optimal addition concentrations of the aloe peel water extract, the ethyl acetate extract and the compound extract for inhibiting feed mildew are respectively 1.58, 1.65 and 1.56 percent (P < 0.05).
TABLE 5 Effect of different species of aloe rind extracts at different concentrations on the mildew rate of pellet feeds
Effect of composite extracts with different concentrations on hypoxia tolerance of carps
After the carp fries are purchased locally, the carp fries are temporarily cultured in a culture room for one week. The weight of the carps is equal (the difference is not more than 1%) and the 420 carps are randomly divided into 7 treatment groups, each group comprises 3 fish tanks and 20 carps are selected in each tank. The shape, the size and the color of each fish tank are the same, and the size is 30 multiplied by 40cm; tap water is used as a water source, the volume of water in a cylinder is 30L, and one 800L/h flow aerator is arranged in the cylinder. The temperature of the culture room is controlled to be 22+/-1 ℃, and the oxygen-increasing machine continuously supplies oxygen. The 7 treatment groups were fed with feeds containing 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8% aloe rind complex extract, respectively, 4 times per day. The hypoxia tolerance of carp was measured after 7 days.
The measurement method is an airless sealing method, wherein 10 carps with the same weight of each treatment group are selected from each fish tank, 31.7ml of the same cylinder of aerated tap water is allocated to each g of the fish weight, and the fish tanks are sealed in a plastic bottle in an airless manner. The time and oxygen consumption rate were measured and calculated for 8 fish from normal to out of balance (rollover). The test results are shown in table 6 and fig. 3, and the data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of 3 replicates; the different superscript letters in the same column of data indicate significant differences (P < 0.05). Oxygen consumption rate = (water-insoluble oxygen-water-primary soluble oxygen) ×water volume/fish weight/duration. The recurrence regression analysis shows that the anoxia endurance time of the carp is obviously prolonged by feeding the aloe skin compound extract feed, and the optimal addition amount is 1.22%.
TABLE 6 Effect of feeding Compound extracts of different concentrations on the hypoxia tolerance of carp
The foregoing description of the embodiments has been provided for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention, and is not meant to limit the scope of the invention, but to limit the invention to the particular embodiments, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements, etc. that fall within the spirit and principles of the invention are intended to be included within the scope of the invention.
Claims (9)
1. The application of the functional additive for aloe skin feed in preparing fish feed is characterized in that: the functional additive for the aloe skin feed comprises an aloe skin water extract, the functional additive for the aloe skin feed is used for preserving water of fish feed, the aloe skin water extract is added in the preparation process of the fish feed, and the addition amount of the aloe skin water extract accounts for 0.9-1.8% of the total weight of the feed.
2. Use of the functional additive for aloe skin feed according to claim 1 for preparing fish feed, characterized in that: the addition amount of aloe bark water extract accounts for 1.2-1.8% of the total weight of the feed.
3. Use of the functional additive for aloe skin feed according to claim 2 for preparing fish feed, characterized in that: the addition amount of aloe peel water extract accounts for 1.38% of the total weight of the feed.
4. The application of the functional additive for aloe skin feed in preparing fish feed is characterized in that: the functional additive for the aloe skin feed comprises an aloe skin ethyl acetate extract and an aloe skin water extract, which are used in a weight ratio, and the functional additive for the aloe skin feed is used for improving the anoxia resistance of carps; the fish feed is prepared by adding aloe bark ethyl acetate extract and aloe bark water extract, wherein the addition amount of the aloe bark ethyl acetate extract and the aloe bark water extract accounts for 0.6-1.5% of the total weight of the feed.
5. The use of the functional additive for aloe skin feed according to claim 4 for preparing fish feed, characterized in that: the addition amount of aloe skin ethyl acetate extract and aloe skin water extract accounts for 1.22% of the total weight of the feed.
6. The use of the functional additive for aloe skin feed according to claim 4 for preparing fish feed, characterized in that: the content of polyphenols in the ethyl acetate extract of aloe peel is more than or equal to 140.0g/kg; the crude protein content in the aloe peel water extract is more than or equal to 20.0%, and the total sugar content is more than or equal to 30.0%.
7. The use of the functional additive for aloe skin feed according to claim 6 for preparing fish feed, characterized in that: the content of polyphenols in the ethyl acetate extract of aloe skin is 149.6-167.4g/kg; the crude protein content in the aqueous extract of aloe peel is 22.52-26.84%, and the total sugar content is 34.86-39.77%.
8. The use of the functional additive for aloe skin feed according to claim 4 for preparing fish feed, characterized in that: the preparation method of the functional additive for aloe skin feed comprises the following steps: mixing aloe skin with ethyl acetate, stirring, filtering the obtained mixture to obtain filtrate and ethyl acetate extraction residue, and distilling the filtrate under reduced pressure to remove solvent to obtain ethyl acetate extract of aloe skin; mixing aloe skin with water, stirring, centrifuging or filtering the obtained mixture to obtain clear supernatant or filtrate and residue, and vacuum distilling the supernatant or filtrate to remove water to obtain water extract of aloe skin.
9. The use of the functional additive for aloe skin feed according to claim 8 for preparing fish feed, characterized in that: the aloe skin and ethyl acetate are prepared according to the weight and volume of 1: 6-8.
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