CN112772561A - 一种提高鸡胚及雏鸡骨骼质量的含锰饲料的饲喂方法 - Google Patents
一种提高鸡胚及雏鸡骨骼质量的含锰饲料的饲喂方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及家禽养殖技术领域，具体涉及一种提高肉鸡胚及雏鸡骨骼质量的含锰饲料的饲喂方法。本发明所提供的一种提高鸡胚及雏鸡骨骼质量的饲喂方法，包括：利用含Mn的基础日粮饲喂肉种鸡；其中：所述肉种鸡的周龄为43‑60周；所述基础日粮中Mn的浓度为25‑125ppm；所述饲喂的时间为10周。本发明通过对特定周龄的肉种鸡饲喂特定浓度的Mn元素，并控制合适饲喂周期，使三方面因素能够彼此协同，可显著提高鸡胚及雏鸡骨骼质量，包括显著增加鸡胚胫骨和股骨的中段宽度、胚胎股骨钙化度，增加孵化肉雏鸡胫骨生长板成骨细胞的数量；同时该方法简便易行，成本低廉，更适合肉鸡鸡场大规模推广使用。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于家禽养殖技术领域，具体涉及一种提高肉鸡胚及雏鸡骨骼质量的含锰饲料的饲喂方法。
背景技术
家禽体内锰(Mn)缺乏会导致骨骼疾病，表象症状是骨骼变短、变厚，组织学检查发现生长板变窄，软骨细胞排列紊乱，细胞外基质明显减弱。此外，Mn缺乏还可降低糖基转移酶的活性以及蛋白多糖水平，造成家禽滑健症，关节增大，以及骨骼变短、增厚和长骨弓形弯曲等物理问题。
有研究表明，Mn在雏鸡的正常骨骼发育中发挥着重要作用，然而随着生产效率的增加，有些系统，如骨骼系统，明显跟不上肌肉的增加。肉鸡的骨骼发育和为早期健康生长提供营养是种鸡业要着重考虑的两个方面，但肉种鸡用于孵化和胚胎骨骼发育的微量矿物质的需求量和利用率也没有明确标准。尤其是肉种鸡在产蛋高峰以后随着日龄的增长，产蛋率和受精率以及后代雏鸡的骨骼健康都不同程度的下降，需要通过营养饲喂方案调控解决。
CN102657288A公开了一种雏鸡配合饲料，该饲料中添加特定的菌株，可提高雏鸡体重和均匀度，以及提高胫骨长度和均匀度。然而，该饲料成本较高，且主要针对蛋鸡，对于肉雏鸡鸡胚及雏鸡骨骼质量的提升，效果并不十分理想。
有鉴于此，特提出本发明。
发明内容
本发明提供一种提高鸡胚及雏鸡骨骼质量的含锰饲料的饲喂方法，该方法简便易行，成本低廉，更适合肉鸡鸡场大规模推广使用。
本发明所述提高鸡胚及雏鸡骨骼质量的饲喂方法，包括：利用含Mn的基础日粮饲喂肉种鸡；其中：
所述肉种鸡的周龄为43-60周；
所述基础日粮中Mn的浓度为25-125ppm；
所述饲喂的时间为10周。
现有技术主要是通过对雏鸡饲喂含锰饲料来改善其骨骼质量，但由于雏鸡肠胃发育不足，对饲料中Mn吸收程度差，改善效果不理想；现有技术也有通过提高饲料质量以提高雏鸡对锰的吸收利用率，但会导致饲喂成本大幅提高。为此，本发明经过大量试验研究发现，通过采用特定的饲喂方式，对特定周龄的肉种鸡饲喂含特定浓度的Mn的饲料，并控制饲喂周期，使三方面因素能够产生协同作用，可显著提高鸡胚及雏鸡骨骼质量，取得预料不到的效果。
优选地，所述肉种鸡的周龄为43-45周。
优选地，所述基础日粮中Mn的浓度为55-125ppm，可进一步增加鸡胚胫骨和股骨的中段宽度，增加胚胎股骨钙化度，增加孵化肉雏鸡胫骨生长板成骨细胞的数量。
本发明中所述Mn是以预混料形式添加，所述预混料为无机锰和/或有机锰。
优选地，所述无机锰为硫酸锰、氯化锰、碳酸锰或氧化锰中的一种或多种；研究表明，选择这些无机锰可进一步增加鸡胚胫骨和股骨的中段宽度，增加胚胎股骨钙化度，或增加孵化肉雏鸡胫骨生长板成骨细胞的数量。
作为本发明的具体实施方式之一，所述硫酸锰的添加量为55-65ppm，可显著增加鸡胚胫骨和股骨的中段宽度，以及显著增加胚胎股骨钙化度。
作为本发明的另一具体实施方式，所述硫酸锰的添加量为115-125ppm，可显著增加孵化肉雏鸡胫骨生长板成骨细胞的数量。
优选地，所述有机锰为锰离子-羟基蛋氨酸螯合物，或赖氨酸锰-谷氨酸锰络合物；研究表明，添加这些有机锰可增加鸡胚胫骨和股骨的中段宽度，或增加孵化肉雏鸡胫骨生长板成骨细胞的数量。
其中，所述锰离子-羟基蛋氨酸螯合物是由锰离子与羟基蛋氨酸以摩尔比1:2螯合而成。
其中，所述赖氨酸锰-谷氨酸锰络合物是由赖氨酸锰与谷氨酸锰以摩尔比1:1络合而成。
作为本发明的另一具体实施方式，所述锰离子-羟基蛋氨酸螯合物的添加量为55-65ppm或115-125ppm，可显著增加鸡胚胫骨和股骨的中段宽度，且中段宽度与有机锰的添加量呈二次关系。
作为本发明的另一具体实施方式，所述锰离子-羟基蛋氨酸螯合物的添加量为25-125ppm，可显著增加孵化肉雏鸡胫骨生长板成骨细胞的数量。
作为本发明的另一具体实施方式，所述硫酸锰、锰离子-羟基蛋氨酸螯合物的添加量各为55-65ppm，可显著增加孵化肉雏鸡胫骨生长板成骨细胞的数量。
优选地，所述基础日粮的配方如下：
表1
其中，SQ-MAX的中文名称为山道喹-MAX，诺伟司国际公司产品，是一种复合抗氧化剂。
其中，种鸡试验预混料(无Mn)具体为微量元素预混料中提供每千克日粮：Cu 8mg，Zn 100mg，Se 0.3mg，Fe 80mg，I 0.7mg。
其中，种鸡自用维生素为维生素预混料中提供每千克日粮：VA 15,000IU，VD3 3,000IU，VE 22.50IU，VK 3mg，VB1 3mg，VB2 8mg，VB6 6mg，VB12 0.03mg，泛酸17.64mg，烟酸44mg，叶酸1.49mg，生物素0.15mg。
其中，所述载体为常规饲料载体，如沸石粉或稻壳粉。
优选地，在所述饲喂之前先对肉种鸡进行2周的预饲期，所述预饲期期间饲喂不含添加Mn的基础日粮，其目的是进行鸡只体内锰耗竭，减少个体机体锰水平差异，提高试验条件一致性和个体均一性。
本发明的有益效果如下：
本发明通过对种鸡采取特定的饲喂方式显著提高了鸡胚和初生雏鸡的骨骼质量，并通过进一步研究发现了针对不同骨骼指标提升的优化饲喂方式，有针对性的饲喂方式，从源头提高肉鸡骨骼质量。
具体实施方式
以下实施例用于说明本发明，但不用来限制本发明的范围。
以下实施例中各组分均可通过市售购买得到。
其中羟基蛋氨酸锰为锰离子-羟基蛋氨酸螯合物，是由锰离子与羟基蛋氨酸以摩尔比1:2螯合而成。
实施例1
本实施例提供一种提高提高鸡胚及雏鸡骨骼质量的饲喂方法，包括：利用含Mn的基础日粮饲喂肉种鸡；具体为：
肉种鸡：选取1344只43周龄雌性Ross308肉种鸡，随机分配为7个处理，每个处理组8个重复，每个重复24只种鸡；
饲喂时间：共12周，包括2周预饲期，从第45周起饲喂试验料直到试验结束。
表2.各处理饲料配方
上表中“+”表示基础日粮中含有Mn的浓度。
表3.基础日粮的组成与营养水平
效果验证：
A、软骨和骨骼钙化度
53周龄种蛋入孵后，每重复取18胚龄鸡胚2枚，采用Alcian blue 8GX和Alizarinred S染色，KOH-甘油清洗，测定软骨和骨骼钙化度。
B、骨骼的中段宽度和骨骼的钙化度
采用立体显微镜进行骨骼的低倍镜观察，Alcian blue 8GX和Alizarin red S染色后呈蓝色部分为软骨，红色部分为钙化骨。测定近端和远端软骨骺，确定软骨的量。测定骨骼中段宽度和钙化度。
表4. 18胚龄鸡胚的骨骼发育的考察
由上表可知：
(1)基础日粮中添加60ppm MnSO4(T2)、60ppm羟基蛋氨酸锰(T5)或120ppm羟基蛋氨酸锰(T6)均能增加鸡胚的胫骨中段宽度、股骨中段宽度，并且中段宽度与Mn的添加量呈二次关系(P<0.05)。
(2)对种鸡饲喂60ppm MnSO4(T2)能显著增加胚胎的股骨钙化度(P<0.05)。
C、组织形态学观察
53周龄种蛋孵化后，每重复取2只雏鸡，采用颈错位宰杀后去骨骼。取左右两侧胫骨，剥除附着组织，保留骨骼上的完整软骨。左侧胫骨用石蜡包埋，进行组织形态学观察。
表5. 0d肉鸡的胫骨生长板成骨细胞数目的考察
对T1、T4、T5和T6进行线性和二次曲线分析。
由上表可知，种鸡日粮中添加特定量的MnSO4和羟基蛋氨酸锰均能显著增加孵化肉雏鸡胫骨生长板成骨细胞的数量(P<0.05)，并且与Mn的添加量呈二次关系(P<0.05)
虽然，上文中已经用一般性说明及具体实施方案对本发明作了详尽的描述，但在本发明基础上，可以对之作一些修改或改进，这对本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。因此，在不偏离本发明精神的基础上所做的这些修改或改进，均属于本发明要求保护的范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种提高鸡胚及雏鸡骨骼质量的饲喂方法，其特征在于，包括：利用含Mn的基础日粮饲喂肉种鸡；其中：
所述肉种鸡的周龄为43-60周；
所述基础日粮中Mn的浓度为25-125ppm；
所述饲喂的时间为10周。
2.根据权利要求1所述的提高鸡胚及雏鸡骨骼质量的饲喂方法，其特征在于，所述基础日粮中Mn的浓度为55-125ppm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的提高鸡胚及雏鸡骨骼质量的饲喂方法，其特征在于，所述Mn是以预混料形式添加，所述预混料为无机锰和/或有机锰。
4.根据权利要求3所述的提高鸡胚及雏鸡骨骼质量的饲喂方法，其特征在于，所述无机锰为硫酸锰、氯化锰、碳酸锰或氧化锰中的一种或多种。
5.根据权利要求4所述的提高鸡胚及雏鸡骨骼质量的饲喂方法，其特征在于，所述硫酸锰的添加量为55-65ppm，或115-125ppm。
6.根据权利要求3所述的提高鸡胚及雏鸡骨骼质量的饲喂方法，其特征在于，所述有机锰为锰离子-羟基蛋氨酸螯合物，或赖氨酸锰-谷氨酸锰络合物；
所述锰离子-羟基蛋氨酸螯合物是由锰离子与羟基蛋氨酸以摩尔比1:2螯合而成；
所述赖氨酸锰-谷氨酸锰络合物是由赖氨酸锰与谷氨酸锰以摩尔比1:1络合而成。
7.根据权利要求6所述的提高鸡胚及雏鸡骨骼质量的饲喂方法，其特征在于，所述锰离子-羟基蛋氨酸螯合物的添加量为55-65ppm，或115-125ppm。
8.根据权利要求3所述的提高鸡胚及雏鸡骨骼质量的饲喂方法，其特征在于，同时添加无机锰和有机锰，且所述硫酸锰、锰离子-羟基蛋氨酸螯合物的添加量各为55-65ppm。
9.根据权利要求1-8任一项所述的提高鸡胚及雏鸡骨骼质量的饲喂方法，其特征在于，所述基础日粮的配方如下：
10.根据权利要求1-8任一项所述的提高鸡胚及雏鸡骨骼质量的饲喂方法，其特征在于，在所述饲喂之前先对肉种鸡进行2周的预饲期，所述预饲期期间饲喂不含Mn的基础日粮。
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