CN112704646A - 放射性核素沾染皮肤用洗消湿巾及应用 - Google Patents
放射性核素沾染皮肤用洗消湿巾及应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112704646A CN112704646A CN202110034320.9A CN202110034320A CN112704646A CN 112704646 A CN112704646 A CN 112704646A CN 202110034320 A CN202110034320 A CN 202110034320A CN 112704646 A CN112704646 A CN 112704646A
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Abstract
本发明涉及皮肤放射性污染处理技术领域,提供了一种放射性核素沾染皮肤用洗消湿巾及应用,洗消液中各组分及其重量百分比为:0.5~10%的乙二胺四乙酸二钠、0.5~10%的十四烷基二甲基氧化胺、0.5~10%的月桂醇聚醚硫酸酯钠、0.5~10%的碳酸氢钠、0.1~10%的海藻酸钠、0.5~10%的苯氧乙醇,余量为去离子水。进行放射性核素沾染皮肤洗消时包括如下步骤:步骤1,将洗消湿巾展开,平放于皮肤上,轻轻挤压后,从低污染区域向高污染区域单一方向擦拭,折叠后用湿巾清洁面擦拭皮肤,再次折叠后同样处理;步骤2,依次采用三~四张洗消湿巾对同一块皮肤重复进行步骤1,完成该块皮肤的放射性核素洗消处理。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及皮肤放射性污染处理领域,具体涉及一种放射性核素沾染皮肤用洗消湿巾及采用该湿巾对皮肤进行洗消处理的方法。
背景技术
从事核相关专业如核电站、核装置的操作检修人员,或发生核事故、核泄露时受影响的公众,体表表面可能受到放射性沾染,如不能及时去除,将对人员的健康造成一定的影响。
国内外开发有多种去除皮肤放射性污染的去污产品。常用于清除放射性物质的去污剂包括洗涤剂、络合剂等,通常按一定的比例与水调制成去污液使用。大多通过机械摩擦、溶解、吸附、络合、调节酸碱度、置换等物理化学作用,将皮肤表面的放射性物质转移到去污剂或水溶液中,达到去除沾染的目的。
洗涤剂包括十二烷基苯磺酸钠和烷基磺酸钠等表面活性剂,在水溶液中能降低水的表面张力,并发生润湿、乳化、分散、起泡等作用,从而增强水消除放射性沾染的效果,特别适用于对油垢表面的消除;还包括具有去污能力的酸碱等。络合剂包括六偏磷酸钠、乙二胺四乙酸钠(EDTA)、焦磷酸钠、三聚磷酸钠等,能与许多金属离子作用,生成能溶于水的稳定络合物。
上述去污产品中,络合剂通常与洗涤剂配合使用。利用络合物的络合作用,将物体表面的放射性物质转移到消除液中,利用洗涤剂降低表面活性的性质,提高放射性物质在水溶液中的溶解度,达到消除沾染的目的。消除时,应根据消除对象、沾染状况及季节等选择合适的消除剂。
国内常用的皮肤放射性污染洗消制品(洗消液、洗消皂等)大多用于健康体表的沾染,有些需要使用前现场配置,有些需大量应用清水冲洗,在核事故应急时,如不能及时找到水源,极易造成二次伤害。因此,研发将物理吸附与化学络合等原理融合一起的放射性沾染应急去污产品,直接用于放射性污染皮肤洗消,且免水洗,对降低皮肤放射性损伤,保护身体健康极为重要。
发明内容
本发明是为实现上述目的而进行的,提供了一种放射性核素沾染皮肤用洗消湿巾及其对放射性核素沾染皮肤进行洗消处理的方法。
本发明的第一方面,提供了一种放射性核素沾染皮肤用洗消湿巾,包括吸水垫和洗消液,其中,洗消液中各组分及其重量百分比为:
优选的,洗消液中各组分及其重量百分比为:
优选的,吸水垫为织造纤维垫、非织造纤维垫或微孔海绵,优选为水刺无纺布,其柔软、吸湿性强、易包装。
每片水刺无纺布的规格优选18×20cm,均匀浸染的洗消液体积为10mL,可达到满意的浸染效果。
本发明洗消液中,各组分的功能如下:乙二胺四乙酸二钠含有羧基和氨基,具有广泛的络合性能,可与放射性金属离子形成稳定的螯合物;十四烷基二甲基氧化胺是一种两性表面活性剂,在酸性介质中呈阳离子性,在碱性介质中呈非离子性,具有良好的增稠、抗静电、柔软、增泡和去污性能;刺激性低,可有效地降低洗涤剂中的阴离子刺激性,还具有杀菌、钙皂分散、易生物降解等特点;洗涤性能优良,泡沫丰富细腻,性质温和刺激性低,具有优良的抗静电性和柔软性。
月桂醇聚醚硫酸酯钠是一种性能优良的阴离子表面活性剂,具有优良的去污、乳化和发泡性能。
海藻酸盐是一种从褐藻中提取出的天然线性多糖,主要来源于褐藻的细胞壁和细胞间黏胶质中。作为一种从海藻中提取的天然高分子材料,海藻酸盐以其良好的生物降解性、生物相容性、增稠性、成膜性、稳定性、絮凝性和螯合性被广泛应用于化工、生物、医药、食品、造纸等领域,具有多种生物功能。国内外研究表明,海藻酸盐对重金属离子具有很好的吸附效果。海藻酸钠早在1938年就被收入美国药典,海藻酸钠含有大量的-COO-,当有Ca2 +、Sr2+等阳离子存在时,G单元上的Na离子与阳离子发生离子交换反应,G单元堆积形成交联网络结构,形成水凝胶。
苯氧乙醇是一种有机化合物,分子式为C8H10O2,由乙二醇及苯酚醚化而合成,是一种无色微黏性液体,有芳香气味,微溶于水,易溶于乙醇和氢氧化钠。功能上,具有抗菌功效(一般与季铵盐一起使用),经常在生物性缓冲溶液里被用作有剧毒的叠氮化钠的替代品。因为2-苯氧乙醇的毒性较低,而且在化学上对铜及铅并不活跃,在化妆品、护肤品、疫苗及药品中通常发挥着防腐剂的功用。
本发明的第二方面,提供了一种用于处理放射性核素沾染皮肤的洗消包,该消毒包中采用吸水垫和洗消液分离包装或吸水垫浸含洗消液包装。
吸水垫和洗消液分离包装现有技术中存在相应产品和技术,如专利号为CN208102881U的中国实用新型专利公开了一种干储湿巾存贮盒,正常情况下干储湿巾和溶液分开放置在两个腔室内,使用时按压盒体上的按压机构,将两个腔室连通,干储湿巾吸入溶液后使用。吸水垫浸含洗消液包装为常规湿巾包装,使用时撕开包装。
本发明的第三方面,提供了采用上述洗消湿巾对放射性核素沾染皮肤进行洗消处理的方法,包括如下步骤:
步骤1,将洗消湿巾展开,平放于皮肤上,轻轻挤压后,从低污染区域向高污染区域单一方向擦拭,折叠后用湿巾清洁面擦拭皮肤,再次折叠后同样处理;
步骤2,依次采用三~四张洗消湿巾对同一块皮肤重复进行步骤1,完成该块皮肤的放射性核素洗消处理。
优选的,步骤1中,洗消湿巾轻轻按压的时间为5秒。通过实验验证,挤压后擦拭效果比直接擦拭去污效果明显(p<0.01),随着挤压时间增加去污效果增强,挤压5s去污效果最为显著(p<0.01),然后进入平台期,随着时间增加去污效果增加不明显。
优选的,步骤2中,依次采用三张洗消湿巾对同一块皮肤重复进行洗消擦拭。通过实验验证,随着擦拭次数增加,去污效果随之增强,重复擦拭3张湿巾效果最佳(p<0.01),再增加擦拭次数对去污效果增加不明显,且对皮肤保护无益。
优选的,放射性核素为放射性铯、锶、钴、锰、镍以及锌中的任意一种或多种组合,
优选铯、锶、钴及组合。通过实验,采用本发明的洗消湿巾及其洗消处理方法,60Co去污率在93%以上,Sr2+去污率在92%以上,Cs+去污率在92%以上。
本发明的有益效果如下:
首先,本发明洗消湿巾的非织造纤维垫吸水性强,接触柔和,对放射性核素具有良好的物理吸附作用;洗消液中的有效组分包括乙二胺四乙酸二钠、十四烷基二甲基氧化胺、月桂醇聚醚硫酸酯钠、碳酸氢钠、海藻酸钠以及苯氧乙醇,螯合和去污能力强,对皮肤刺激性小。因此,本发明将物理吸附及化学洗消去污原理结合起来,具有良好的吸附、螯合、去污等性能,且对皮肤无刺激性。该洗消湿巾主要用于皮肤的放射性污染洗消,可通过自救、互救,第一时间去除放射性污染,减少进一步损伤。
其次,本发明所述洗消包采取一次性包装,具有体积小、便于携带和保存、使用方便快捷的特点。本发明去除皮肤的放射性核素沾染时,无需水洗,产生的二次污染少,去污效果好,可配置部队和地方从事核电、核反应堆、放射装置等放射工作的人员使用,以便在核事故紧急情况下实施放射性洗消。
具体实施方式
为了进一步理解本发明,下面结合实施例对本发明做进一步的详细描述,但是应当理解,这些描述只是为进一步说明本发明的特征和优点,而不是对本发明权利要求的限制。
下述实施例是为了更清晰地解释与介绍本发明,并不局限于所述最佳实施方式,并且不对本发明的内容和保护范围构成限制。任何人在本发明的启示下或是将本发明与其他现有技术进行组合而产出的任何与本发明相同或相近似的产品,均属于本发明的保护范围之内。
实施例中未注明具体实验步骤或条件者,按照本领域内的文献所描述的常规实验步骤的操作或条件即可进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者,均为可以通过市购获得的常规试剂产品。
水…………………………………90%
乙二胺四乙酸二钠………………6%
十四烷基二甲基氧化胺…………0.7%
月桂醇聚醚硫酸酯钠……………0.5%
碳酸氢钠…………………………2%
海藻酸钠…………………………0.3%
苯氧乙醇…………………………0.5%
实施例2洗消湿巾对放射性核素沾染皮肤的洗消效率测定
1、皮肤模型的建立
小香猪,40mg/kg戊巴比妥钠腹腔注射,备皮。60Co2+、Sr2+、Cs+溶液,稀释到104Bq/mL,取300μL染毒液均匀涂加于5cm×5cm区域内,放置5min自然风干。
2、去污湿巾的制备
制备不同组分的去污湿巾,按照洗消液的不同,分为A、B、C、D、E组,A组:蒸馏水;B:6%乙二胺四乙酸二钠;C:0.7%十四烷基二甲基氧化胺;D:0.5%月桂醇聚醚硫酸酯钠;E:2%的碳酸氢钠;F:混合溶液配方组。各组分别浸泡无纺布。
3、洗消效果测试
取浸泡不同组分的各组去污湿巾,分别擦拭小香猪污染皮肤。擦拭方法如下:将去污湿巾展开,平放于皮肤上,向单一方向擦拭,不可来回擦拭,折叠后用湿巾清洁面擦拭皮肤,再次折叠后同样处理。CoMo170测量擦拭前后猪皮的计数率,按下列公式计算去污率:
C0:洗消前猪皮表面的计数率,C1:洗消后猪皮表面的计数率
结果可见,F组擦拭效果显著高于A、B、C、D、E组(p<0.01),具体结果参见表1:
表1:不同配方去污巾对放射性核素的去污率(%)
实施例3洗消湿巾对放射性核素沾染皮肤的去污方法优化
1、不同擦拭方法对去污效果的影响
结合放射性沾染皮肤洗消特点,不可来回擦拭,不可从污染高的往污染低的区域擦拭,因而洗消湿巾与沾染皮肤的作用时间和方式,对去污效果会有较大影响。擦拭方法同实施例2中的3,去污湿巾展开,平放于皮肤上,轻轻挤压后向单一方向擦拭,不同挤压时间对去污率的影响见表2。
表2:不同挤压时间对放射性核素的去污率(%)
结果可见,挤压后擦拭效果比直接擦拭去污效果明显(p<0.01),随着挤压时间增加去污效果增强,挤压5s去污效果最为显著(p<0.01),然后进入平台期,随着时间增加去污效果增加不明显。
2、不同擦拭次数去污效果的影响
分别用1、2、3、4张洗消湿巾对放射性沾染皮肤进行擦拭,每张湿巾的擦拭方法同实施例2中的3,不同擦拭次数对去污效果的影响见表3。结果可见,随着擦拭次数增加,去污效果随之增强,重复擦拭3张湿巾效果最佳(p<0.01)。再增加擦拭次数对去污效果增加不明显,且对皮肤保护无益。
表3不同擦拭次数对放射性核素的去污率(%)
以上已对本发明创造的较佳实施例进行了具体说明,但本发明创造并不限于所述实施例,熟悉本领域的技术人员在不违背本发明创造精神的前提下还可作出种种的等同的变型或替换,这些等同的变型或替换均包含在本申请权利要求所限定的范围内。
Claims (9)
3.根据权利要求1所述的放射性核素沾染皮肤用洗消湿巾,其特征在于:
其中,吸水垫为织造纤维垫、非织造纤维垫或微孔海绵。
4.根据权利要求1所述的放射性核素沾染皮肤用洗消湿巾,其特征在于:
其中,所述吸水垫为水刺无纺布。
5.根据权利要求4所述的放射性核素沾染皮肤用洗消湿巾,其特征在于,
其中,每片所述水刺无纺布的规格为18×20cm,均匀浸染的洗消液体积为10mL。
6.一种用于处理放射性核素沾染皮肤的洗消包,其特征在于,采用吸水垫和洗消液分离包装或吸水垫浸含洗消液包装,所述吸水垫和所述洗消液如权利要求1~5任一项所述。
7.采用权利要求1~5任一项所述的洗消湿巾对放射性核素沾染皮肤进行洗消处理的方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
步骤1,将洗消湿巾展开,平放于皮肤上,轻轻挤压后,从低污染区域向高污染区域单一方向擦拭,折叠后用湿巾清洁面擦拭皮肤,再次折叠后同样处理;
步骤2,依次采用三~四张洗消湿巾对同一块皮肤重复进行步骤1,完成该块皮肤的放射性核素洗消处理。
8.根据权利要求7所述的对放射性核素沾染皮肤进行洗消处理的方法,其特征在于:
其中,步骤1中,洗消湿巾轻轻按压的时间为5秒;步骤2中,依次采用三张洗消湿巾对同一块皮肤重复进行洗消擦拭。
9.根据权利要求7所述的对放射性核素沾染皮肤进行洗消处理的方法,其特征在于:
其中,所述放射性核素为放射性铯、锶、钴、锰、镍以及锌中的任意一种或多种组合。
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