CN112629695A - Superconducting cable temperature monitoring system and monitoring method thereof - Google Patents
Superconducting cable temperature monitoring system and monitoring method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01K11/00—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00
- G01K11/32—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in transmittance, scattering or luminescence in optical fibres
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K13/00—Thermometers specially adapted for specific purposes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B12/00—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines
- H01B12/16—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines characterised by cooling
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
- Y02E40/60—Superconducting electric elements or equipment; Power systems integrating superconducting elements or equipment
Abstract
The invention provides a superconducting cable temperature monitoring system, which comprises a monitoring system; a plurality of temperature measuring optical fibers are uniformly arranged along the axis of the superconducting cable at intervals; the connecting ends of the temperature measuring optical fibers are led out through a plurality of through devices on the low-temperature Dewar pipe and are connected with a monitoring system; the plurality of temperature measuring optical fibers are used for measuring the temperature along the superconducting cable and sending the measurement result to the monitoring system; and the plurality of contact type temperature sensors are respectively arranged in the second insulating layer, the third insulating layer and the fourth insulating layer at the terminal of the superconducting cable and are respectively contacted with the corresponding A-phase conductor layer, the B-phase conductor layer and the C-phase conductor layer so as to respectively measure the temperature of the A-phase conductor layer, the B-phase conductor layer and the C-phase conductor layer and send the measurement results to the monitoring system. The invention combines the advantages of two temperature measurement modes of optical fiber temperature measurement and contact temperature measurement, carries out on-line monitoring on the temperature of the superconducting cable, makes up the defect of a single temperature measurement mode, and meets the temperature measurement requirement of the high-temperature superconducting cable.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of superconducting cables, in particular to a superconducting cable temperature monitoring system and a monitoring method thereof.
Background
As the electrical load density increases, the load on the power cable increases. The superconducting cable is a solution for ensuring long-time power supply under high load due to the super-strong loading capacity. The first kilometer-level superconducting cable is built in China, and the construction application and operation and maintenance management technology of the superconducting cable are becoming mature day by day.
The superconducting cable has a certain requirement on the operating temperature and needs to operate in a closed refrigerant environment, so that the temperature of the superconducting cable needs to be monitored in real time. At present, devices for monitoring temperature at low temperature are generally traditional electric signal sensors such as thermal resistors, thermocouples and the like, the devices have mature technology development and high temperature measurement precision, but cannot completely meet the temperature measurement requirement of a high-temperature superconducting cable, and the specific reasons are as follows:
firstly, high-temperature superconducting cables generally run under the condition of high voltage and heavy current, and the accuracy of a measurement result is influenced by the large electromagnetic interference of a traditional electric signal sensor;
secondly, the temperature measurement mode is single, and the reliability of the measurement result is low;
the high-temperature superconducting cable needs to monitor the temperature along the cable so as to quickly determine the overheating position of the cable and take measures to prevent quench in time, and the traditional temperature sensor is point-type measurement. For example, a PT100 platinum resistance sensor is used to measure the temperature distribution of a 500m long cable, if a sensor is arranged every 1 meter, 500 sensor probes need to be installed inside the cable, each sensor needs 4 signal lines, there are 2000 signal lines in total, and each signal line needs to be connected to a measurement and control monitoring system along the cable. More sensors and signal lines are needed to obtain a more accurate temperature distribution. Such a large number of signal lines may cause great difficulty in wiring, outgoing lines, and cable fabrication, and may adversely affect the structure of the high temperature superconducting cable itself and its insulating properties, which is impossible to implement in engineering practice.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a superconducting cable temperature monitoring system and a monitoring method thereof, which are used for monitoring the temperature of a superconducting cable on line by combining two temperature measurement modes of optical fiber temperature measurement and contact temperature measurement so as to meet the temperature measurement requirement of a high-temperature superconducting cable.
Therefore, the embodiment of the invention provides a temperature monitoring system for a superconducting cable, wherein the superconducting cable is a three-phase coaxial superconducting cable, the three-phase coaxial superconducting cable is sequentially provided with a cable framework, a first insulating layer, an A-phase conductor layer, a second insulating layer, a B-phase conductor layer, a third insulating layer, a C-phase conductor layer, a fourth insulating layer, a shielding layer and a low-temperature Dewar pipe from inside to outside, wherein liquid nitrogen channels are arranged inside the cable framework and between the low-temperature Dewar pipe and the shielding layer, and the liquid nitrogen channels are used for allowing liquid nitrogen to flow so as to cool the superconducting cable;
the system comprises:
a plurality of temperature measuring optical fibers which are respectively arranged between any two layers or in any one layer of the cable framework, the A-phase conductor layer, the first insulating layer, the B-phase conductor layer, the second insulating layer, the C-phase conductor layer, the third insulating layer and the shielding layer and are uniformly arranged at intervals along the axis of the superconducting cable; the connecting ends of the temperature measuring optical fibers are led out through a plurality of interpenetrators on the low-temperature Dewar pipe and are connected with the monitoring system; the plurality of temperature measuring optical fibers are used for measuring the temperature along the superconducting cable;
a plurality of contact temperature sensors respectively disposed in the second, third and fourth insulation layers at the terminal end of the superconducting cable and respectively in contact with the corresponding a-phase, B-phase and C-phase conductor layers to respectively measure the temperatures of the a-phase, B-phase and C-phase conductor layers;
and the monitoring system is used for receiving the measurement results of the plurality of temperature measurement optical fibers and the plurality of contact temperature sensors and displaying the measurement results.
Optionally, the number of the temperature measuring optical fibers is 3, and the angle interval between the 3 temperature measuring optical fibers is 120 degrees; and the 3 temperature measuring optical fibers are spirally wound or embedded in the groove of the cable framework along the outer surface of the cable framework.
Optionally, the number of the temperature measuring optical fibers is 4, and the angle interval between the 4 temperature measuring optical fibers is 90 degrees; the A-phase conductor layer, the B-phase conductor layer and the C-phase conductor layer respectively comprise a first layer of superconducting tape, a carbon paper layer and a second layer of superconducting tape from inside to outside in sequence; the 4 temperature measuring optical fibers are arranged in gaps among the tapes of the first layer of superconducting tape of the B-phase conductor layer.
Optionally, the diameters of the 4 temperature measuring optical fibers are smaller than the thickness of the first layer of superconducting tape, a gap between the tapes of the first layer of superconducting tape is filled with polyimide resin, and the polyimide resin is used for bonding and fixing the 4 temperature measuring optical fibers and enhancing the mechanical strength of the 4 temperature measuring optical fibers.
Optionally, the number of the temperature measuring optical fibers is 3, and the angle interval between the 3 temperature measuring optical fibers is 120 degrees; and the 3 temperature measuring optical fibers are arranged between the fourth insulating layer and the shielding layer, and the laying mode adopts spiral winding or linear laying.
Optionally, the monitoring system includes a data receiving unit, a first temperature processing unit, a second temperature processing unit, and a display unit;
the data receiving unit is used for receiving a plurality of along-line temperatures measured by the plurality of temperature measuring optical fibers and a plurality of joint temperatures measured by the plurality of contact temperature sensors, forwarding the plurality of along-line temperatures to the first temperature processing unit, and forwarding the plurality of joint temperatures to the second temperature processing unit;
the first temperature processing unit is used for responding to the received multiple along-line temperatures, carrying out weighted summation calculation on the multiple along-line temperatures to obtain the real along-line temperature of the superconducting cable, and outputting the real along-line temperature to the display unit;
the second temperature processing unit is used for calculating the real temperature of A, B, C three-phase conductor layers at the joint of the superconducting cable by multiplying the plurality of joint temperatures by preset weight coefficients respectively in response to the plurality of joint temperatures, and outputting the real temperature of A, B, C three-phase conductor layers to the display unit;
the display unit is used for responding to the received real along-line temperature and the real temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer and displaying the real along-line temperature and the real temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer.
Optionally, the monitoring system further comprises a judging unit;
the judging unit is used for receiving the real along-line temperature output by the first temperature processing unit and the real temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer output by the second temperature processing unit, and judging whether the superconducting cable is in a safe temperature interval or not according to the real along-line temperature and the real temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer; and if not, generating alarm information, carrying out voice alarm according to the alarm information, and sending the alarm information to the mobile phone of the operation and maintenance personnel in a short message mode.
According to a second aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a superconducting cable temperature monitoring method, which is implemented based on the superconducting cable temperature monitoring system, and the method includes:
the plurality of temperature measuring optical fibers periodically measure the temperature along the superconducting cable and send the measurement result to the monitoring system;
the plurality of contact temperature sensors periodically and respectively measure the temperature of the A-phase conductor layer, the B-phase conductor layer and the C-phase conductor layer, and send the measurement results to the monitoring system;
and the monitoring system responds to the received measurement results of the plurality of temperature measuring optical fibers and the plurality of contact temperature sensors and displays the measurement results.
Optionally, the monitoring system includes a data receiving unit, a first temperature processing unit, a second temperature processing unit, and a display unit;
the method comprises the following steps:
the data receiving unit receives a plurality of along-line temperatures measured by the plurality of temperature measuring optical fibers and a plurality of joint temperatures measured by the plurality of contact temperature sensors, forwards the plurality of along-line temperatures to the first temperature processing unit, and forwards the plurality of joint temperatures to the second temperature processing unit;
the first temperature processing unit responds to the received multiple temperatures along the line, carries out weighted summation calculation on the multiple temperatures along the line to obtain the real temperature along the line of the superconducting cable, and outputs the real temperature along the line to the display unit;
the second temperature processing unit is used for responding to the received joint temperatures, multiplying the joint temperatures by preset weight coefficients respectively to calculate the real temperature of A, B, C three-phase conductor layers at the joint of the superconducting cable, and outputting the real temperature of A, B, C three-phase conductor layers to the display unit;
the display unit is used for responding to the received real along-line temperature and the real temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer and displaying the real along-line temperature and the real temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer.
Optionally, the monitoring system further comprises a judging unit;
the method comprises the following steps:
the judging unit receives the real along-line temperature output by the first temperature processing unit and the real temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer output by the second temperature processing unit, and judges whether the superconducting cable is in a safe temperature interval or not according to the real along-line temperature and the real temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer; and if not, generating alarm information, carrying out voice alarm according to the alarm information, and sending the alarm information to the mobile phone of the operation and maintenance personnel in a short message mode.
The embodiment of the invention provides a superconducting cable temperature monitoring system and a monitoring method thereof, aiming at a three-phase coaxial superconducting cable, combining the advantages of two temperature measurement modes of optical fiber temperature measurement and contact temperature measurement, carrying out on-line monitoring on the temperature of the superconducting cable, making up the defect of a single temperature measurement mode, and meeting the temperature measurement requirement of a high-temperature superconducting cable.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the detailed description which follows.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of a superconducting cable temperature monitoring system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a simplified structural schematic diagram of a superconducting cable system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating an arrangement of temperature measuring fibers according to a first example of the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating an arrangement of temperature measuring fibers according to a second example of the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a specific arrangement of temperature measuring fibers according to a second example of the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic view showing another specific arrangement of the temperature measuring optical fiber according to the second example of the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating an arrangement of temperature measuring fibers according to a third example of the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram of a single-ended counterflow cooling scheme in an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing the temperature distribution characteristics of liquid nitrogen along the superconducting cable according to the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 10 is a schematic view of energy dissipation power characteristics of the superconducting cable according to the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of the placement and measurement of thermocouples in a cable according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 12 is a schematic flow chart of a superconducting cable temperature monitoring method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Various exemplary embodiments, features and aspects of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers can indicate functionally identical or similar elements. While the various aspects of the embodiments are presented in drawings, the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale unless specifically indicated.
In addition, in the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a better understanding of the present invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without some of these specific details. In some instances, well known means have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the present invention.
An embodiment of the invention provides a superconducting cable temperature monitoring system, wherein the superconducting cable is a three-phase coaxial superconducting cable, the three-phase coaxial superconducting cable is sequentially provided with a cable framework, a first insulating layer, an A-phase conductor layer, a second insulating layer, a B-phase conductor layer, a third insulating layer, a C-phase conductor layer, a fourth insulating layer, a shielding layer and a low-temperature Dewar pipe from inside to outside, liquid nitrogen channels are arranged inside the cable framework and between the low-temperature Dewar pipe and the shielding layer, and the liquid nitrogen channels are used for allowing liquid nitrogen to circulate so as to cool the superconducting cable;
referring to fig. 1, the system includes:
a plurality of temperature measuring optical fibers 1 respectively arranged between any two layers or in any one layer of the cable framework, the A-phase conductor layer, the first insulation layer, the B-phase conductor layer, the second insulation layer, the C-phase conductor layer, the third insulation layer and the shielding layer and uniformly arranged at intervals along the axis of the superconducting cable; the connecting ends of the temperature measuring optical fibers are led out through a plurality of interpenetrators on the low-temperature Dewar pipe and are connected with the monitoring system; the plurality of temperature measuring optical fibers are used for measuring the temperature along the superconducting cable;
a plurality of contact temperature sensors 2 respectively disposed in the second, third and fourth insulation layers at the terminal end of the superconducting cable and respectively in contact with the corresponding a-phase, B-phase and C-phase conductor layers to measure the temperatures of the a-phase, B-phase and C-phase conductor layers, respectively;
and the monitoring system 3 is used for receiving the measurement results of the plurality of temperature measuring optical fibers 1 and the plurality of contact temperature sensors 2 and displaying the measurement results.
The simplified diagram of the overall system structure of the superconducting cable in this embodiment is shown in fig. 2, and the simplified diagram includes a refrigeration system, terminals N and S, a three-phase superconducting cable, and a cryogenic dewar pipe, where the three-phase superconducting cable is disposed in the cryogenic dewar pipe, a liquid nitrogen passage is disposed between the cryogenic dewar pipe and the three-phase superconducting cable, the refrigeration system includes a refrigerator, a liquid nitrogen pump, and a liquid nitrogen pipeline, the refrigerator, the terminals N, the cryogenic dewar pipe, the superconducting cable, and the liquid nitrogen pump are connected by the liquid nitrogen pipeline, the liquid nitrogen pipeline is communicated with the liquid nitrogen passage, the refrigerator is configured to refrigerate liquid nitrogen, and the refrigerated liquid nitrogen circulates between the liquid nitrogen pipeline and the liquid nitrogen passage under the pumping action of the liquid nitrogen pump to maintain the superconducting state temperature environment of the.
The embodiment is directed at the three-phase coaxial superconducting cable, combines the advantages of two temperature measurement modes of optical fiber temperature measurement and contact temperature measurement, carries out on-line monitoring on the temperature of the superconducting cable, makes up the defect of a single temperature measurement mode, and meets the temperature measurement requirement of the high-temperature superconducting cable.
The thickness of the three-phase coaxial superconducting cable strip is about 0.3mm, the number of the strip layers is two, and the thickness of the insulating layer is about 1.5 mm. Considering the winding of the optical fiber, fixing, mechanical strength, and influence on the winding of the superconducting cable conductor layer and the electric field, the present embodiment preferably gives the following three specific optical fiber layout examples.
In a first example, as shown in fig. 3, the number of the temperature measuring fibers is 3, and the angle interval between the 3 temperature measuring fibers is 120 ° to increase the reliability of the fiber temperature measurement and detect the position of the temperature anomaly point in time; and the 3 temperature measuring optical fibers are spirally wound or embedded in the groove of the cable framework along the outer surface of the cable framework.
Specifically, two 0.5mm non-metal sleeves are tightly wrapped by a double-core optical fiber and spirally wound along a cable framework, and an A-phase conductor is wound after an insulating layer is wound on the double-core optical fiber; if the corrugated tube has a helical pitch and the pitch is relatively long, it is preferable to mount the optical fiber in the groove of the frame. The pre-buried schematic diagram is shown in fig. 3.
In this example, 3 fibers directly detect the temperature profile of the a phase conductor, and if a hot spot occurs on the B, C phase conductor, radial heat transfer through the cable is detected. The optical fiber and the cable conductor layer are both convenient to wind, and the influence on the cable insulation is small.
In a second example, referring to fig. 4, the number of the temperature measuring fibers is 4, and the angle interval between the 4 temperature measuring fibers is 90 ° so as to increase the reliability of the fiber temperature measurement and detect the position of the temperature anomaly point in time; the A-phase conductor layer, the B-phase conductor layer and the C-phase conductor layer respectively comprise a first layer of superconducting tape, a carbon paper layer and a second layer of superconducting tape from inside to outside in sequence; the 4 temperature measuring optical fibers are arranged in gaps among the tapes of the first layer of superconducting tape of the B-phase conductor layer.
Specifically, in this example, 4 bare optical fibers of 0.165mm or non-metallic sleeve tight-buffered optical fibers of 0.5mm are installed in the gap between the B-phase superconducting tapes, and the layout is schematically shown in fig. 5.
Since the B-phase conductor is located between the a-phase and the C-phase, the heat dissipation condition is relatively poor compared to the A, C two-phase conductor, and heat accumulation occurs relatively more easily. In addition, the three-phase coaxial superconducting cable has compact structure and small volume, so that the optical fiber is embedded in the gap between the same layer of superconducting tapes of the B phase, the temperature distribution of the B phase can be directly detected, and the temperature change conditions of the A, C phases can be timely detected.
In order to ensure that the local temperature change on the phase conductor layer can be detected in time, 4 bare optical fibers of 0.165mm or non-metallic sleeve tightly-packed optical fibers of 0.5mm are installed on the phase B, and the angle interval of each optical fiber is 90 degrees. Since the thickness of the superconducting tape used by the phase conductor is about 0.3mm, the number of layers of the tape of each phase is 2, and the difference between the pre-embedded positions of the 0.165mm bare optical fiber and the 0.5mm tight-buffered optical fiber is shown in fig. 5 and 6.
The size of the 0.165mm bare fiber is smaller than the thickness of the superconducting tapes, the bare fiber can be directly placed in a gap between the two superconducting tapes, and an adhesive, such as polyimide resin, is filled in the gap, so that the bare fiber can fix the optical fiber, can enhance the mechanical strength of the optical fiber and can reduce the influence of the optical fiber protrusion on the cable insulation as much as possible.
Wherein, 0.5mm tightly wraps the optic fibre size and is greater than superconducting tape thickness, nevertheless because of inside bare fiber diameter is 0.165mm, and tightly wraps the overcoat and anti extrusion ability reinforce, with optic fibre pre-buried to the gap between the first layer strip after, accessible carbon paper and insulating layer extrusion optic fibre's tightly wraps the overcoat when laying the second layer strip again to avoid optic fibre size to be greater than tape thickness and lead to optic fibre pre-buried position to produce the swell.
In the example, the temperature measuring optical fiber can directly monitor the temperature of the B-phase conductor, can detect the position of thermal disturbance or temperature abnormal points on the B-phase conductor in time, and can also monitor the temperature of the A, C-phase conductor through phase-to-phase heat transfer. The defect is that the strength of the 0.165mm bare fiber is low, and for a superconducting cable with the length of 400m, the breakage probability of the 0.165mm bare fiber in the pre-burying process is high, so that the 0.165mm bare fiber cannot be directly used in a long-distance superconducting cable and is suitable for a short-distance superconducting cable. The 0.5mm tight-buffered optical fiber has a larger size relative to the thickness of the superconducting tape (about 0.3mm), which can affect the cable structure to a certain extent, and the pre-embedding difficulty is high, so that the scheme of the 0.5mm tight-buffered optical fiber is suitable for the scene of thicker superconducting tape, and the thickness of the superconducting tape can be increased properly.
In a third example, the number of the temperature measuring optical fibers is 3, and the angle interval between the 3 temperature measuring optical fibers is 120 degrees, so that the reliability of optical fiber temperature measurement is improved, and the position of a temperature abnormal point is detected in time; and the 3 temperature measuring optical fibers are arranged between the fourth insulating layer and the shielding layer, and the laying mode adopts spiral winding or linear laying.
Specifically, in this example, a 0.5mm tightly-wrapped optical fiber is embedded between the C-phase insulating layer and the shielding layer, and the embedding is schematically shown in fig. 7, where the laying manner is spiral winding or linear laying. In the example, the influence of the pre-embedding of the optical fiber on the cable structure and the insulation performance is small, the pre-embedding difficulty of the optical fiber is small, and the implementation is easy.
TABLE 1 comparison of three examples of fiber layouts
In summary, the first example has low installation difficulty and small influence on the cable structure; the defect is that only the temperature distribution of the conductor of the single A phase or C phase can be monitored, and the temperature measuring effect on the other two phases is poor. In the second example, the optical fiber is directly installed in the gap between the conductors of the phase B, so that the temperature distribution of the conductor of the phase B can be directly monitored, and meanwhile, the temperature of the A, C phase can be monitored through interphase heat transfer due to the fact that the optical fiber is in the intermediate phase; the defects are that the optical fiber has low strength and is easy to break, the pre-embedding difficulty of the optical fiber is high, and the cable insulation is also adversely affected; and A, C phase temperature is monitored through interphase heat transfer, and the temperature measurement effect is not ideal. Each of the three examples has advantages and disadvantages, and can be specifically determined by combining specific application conditions (such as cable length, thickness of the superconducting tape, and the like) and the three-phase conductor temperature of the three-phase coaxial cable A, B, C.
For example, for the single-end countercurrent refrigeration mode shown in fig. 8, the arrow indicates a flow direction of liquid nitrogen, the liquid nitrogen flows out of the refrigerator, passes through a liquid nitrogen channel of the superconducting cable and the cryogenic dewar pipe, and flows back to the refrigerator, and the liquid nitrogen continuously absorbs heat along with the increase of the flow distance in the flow process, so that the temperature of the liquid nitrogen along the superconducting cable continuously increases along with the increase of the distance. Fig. 9 shows the temperature change of the liquid nitrogen along the superconducting cable. As can be seen from fig. 9, since the single-ended countercurrent refrigeration mode is adopted, the temperature of the liquid nitrogen reflux area is higher than the liquid nitrogen defluidization temperature, and the superconducting cable C-phase conductor is in the liquid nitrogen reflux area and has the highest temperature; the phase A is positioned in a liquid nitrogen de-flow area and has the lowest temperature; the phase B is located between the phase A and the phase C, and the operation temperature of the phase B is higher than that of the phase A but lower than that of the phase C. Therefore, the temperature monitoring should focus on monitoring the C-phase temperature. In addition, as shown in fig. 10, the superconducting cable C phase has the highest energy dissipation power at the same operating temperature, and is most likely to generate thermal interference. The energy dissipation power of the C phase of the superconducting cable is the largest at the same operation temperature, and the operation temperature of the C phase is higher than that of the A, B phase due to the fact that the C phase is located in a liquid nitrogen backflow area. Therefore, the C phase of the cable is most prone to failure due to factors such as thermal disturbance, and monitoring of the C phase temperature of the cable is preferentially considered when the temperature measuring optical fiber is pre-buried in a single-end countercurrent refrigeration mode.
Illustratively, the temperature measuring optical fiber can be led out of the superconducting cable terminal directly through a special penetrator. A through device mounting hole is reserved on the low-temperature Dewar pipe at the cable terminal, and the temperature measuring optical fiber is led out of the cable terminal through a through device channel and is connected with a monitoring system. The specially-made penetrator is designed according to a terminal structure and internal pressure, and the size of an optical fiber leading-out channel is determined by the parameters and the quantity of temperature measuring optical fibers. And after the temperature measuring optical fiber is led out, the channel of the through device is closed to ensure the sealing property of the low-temperature Dewar pipe.
It should be noted that the optical fiber temperature measurement accuracy is related to the measurement time, and if the measurement speed is required to be fast, the measurement accuracy will be reduced. The development speed of the superconducting cable is high when the superconducting cable loses time, and the monitoring protection is influenced by the low measurement speed. In order to make up the deficiency of the temperature measuring optical fiber in the aspect of measuring speed, the embodiment arranges the contact temperature sensor on the superconducting cable at the same time to measure the joint temperature of the superconducting cable.
The temperature instruments used in the current industrial production process mainly comprise a thermal resistor, a thermocouple, an industrial bimetallic thermometer, a temperature transmitter and the like. The thermal resistor and the thermocouple are also called temperature sensors, are primary instruments for contact measurement, and are usually matched with corresponding display, recording and adjusting instruments, or matched with an industrial control system through a temperature transmitter. Because the two temperature sensors have small volume, wide temperature measuring range and convenient installation, the temperature sensor is widely applied to high-temperature superconducting devices operating in a 77K temperature range.
The thermal resistance is a temperature sensor which utilizes a certain function relation between resistance and temperature, and an output signal is an ohm value. The thermal resistance temperature measuring elements are divided into copper thermal resistors and platinum thermal resistors, and the division numbers of the thermal resistors used in the industry at present mainly include Cu100, Cu50, Pt10, Pt100 and the like. The industrial copper thermal resistor is widely used for measuring the temperature in a-50-150 thermal range and is not suitable for a liquid nitrogen temperature zone; the platinum resistor has the temperature measuring range of-200 to +850 ℃, the thermal response time of less than 30s, and the advantages of vibration resistance, good stability, high accuracy, good pressure resistance and the like. However, the thermal resistor requires a power supply for temperature measurement, and a series of installation, maintenance and insulation difficulties are caused when the thermal resistor is used for a device with a high voltage level.
The thermocouple is connected together by two conductors of different compositions to form a closed loop. When two ends connected with the thermoelectric module are in different temperature fields, temperature difference is generated, corresponding thermoelectromotive force is generated by the temperature difference, and temperature measurement can be realized by measuring the thermoelectromotive force. The output signal of the thermocouple is millivolt. At present, the types of thermocouples at home and abroad are various, and the thermocouples are mainly divided into two types, namely a cheap metal thermocouple and a noble metal thermocouple. The copper-constantan thermocouple can resist corrosion in humid atmosphere, is suitable for low-temperature measurement, and has a temperature measurement range of-200 ℃ to 350 ℃. The anode is pure copper (TP) and the cathode is constantan (TN). For use in vacuum, oxidizing and reducing or inert atmospheres. The copper-constantan thermocouple has stable performance, particularly good use stability under-200 to 00, and the indication value change is +/-10 mu V about one year. The copper-constantan thermocouple is a passive sensor, no external power supply (wire) is needed during measurement, and the installation and the use are convenient. Therefore, the contact temperature sensor in this embodiment is supposed to use a copper-constantan thermocouple. Considering that the thermocouple needs reference temperature during temperature measurement, leading out of a signal wire brings certain influence on winding, heat leakage and insulation of the superconducting cable, so that the project does not consider mounting the thermocouple sensor on the cable body, but considers mounting the thermocouple at the cable body and the terminal joint, and the layout and measurement schematic diagram of the copper-constantan thermocouple in the cable is shown in fig. 11.
Optionally, the monitoring system includes a data receiving unit, a first temperature processing unit, a second temperature processing unit, and a display unit;
the data receiving unit is used for receiving a plurality of along-line temperatures measured by the plurality of temperature measuring optical fibers and a plurality of joint temperatures measured by the plurality of contact temperature sensors, forwarding the plurality of along-line temperatures to the first temperature processing unit, and forwarding the plurality of joint temperatures to the second temperature processing unit;
the first temperature processing unit is used for responding to the received multiple along-line temperatures, carrying out weighted summation calculation on the multiple along-line temperatures to obtain the real along-line temperature of the superconducting cable, and outputting the real along-line temperature to the display unit;
specifically, for each temperature measuring optical fiber, a certain measurement error inevitably exists, and the temperature measurement results of the multiple temperature measuring optical fibers for the same target object may have a deviation, so in this embodiment, a temperature measurement test is performed on the multiple temperature measuring optical fibers in advance, the deviation of the multiple temperature measuring optical fibers is determined, a weight coefficient is given according to the deviation condition, and the true along-line temperatures of the superconducting cable are obtained by adding the multiple along-line temperatures measured by the multiple temperature measuring optical fibers after being multiplied by the corresponding weight coefficients.
The second temperature processing unit is used for calculating the real temperature of A, B, C three-phase conductor layers at the joint of the superconducting cable by multiplying the plurality of joint temperatures by preset weight coefficients respectively in response to the plurality of joint temperatures, and outputting the real temperature of A, B, C three-phase conductor layers to the display unit;
specifically, there is inevitably a certain measurement error for each thermocouple sensor, and therefore, in this embodiment, a temperature measurement test is performed in advance for each thermocouple sensor, a deviation of each thermocouple sensor is determined, a weight coefficient is given according to the deviation, and the temperatures of A, B, C three-phase conductor layers at 3 joints measured by 3 thermocouple sensors are multiplied by the corresponding weight coefficients, respectively, to obtain the true temperatures of A, B, C three-phase conductor layers at the joints of the superconducting cable.
The display unit is used for responding to the received real along-line temperature and the real temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer and displaying the real along-line temperature and the real temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer.
Optionally, the monitoring system further comprises a judging unit;
the judging unit is used for receiving the real along-line temperature output by the first temperature processing unit and the real temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer output by the second temperature processing unit, and judging whether the superconducting cable is in a safe temperature interval or not according to the real along-line temperature and the real temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer; and if not, generating alarm information, carrying out voice alarm according to the alarm information, and sending the alarm information to a mobile phone of an operation and maintenance person in a short message mode so as to inform the operation and maintenance person to carry out maintenance in time.
Referring to fig. 12, an embodiment of the present invention provides a superconducting cable temperature monitoring method, which is implemented based on the superconducting cable temperature monitoring system, and the method includes:
step S1, the temperature of the superconducting cable along the line is periodically measured by a plurality of temperature measuring optical fibers, and the measurement result is sent to the monitoring system;
step S2, the plurality of contact temperature sensors periodically and respectively measure the temperature of the A-phase conductor layer, the B-phase conductor layer and the C-phase conductor layer, and send the measurement results to the monitoring system;
and step S3, the monitoring system responds to the received measurement results of the plurality of temperature measuring optical fibers and the plurality of contact temperature sensors and displays the measurement results.
Optionally, the monitoring system includes a data receiving unit, a first temperature processing unit, a second temperature processing unit, and a display unit;
the step S3 includes:
step S31, the data receiving unit receives the plurality of along-line temperatures measured by the plurality of temperature measuring optical fibers and the plurality of joint temperatures measured by the plurality of contact temperature sensors, forwards the plurality of along-line temperatures to the first temperature processing unit, and forwards the plurality of joint temperatures to the second temperature processing unit;
step S32, the first temperature processing unit responds to the received multiple along-line temperatures, carries out weighted summation calculation on the multiple along-line temperatures to obtain the real along-line temperature of the superconducting cable, and outputs the real along-line temperature to the display unit;
step S33, in response to receiving the plurality of joint temperatures, the second temperature processing unit multiplies the plurality of joint temperatures by preset weight coefficients to calculate a true temperature of a A, B, C three-phase conductor layer at the joint of the superconducting cable, and outputs the true temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer to the display unit;
step S34, the display unit responds to the received true along-line temperature and the true temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer, and displays the true along-line temperature and the true temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer.
Optionally, the monitoring system further comprises a judging unit;
the step S34 includes:
step S35, the determining unit receives the true along-line temperature output by the first temperature processing unit and the true temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer output by the second temperature processing unit, and determines whether the superconducting cable is in a safe temperature interval according to the true along-line temperature and the true temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer; and if not, generating alarm information, carrying out voice alarm according to the alarm information, and sending the alarm information to the mobile phone of the operation and maintenance personnel in a short message mode.
It should be noted that the method of this embodiment corresponds to the system of the embodiment described above, and therefore, portions of the method that are not described in detail in this embodiment can be obtained by referring to the system of the embodiment described above, and are not described herein again.
Having described embodiments of the present invention, the foregoing description is intended to be exemplary, not exhaustive, and not limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein is chosen in order to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application, or improvements made to the technology in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.
Claims (10)
1. A superconducting cable temperature monitoring system is characterized in that a superconducting cable is a three-phase coaxial superconducting cable, a cable framework, a first insulating layer, an A-phase conductor layer, a second insulating layer, a B-phase conductor layer, a third insulating layer, a C-phase conductor layer, a fourth insulating layer, a shielding layer and a low-temperature Dewar pipe are sequentially arranged from inside to outside of the three-phase coaxial superconducting cable, wherein liquid nitrogen channels are arranged inside the cable framework and between the low-temperature Dewar pipe and the shielding layer and are used for allowing liquid nitrogen to circulate so as to cool the superconducting cable;
characterized in that the system comprises:
a plurality of temperature measuring optical fibers which are respectively arranged between any two layers or in any one layer of the cable framework, the A-phase conductor layer, the first insulating layer, the B-phase conductor layer, the second insulating layer, the C-phase conductor layer, the third insulating layer and the shielding layer and are uniformly arranged at intervals along the axis of the superconducting cable; the connecting ends of the temperature measuring optical fibers are led out through a plurality of interpenetrators on the low-temperature Dewar pipe and are connected with the monitoring system; the plurality of temperature measuring optical fibers are used for measuring the temperature along the superconducting cable;
a plurality of contact temperature sensors respectively disposed in the second, third and fourth insulation layers at the terminal end of the superconducting cable and respectively in contact with the corresponding a-phase, B-phase and C-phase conductor layers to respectively measure the temperatures of the a-phase, B-phase and C-phase conductor layers;
and the monitoring system is used for receiving the measurement results of the plurality of temperature measurement optical fibers and the plurality of contact temperature sensors and displaying the measurement results.
2. The superconducting cable temperature monitoring system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of temperature measuring fibers is 3, the 3 temperature measuring fibers being angularly spaced from each other by 120 °; and the 3 temperature measuring optical fibers are spirally wound or embedded in the groove of the cable framework along the outer surface of the cable framework.
3. The superconducting cable temperature monitoring system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of temperature measuring fibers is 4, the 4 temperature measuring fibers being angularly spaced from each other by 90 °; the A-phase conductor layer, the B-phase conductor layer and the C-phase conductor layer respectively comprise a first layer of superconducting tape, a carbon paper layer and a second layer of superconducting tape from inside to outside in sequence; the 4 temperature measuring optical fibers are arranged in gaps among the tapes of the first layer of superconducting tape of the B-phase conductor layer.
4. The superconducting cable temperature monitoring system according to claim 3, wherein the diameter of the 4 temperature measuring optical fibers is smaller than the thickness of the first layer of superconducting tape, and a gap between tapes of the first layer of superconducting tape is filled with polyimide resin for adhesively fixing the 4 temperature measuring optical fibers and enhancing the mechanical strength of the 4 temperature measuring optical fibers.
5. The superconducting cable temperature monitoring system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of temperature measuring fibers is 3, the 3 temperature measuring fibers being angularly spaced from each other by 120 °; and the 3 temperature measuring optical fibers are arranged between the fourth insulating layer and the shielding layer, and the laying mode adopts spiral winding or linear laying.
6. The superconducting cable temperature monitoring system according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein the monitoring system includes a data receiving unit, a first temperature processing unit, a second temperature processing unit, and a display unit;
the data receiving unit is used for receiving a plurality of along-line temperatures measured by the plurality of temperature measuring optical fibers and a plurality of joint temperatures measured by the plurality of contact temperature sensors, forwarding the plurality of along-line temperatures to the first temperature processing unit, and forwarding the plurality of joint temperatures to the second temperature processing unit;
the first temperature processing unit is used for responding to the received multiple along-line temperatures, carrying out weighted summation calculation on the multiple along-line temperatures to obtain the real along-line temperature of the superconducting cable, and outputting the real along-line temperature to the display unit;
the second temperature processing unit is used for calculating the real temperature of A, B, C three-phase conductor layers at the joint of the superconducting cable by multiplying the plurality of joint temperatures by preset weight coefficients respectively in response to the plurality of joint temperatures, and outputting the real temperature of A, B, C three-phase conductor layers to the display unit;
the display unit is used for responding to the received real along-line temperature and the real temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer and displaying the real along-line temperature and the real temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer.
7. The superconducting cable temperature monitoring system of claim 6, further comprising a judging unit;
the judging unit is used for receiving the real along-line temperature output by the first temperature processing unit and the real temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer output by the second temperature processing unit, and judging whether the superconducting cable is in a safe temperature interval or not according to the real along-line temperature and the real temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer; and if not, generating alarm information, carrying out voice alarm according to the alarm information, and sending the alarm information to the mobile phone of the operation and maintenance personnel in a short message mode.
8. A superconducting cable temperature monitoring method, which is implemented based on the superconducting cable temperature monitoring system of any one of claims 1 to 5, comprising:
the plurality of temperature measuring optical fibers periodically measure the temperature along the superconducting cable and send the measurement result to the monitoring system;
the plurality of contact temperature sensors periodically and respectively measure the temperature of the A-phase conductor layer, the B-phase conductor layer and the C-phase conductor layer, and send the measurement results to the monitoring system;
and the monitoring system responds to the received measurement results of the plurality of temperature measuring optical fibers and the plurality of contact temperature sensors and displays the measurement results.
9. The superconducting cable temperature monitoring method according to claim 8, wherein the monitoring system includes a data receiving unit, a first temperature processing unit, a second temperature processing unit, and a display unit;
the method comprises the following steps:
the data receiving unit receives a plurality of along-line temperatures measured by the plurality of temperature measuring optical fibers and a plurality of joint temperatures measured by the plurality of contact temperature sensors, forwards the plurality of along-line temperatures to the first temperature processing unit, and forwards the plurality of joint temperatures to the second temperature processing unit;
the first temperature processing unit responds to the received multiple temperatures along the line, carries out weighted summation calculation on the multiple temperatures along the line to obtain the real temperature along the line of the superconducting cable, and outputs the real temperature along the line to the display unit;
the second temperature processing unit is used for responding to the received joint temperatures, multiplying the joint temperatures by preset weight coefficients respectively to calculate the real temperature of A, B, C three-phase conductor layers at the joint of the superconducting cable, and outputting the real temperature of A, B, C three-phase conductor layers to the display unit;
the display unit is used for responding to the received real along-line temperature and the real temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer and displaying the real along-line temperature and the real temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer.
10. The superconducting cable temperature monitoring method according to claim 9, wherein the monitoring system further includes a judging unit;
the method comprises the following steps:
the judging unit receives the real along-line temperature output by the first temperature processing unit and the real temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer output by the second temperature processing unit, and judges whether the superconducting cable is in a safe temperature interval or not according to the real along-line temperature and the real temperature of the A, B, C three-phase conductor layer; and if not, generating alarm information, carrying out voice alarm according to the alarm information, and sending the alarm information to the mobile phone of the operation and maintenance personnel in a short message mode.
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