CN1125797C - Fertilizer for desertized land and its production process - Google Patents
Fertilizer for desertized land and its production process Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1125797C CN1125797C CN 99117395 CN99117395A CN1125797C CN 1125797 C CN1125797 C CN 1125797C CN 99117395 CN99117395 CN 99117395 CN 99117395 A CN99117395 A CN 99117395A CN 1125797 C CN1125797 C CN 1125797C
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- Prior art keywords
- compound
- fertilizer
- rare earth
- magnesium
- calcium
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- Expired - Fee Related
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-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G1/00—Mixtures of fertilisers belonging individually to different subclasses of C05
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a fertilizer for desertified land and a producing method of a fertilizer for desertified land. The method comprises phosphate ore crushing, ball milling, mixture with sulfuric acid, formation and maturing, wherein a rare earth compound, a calcium compound and/or a magnesium compound are added into the ball milling step and/or the mixture step and/or the formation step; a product after maturing is mixed with a nitrogen fertilizer, a potassium fertilizer and an organic fertilizer to obtain the fertilizer of the present invention. The fertilizer produced in the method of the present invention has good effect when applied to the desertified land and performs the positive action on soil improvement. The fertilizer of the present invention has the advantages of fruit yield improvement, fruit quality improvement, and crop adversity resistance enhancement.
Description
The method that the present invention relates to fertilizer for deseritified field and produce this fertilizer.
Unconcerned condition district accounts for 1/5th of China's total area, comprises a part or the major part of provinces (district) such as Xinjiang, Gansu, the Inner Mongol, Qinghai and Ningxia.These area arids are short of rain, and evaporation is strong, and it is serious to desertify, and the total characteristic of soil is that the thick pine of quality, pH are high, is rich in lime carbonate, organic matter and available nutrient deficiency, has influenced the raising of soil productivity to a certain extent.But these area long, heat foots at sunshine, if any abundant icy water and groundwater resource, if any the fertilizer that is suitable for, these geographic agriculturals have very fast development.
Although people make great efforts to seek to develop this area agricultural, do not make substantial progress.
The applicant has made a large amount of enquiry based works for this reason, finds that rare earth element has special effect to the sprouting of plant seed and the growth of root; The proper concn rare earth element can promote plant to nutrient absorbing, conversion and utilization; Prove that also rare earth element has tangible influence to photosynthesis of plants; Rare earth element can strengthen resistance and the disease resistance of crop, and therefore, rare earth can not only improve the output of crop, can also improve its quality.
The applicant is surprised to find, rare-earth compound and chemical fertilizer are organically combined use, in desertification ground, can give play to unexpected effect, not only can obtain higher yield of crops, and can also improve physics, chemistry and the biological property of saline-alkali soil.
This discovery has constituted basis of the present invention.
Therefore, the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of fertilizer (being commonly called as saline and alkaline spirit) of the ground that is used to desertify.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of production method of above-mentioned fertilizer.
The present invention realizes like this by add various raw materials such as rare earth compound in existing general calcium Production Flow Chart:
A kind of production method of fertilizer of deseritified field, this method comprises Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL) fragmentation, ball milling, mixes, changes into and maturation stage with sulfuric acid, it is characterized in that in ball milling and/or mixing and/or change into adding rare earth compound, calcium cpd and/or magnesium compound in the step, the product after the slaking and nitrogenous fertilizer, potash fertilizer and fertilizer mix by weight 45-60: 22-40: 8-14: 6-14 and just obtain described fertilizer.
Described rare earth compound is mixed rare earth compound or single rare earth compound, can be mishmetal mineral compound or organic compound, single rare earth mineral compound or organic compound, rare earth chloride, nitrate, vitriol, carbonate or acetate specifically, Lanthanum trichloride, lanthanum nitrate, lanthanum sulfat or Phosbloc, perhaps Cerium II Chloride, cerous nitrate, cerous sulfate, cerous carbonate, lanthanum acetate or cerous acetate more specifically; Described rare earth compound can also be mixed rare-earth oxide or single rare earth oxide compound, specifically is lanthanum trioxide or cerium oxide etc.
Preferably, rare earth compound is a mixed rare earth compound, specifically rare earth nitrate, vitriol, carbonate, mixed rare-earth oxide or single rare earth oxide compound.
More preferably, rare earth compound is rare earth nitrate, mixed rare-earth oxide or single rare earth oxide compound.
Described calcium cpd is inorganic calcium compound or organic calcium compound, as calcium oxide, calcium chloride, nitrocalcite, lime carbonate or Wingdale, calcium sulfate, calcium hydroxide or calcium acetate.
Preferably, described calcium cpd is the inorganic calcium compound, specifically nitrocalcite, lime carbonate, calcium sulfate or calcium chloride.
More preferably calcium cpd is lime carbonate or nitrocalcite.
Described magnesium compound is inorganic magnesium compound or organo-magnesium compound, specifically magnesium oxide, magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, magnesiumcarbonate, sal epsom, magnesium hydroxide or magnesium acetate.
Preferably, described magnesium compound is inorganic magnesium compound, specifically magnesium nitrate, magnesiumcarbonate, sal epsom or magnesium chloride.
More preferably, magnesium compound is magnesiumcarbonate or magnesium nitrate.
The add-on of described rare earth compound, calcium cpd and magnesium compound is respectively in Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL) weight: 0.16-2.5%, 1.5-40%, 1.5-40%.
Preferably, the add-on of described rare earth compound, calcium cpd and magnesium compound is respectively in Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL) weight: 0.16-1.6%, 1.5-32%, 1.5-32%.
More preferably, the add-on of described rare earth compound, calcium cpd and magnesium compound is respectively in Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL) weight: 0.2-1.4%, 1.5-24%, 1.5-24%.
Described nitrogenous fertilizer is ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, bicarbonate of ammonia, ammonium sulfate or urea,
Described potash fertilizer is Repone K, saltpetre, vitriolate of tartar or potassium primary phosphate.
Described fertilizer can be detritus acid, the peat composed of rotten mosses, garbage tankage, person poultry muck, the compost made of stalks etc.
A kind of fertilizer that adopts method for preparing is characterized in that this fertilizer contains in by weight of fertilizer, nitrogen 10-14%, phosphorus (with P
2O
5Expression) be that 8%-10%, potassium are (with K
2The O meter) 4-7% and rare earth (in oxide compound) are 0.05%-0.60%.
Embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail belows.
The present invention utilizes manufacturings such as sulfuric acid decomposing phosphate rock stone and rare-earth compound to contain the fertilizer of rare earth element.
Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL) is (with P
2O
5The meter phosphorus content is 28%-35%) at first through fragmentation, control size is delivered to storage hopper below 30 millimeters, adds the water wet-milling by feeding machine by certain speed goal grinding machine, and it is about ore pulp more than 28% that Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL) is worn into water content.Ore pulp after the grinding enters vibratory screening apparatus from the overflow of grinding machine afterbody, tails over macrobead and returns grinding machine, and ore pulp that sieves and concentration are that 93% to 98% vitriol oil measures mixedization of inflow chamber, back respectively.Sulfuric acid and Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL) are the liquid-solid two-phase reaction, and be just fast more, safe more as the thin more reaction of ore powder, can shorten mixing like this, change into and the curing time, can obtain higher transformation efficiency.Too thick as mineral dust, decompose not exclusively because of the package action of calcium sulfate makes ore, yet the meticulous throughput that must reduce disintegrating apparatus of breeze increases the production cost of power consumption and breeze simultaneously, therefore, should control the Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL) granularity during grinding is that 100 orders account for 90-95%.Per 100 weight part Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL) need add 50-60 weight part 93-98% sulfuric acid.
Described sulfuric acid generally is industrial sulphuric acid, but also can use as a large amount of sulfur waste acid of discharging in other chemical engineering processes, so not only can reduce the production cost of this phosphate fertilizer, all right utilize resources synthetically and minimizing environmental pollution, contain in the spent acid the deleterious impurity of farm crop but must control, can not adopt as the foreign matter content higher position, low for foreign matter content and spent acid that sulfuric acid concentration is also low can get up to use with the industrial sulphuric acid fusion.
Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL) slurry and sulfuric acid mixing 1-2 minute are sent into behind the mixing again and are changed into the chamber, and material is the normally 0.5-1 hour residence time in changing into the chamber.Material change into indoor temperature can be up to 110-130 ℃, reduce temperature and help the monocalcium phosphate crystallization, therefore the time of changing into can not be oversize.
The material that is drawn off by the chamber of changing into enters ripe storehouse again, its temperature of charge is 80-90 ℃, and the material curing temperature should decompose complexity according to Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL), and foreign matter content and processing condition thereof are determined, common curing temperature is 30-80 ℃, low excessively as curing temperature, make speed of response slow, moisture evaporation reduces, curing time must be prolonged, obviously be disadvantageous, therefore, need usually to carry out turning according to curing temperature.
Slaking early stage, free acid descends and transformation efficiency improves than very fast, and later gradual slow is constant substantially at last, common curing time 7-10 days.
In above-mentioned the inventive method, rare earth compound, calcium cpd can and/or mix and/or change in the step with magnesium compound and add at ball milling.
Described rare earth compound is mixed rare earth compound or single rare earth compound, can be the mineral compound or the organic compound of mishmetal mineral compound or organic compound, single rare earth, rare earth chloride, nitrate, vitriol, carbonate or acetate specifically, more specifically or Lanthanum trichloride, lanthanum nitrate, lanthanum sulfat or Phosbloc, perhaps Cerium II Chloride, cerous nitrate, cerous sulfate, cerous carbonate, lanthanum acetate or cerous acetate; Described rare earth compound can also be mixed rare-earth oxide or single rare earth oxide compound, specifically is lanthanum trioxide or cerium oxide etc.
Preferably, rare earth compound is a mixed rare earth compound, specifically rare earth nitrate, vitriol, carbonate, mixed rare-earth oxide or single rare earth oxide compound.
More preferably, rare earth compound is rare earth nitrate, mixed rare-earth oxide or single rare earth oxide compound.
Described calcium cpd is inorganic calcium compound or organic calcium compound, as calcium oxide, calcium chloride, nitrocalcite, lime carbonate or Wingdale, calcium sulfate, calcium hydroxide or calcium acetate.
Preferably, described calcium cpd is the inorganic calcium compound, specifically nitrocalcite, lime carbonate, calcium sulfate or calcium chloride.
More preferably be lime carbonate or nitrocalcite.
Described magnesium compound is inorganic magnesium compound or organo-magnesium compound, specifically magnesium oxide, magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, magnesiumcarbonate, sal epsom, magnesium hydroxide or magnesium acetate.
Preferably, described magnesium compound is inorganic magnesium compound, specifically magnesium nitrate, magnesiumcarbonate, sal epsom or magnesium chloride.
More preferably, magnesium compound is magnesiumcarbonate or magnesium nitrate.
The add-on of described rare earth compound, calcium cpd and magnesium compound is respectively in Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL) weight: 0.16-2.5%, 1.5-40%, 1.5-40%.
Preferably, the add-on of described rare earth compound, calcium cpd and magnesium compound is respectively in Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL) weight: 0.16-1.6%, 1.5-32%, 1.5-32%.
More preferably, the add-on of described rare earth compound, calcium cpd and magnesium compound is respectively in Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL) weight: 0.2-1.4%, 1.5-24%, 1.5-24%.
Product after the slaking again with nitrogenous fertilizer, potash fertilizer, fertilizer by weight 45-60: 22-40: 8-14: 6-14 mixes, and just obtains described fertilizer,
Described nitrogenous fertilizer is ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, bicarbonate of ammonia, ammonium sulfate or urea,
Described potash fertilizer is Repone K, saltpetre, vitriolate of tartar or potassium primary phosphate.
Described fertilizer can be detritus acid, the peat composed of rotten mosses, garbage tankage, person poultry muck, the compost made of stalks etc.
A kind of fertilizer that adopts method for preparing is characterized in that this fertilizer contains in by weight of fertilizer nitrogen 10-14%, phosphorus (P
2O
5Meter) 8%-10%, potassium are (with K
2The O meter) 4-7% and rare earth element (in oxide compound) 0.05%-0.60%.
The equipment that uses in fertiliser production of the present invention all is the equipment that normal superphosphate production is used.
The present invention has following positively effect:
1, fertilizer of the present invention through in North China, ground tests such as northeast, Ningxia, Xinjiang, application effect is excellent on the ground desertifying.Compare with U.S.'s phosphorus ammonium of equivalence, cotton, the comparison of oily certain herbaceous plants with big flowers cash crop amount of increase in production are according to high more than 50%, and the comparison of food crop output amounts of increase in production such as corn, paddy rice, wheat is according to doubling, and vegetable and fruit is higher.Compare with general calcium, also have same effect.
2, fertilizer of the present invention has the active effect of improving the soil.Confirm through a large amount of ground tests of desertifying; after using fertilizer of the present invention; crop root is flourishing especially; compare with general calcium with the phosphorus ammonium; the root of the crop amount can increase 1-2 doubly, because a large amount of organism of root system secretion, rhizospheric microorganism is very active; with the naked eye can observe a large amount of mycelium of appearance in the soil, and contrast fertilizer is to be difficult to find.Therefore, use after the fertilizer of the present invention, soil property is soft, and organic and microorganism rolls up, and has improved soil fertility like this, has improved physics, chemistry and the biological property of soil.
3, use fertilizer of the present invention in the ground of desertifying and to promote the crop root prosperity, also strengthened the photosynthesis of crop, the crop plant growth is strong, compare with phosphorus ammonium, general calcium, the plant mean height is more than 20%, therefore crop has very strong resistivity for the poor environment of arid, high temperature, low temperature, saline and alkaline, disease and pest and so on, has promptly improved the resistance of crop.
4, use confirmation through various places in the ground of desertifying, use the quality that fertilizer of the present invention can improve fruit.As make the V of apple
CThe content total sugar content increases, and can promote fruit color and precocity, but more than 15 days, the quality (as protein content) of corn is improved as the strawberry premature ripening, and output improves.
Below in conjunction with implementing to illustrate in greater detail the present invention
Embodiment 1
At first take by weighing 1 ton of P
2O
5Content is the Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL) of 28% (weight), normally used crusher is crushed to Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL) below 30 millimeters in the industry of employing phosphate fertilizer, deliver to storage hopper, add ball mill by feeding machine and add the water wet-milling, its amount of water is so that Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL) ore pulp water content is 28% (weight), grind the back ore pulp and enter vibratory screening apparatus from the overflow of grinding machine afterbody, tail over macrobead and return grinding machine, the ore grain size that sieves reaches 100 orders and accounts for 95%.The ore pulp that sieves is that 98% sulfuric acid enters mixedization chamber with concentration again, and the sulfuric acid add-on is 580 kilogram of 98% sulfuric acid, adds 3.6 kilograms of rare earth chlorides, 36 kilograms of nitrocalcite and 36 kilograms of magnesium nitrates simultaneously.
The Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL) slurry mixed with sulfuric acid 1 minute, sent into behind the mixing again and changed into the chamber, and material residence time in changing into the chamber is 0.5 hour.Material can reach 110 ℃ changing into indoor temperature.
The material that is drawn off by the chamber of changing into enters the slaking storehouse again, adopts the method for turning to make its temperature of charge remain on 80 ℃, and the curing time is 8 days.Through chemical analysis, this product is phosphorous (with P
2O
5Meter) be that 15.2% (weight), rare earth element (in oxide compound) are 0.10% (weight).
Product, vitriolate of tartar and the fertilizer of getting urea, above-mentioned preparation then were by weight 26: 54: 12: the product of the 8 mixed 12-8-5 of getting.
Show through the ground field test results that desertifies, compare that the amount of increase in production comparison of paddy rice is according to high by 108% when using fertilizer of the present invention with phosphorus ammonium of equal value.
Embodiment 2
This embodiment implementation step is identical with embodiment, but is to use 8.0 kilograms of rare earth nitrate compounds, 80 kilograms of lime carbonate and 80 kilograms of magnesium nitrates.
Through chemical analysis, this product is phosphorous (with P
2O
5Meter) be that 16.0% (weight), rare earth element (in oxide compound) are 0.15% (weight).
Product, Repone K and the fertilizer of getting urea, above-mentioned preparation then were by weight 26: 50: 10: the product of the 14 mixed 12-8-5 of getting.
Through the ground field test that desertifies, the result shows, compares with phosphorus ammonium of equal value, and from the corn growing way, the average plant height comparison of corn from output, is used fertilizer amount of increase in production comparison of the present invention according to high by 100% according to high by 12%.
Embodiment 3
This embodiment implementation step is identical with embodiment, but is to use 10.0 kilograms of sulfuric acid rare earth compounds, 150 kilograms of calcium chloride and 150 kilograms of magnesium oxide.
Through chemical analysis, this product is phosphorous (with P
2O
5Meter) be that 15.5% (weight), rare earth element (in oxide compound) are 0.21% (weight).
The product, Repone K of getting urea, above-mentioned preparation then and fertilizer were by weight 26: 52: 10: 12 mix, and make the product of 12-8-5.
Through the ground field test that desertifies, the result shows, compares with the general calcium of equivalence, and the comparison of wheat increase yield amplitude is according to high by 101%.In addition, protein content also is significantly improved in the wheat.
Embodiment 4
This embodiment implementation step is identical with embodiment 1.But be to use 16.0 kilograms of carbonated rare earth compounds, 240 kilograms of calcium oxide and 240 kilograms of magnesium acetates.In addition, the sulfuric acid add-on is 1 ton of P
2O
5Content is that the Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL) of 28% (weight) is 580 kilogram of 98% sulfuric acid, and its residence time in changing into the chamber is 0.9 hour, and the curing time is 10 days, the product that makes like this, and through chemical analysis, this product is phosphorous (with P
2O
5Meter) be that 14.7% (weight), rare earth element (in oxide compound) are 0.44% (weight).
The product, vitriolate of tartar of getting urea, above-mentioned preparation then and fertilizer were by weight 26: 54: 10: 10 mix, and make the product of 12-8-5.
Through the ground field test that desertifies, the result shows, compares with the general calcium of equivalence, and the comparison of vegetables amount of increase in production is according to high by 140%.
Embodiment 5
This embodiment implementation step is identical with embodiment 1, but is to use 25 kilograms of acetic acid rare earth compounds, 250 kilograms of calcium sulfate and 250 kilograms of magnesium chlorides.In addition, the sulfuric acid add-on is 1 ton of P
2O
5The Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL) of content 28% (weight) is 580 kilogram of 98% sulfuric acid, and its residence time in changing into the chamber is 1 hour, and the curing time is 10 days, the product that makes like this, and through chemical analysis, this product is phosphorous (with P
2O
5Meter) be that 14.0% (weight), rare earth element (in oxide compound) are 0.38% (weight).
The product, vitriolate of tartar that adopts urea, above-mentioned preparation then and fertilizer were by weight 26: 56: 11: 7 mix, and make the product of 12-8-5.
Show that through the ground field test results that desertifies compare with the phosphorus ammonium of equivalence, the comparison of wheat increase yield amplitude is according to high by 105%.
Claims (12)
1, a kind of production method of fertilizer for deseritified field, this method comprises Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL) fragmentation, ball milling, mix, change into and maturation stage with sulfuric acid, it is characterized in that in ball milling and/or mixing and/or change into adding rare earth compound, calcium cpd and/or magnesium compound in the step
Described rare earth compound is mishmetal mineral compound or organic compound, single rare earth mineral compound or organic compound,
The add-on of described rare earth compound, calcium cpd and magnesium compound is respectively 0.16-2.5%, 1.5-40% and 1.5-40% in ore weight,
Product after the slaking and nitrogenous fertilizer, potash fertilizer and fertilizer mix by weight 45-60: 22-40: 8-14: 6-14 and just obtain described fertilizer.
2, method according to claim 1 is characterized in that described rare earth compound is rare earth chloride, nitrate, vitriol, carbonate, acetate, mixed rare-earth oxide and single rare earth oxide compound.
3, method according to claim 1 is characterized in that described rare earth compound is rare earth nitrate, vitriol, carbonate, mixed rare-earth oxide and single rare earth oxide compound.
4, method according to claim 1 is characterized in that described rare earth compound is Lanthanum trichloride, lanthanum nitrate, lanthanum sulfat, Phosbloc, Cerium II Chloride, cerous nitrate, cerous sulfate, cerous carbonate, lanthanum acetate or cerous acetate, lanthanum trioxide or cerium oxide.
5, method according to claim 1 is characterized in that described calcium cpd is calcium oxide, nitrocalcite, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, lime carbonate or Wingdale, calcium hydroxide or calcium acetate.
6, method according to claim 1 is characterized in that described magnesium compound is magnesium oxide, magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, magnesiumcarbonate, sal epsom, magnesium hydroxide or magnesium acetate.
7, method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the add-on of described rare earth compound, calcium cpd and magnesium compound is respectively in Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL) weight: 0.16-1.6%, 1.5-32%, 1.5-32%.
8, method according to claim 1 is characterized in that the add-on of described rare earth compound, calcium cpd and magnesium compound is respectively in Rock Phosphate (72Min BPL) weight: 0.2-1.4%, 1.5-24%, 1.5-24%.
9, method according to claim 1 is characterized in that described nitrogenous fertilizer is ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, bicarbonate of ammonia, ammonium sulfate or urea.
10, method according to claim 1 is characterized in that described potash fertilizer is Repone K, saltpetre, vitriolate of tartar or potassium primary phosphate.
11,, it is characterized in that fertilizer is detritus acid, the peat composed of rotten mosses, garbage tankage, person poultry muck or the compost made of stalks according to the described method of one of claim 1-10.
12, the fertilizer of producing according to the described method of one of claim 1-11 is characterized in that this fertilizer contains in this by weight of fertilizer nitrogen 10-14%, phosphorus (P
2O
5Meter) 8-10%, potassium are (with K
2The O meter) 4-7% and rare earth element (in oxide compound) 0.05%-0.60%.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 99117395 CN1125797C (en) | 1999-11-30 | 1999-11-30 | Fertilizer for desertized land and its production process |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 99117395 CN1125797C (en) | 1999-11-30 | 1999-11-30 | Fertilizer for desertized land and its production process |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1258662A CN1258662A (en) | 2000-07-05 |
| CN1125797C true CN1125797C (en) | 2003-10-29 |
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ID=5280025
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 99117395 Expired - Fee Related CN1125797C (en) | 1999-11-30 | 1999-11-30 | Fertilizer for desertized land and its production process |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN1125797C (en) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103880566A (en) * | 2013-11-04 | 2014-06-25 | 东南大学 | Raw material and method for preparing multi-component composite fertilizer |
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1999
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|---|---|
| CN1258662A (en) | 2000-07-05 |
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