CN112572441A - 控制道路车辆执行静态发车的方法 - Google Patents

控制道路车辆执行静态发车的方法 Download PDF

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CN112572441A
CN112572441A CN202011053607.8A CN202011053607A CN112572441A CN 112572441 A CN112572441 A CN 112572441A CN 202011053607 A CN202011053607 A CN 202011053607A CN 112572441 A CN112572441 A CN 112572441A
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clutch
slip ratio
drive wheel
during
road vehicle
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亚历山德罗·巴罗内
安德烈亚·南尼尼
贾科莫·森塞里尼
斯特凡诺·马尔科尼
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Ferrari SpA
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Ferrari SpA
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F16HGEARING
    • F16H61/00Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing
    • F16H61/02Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing characterised by the signals used
    • F16H61/0202Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing characterised by the signals used the signals being electric
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60WCONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W30/00Purposes of road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub-unit, e.g. of systems using conjoint control of vehicle sub-units
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60W10/00Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
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    • B60W10/04Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units
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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Hydraulic Clutches, Magnetic Clutches, Fluid Clutches, And Fluid Joints (AREA)
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  • Control Of Transmission Device (AREA)

Abstract

一种控制道路车辆(1)执行静态发车的方法,所述控制方法包括以下步骤:在对应的离合器(16A)打开的同时在变速箱(7)中接合档位;逐渐使离合器(16A)闭合,从而使离合器(16A)传递引起至少一对驱动轮(3)旋转的扭矩;确定驱动轮(3)的目标滑移率(ST);周期性地确定驱动轮(3)的实际滑移率(SR);以及基于驱动轮(3)的目标滑移率(ST)与驱动轮(3)的实际滑移率(SR)之间的差异,在离合器(16A)闭合期间连续调节由离合器(16A)传递的扭矩。

Description

控制道路车辆执行静态发车的方法
相关申请的交叉引用
本专利申请要求于2019年9月30日提交的意大利专利申请第102019000017522号的优先权,其全部公开内容通过引用合并于此。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种控制道路车辆执行静态发车(standing start)的方法。
本发明有利地应用在具有双离合器式伺服辅助变速箱的动力传动系统中,在下面的描述中将对此进行明确的引用,而不会因此丧失一般性。
背景技术
具有双离合器式伺服辅助变速箱的动力传动系统包括:一对主轴,它们彼此同轴、彼此独立并且插入到彼此之中;同轴的两个离合器,其各自被设计为将相应的主轴连接至内燃机的驱动轴;以及至少一个副轴,其将运动传递至驱动轮并且可以通过各自限定一个档位的相应的齿轮系耦合至主轴。
在换档期间,当前档位使副轴耦合至一个主轴,而后续档位使副轴耦合至另一个主轴;结果,通过使两个离合器交替(即,通过使与当前档位相关联的离合器打开并且同时使与后续档位相关联的离合器闭合)来进行换档。
存在一种使驾驶员能够执行非常高性能的静态发车的功能(被称为“性能弹射(performance launch)”)。这种也被称为“性能弹射”的功能由驾驶员在道路车辆静止不动时启用(例如,通过按下按钮),并且要求电子控制单元自主地控制内燃机(即,扭矩的产生)和动力传动系统(即,加速时离合器闭合的调节以及后续档位的接合),从而时刻使纵向加速度最大化。特别地,为了启用被称为“性能弹射”的功能,驾驶员必须同时压下制动踏板和加速踏板,并且道路车辆的静态发车在释放制动踏板时开始(在整个操作执行过程中,驾驶员必须保持加速踏板被完全压下)。
静态发车的最复杂且最脆弱的阶段一定是对离合器闭合的调节,因为需要使离合器尽可能快地闭合,但不会导致驱动轮过度滑移(驱动轮的适度滑移是有积极作用的,因为使传递至地面的扭矩最大化)。
被称为“性能弹射”的功能目前需要在离合器闭合阶段期间预先确定要被传递至地面的扭矩值,并且逐渐使离合器闭合从而使离合器不断地传递该预先确定的扭矩值。然而,这种运行模式并不总是确保在每个时刻都使纵向加速度最大化,因为将扭矩传递至地面的实际轮胎能力极易发生变化,使得其无法始终被精确地预测;例如,根据轮胎的磨损状态、轮胎的温度以及路面的温度,同一路面上的同一轮胎可能提供不同的性能。在某些不利条件下这种运行模式传递过大的扭矩,从而决定了驱动轮的过度滑移(与理想性能相比,性能明显变差),而在其他更有利的条件下其传递过小的扭矩(因此不能达到理想的性能)。
专利DE19653855C1、专利申请DE102005051145A1和专利申请DE102010014563A1描述了一种控制道路车辆执行静态发车的方法,在执行期间对将内燃机连接至驱动轮的离合器进行控制,以赋予驱动轮指定的滑移度。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种控制道路车辆执行静态发车的方法,所述方法没有上述缺点,同时实施起来容易且经济。
根据本发明,提供了一种控制道路车辆执行静态发车的方法,所述控制方法包括以下步骤:
在道路车辆的对应的离合器打开的同时在道路车辆的变速箱中接合档位;
逐渐使离合器闭合,从而使离合器传递引起道路车辆的至少一对驱动轮旋转的扭矩;
确定驱动轮的目标滑移率;
周期性地确定驱动轮的实际滑移率;以及
基于驱动轮的目标滑移率与驱动轮的实际滑移率之间的差异,在离合器闭合期间连续调节由离合器传递的扭矩。
所述控制方法的特征在于,在离合器闭合期间将离合器传递的扭矩调节为实现驱动轮的目标滑移率。
所附权利要求描述了本发明的优选实施方式,并且形成了说明书的组成部分。
附图说明
现在将参照示出本发明的非限制性实施方式的附图来描述本发明,其中:
图1是根据本发明的控制方法进行控制的、设置有具有双离合器式伺服辅助变速箱的动力传动系统的后轮驱动道路车辆的示意性平面图;
图2是图1的动力传动系统的示意图;并且
图3是在动力传动系统的控制单元中实施的控制逻辑的框图。
具体实施方式
在图1中,附图标记1总体上表示道路车辆(特别是汽车),其具有两个前从动(即,非驱动)轮2和两个后驱动轮3。在前部位置具有内燃机4,该内燃机4具有驱动轴5,该驱动轴5产生通过动力传动系统6传递至驱动轮3的转矩。动力传动系统6包括设置在后轮驱动组件中的双离合器式伺服辅助变速箱7以及将驱动轴5连接至双离合器式伺服辅助变速箱7的输入端的传动轴8。双离合器式伺服辅助变速箱7以轮系方式连接至自锁差速器9,一对半轴10起始于该自锁差速器9、各自与驱动轮3成一体。
道路车辆1包括:发动机4的控制单元11,其控制发动机4;动力传动系统6的控制单元12,其控制动力传动系统6;以及总线线路13,其例如根据CAN(汽车局域网)协议而制造、扩展到整个道路车辆1并且允许两个控制单元11和12彼此通信。换言之,发动机4的控制单元11和动力传动系统6的控制单元12连接至总线线路13,并因此可以借助于通过总线线路13发送的信息彼此通信。此外,发动机4的控制单元11和动力传动系统6的控制单元12可以通过专用同步电缆14直接彼此连接,该专用同步电缆14能够在没有由总线线路13引起的延迟的情况下直接将信号从动力传动系统6的控制单元12传输到发动机4的控制单元11。替代地,可以不存在同步电缆14,并且两个控制单元11和12之间的所有通信都可以使用总线线路13进行交换。
根据图2,双离合器式伺服辅助变速箱7包括一对主轴15,它们彼此同轴、彼此独立并且插入到彼此之中。此外,双离合器式伺服辅助变速箱7包括同轴的两个离合器16,它们各自被设计为通过传动轴8的介入而将相应的主轴15连接至内燃机4的驱动轴5;每个离合器16都是油浴式离合器,因此是受到压力控制的(即,离合器16的打开/闭合程度由离合器16内的油的压力确定);根据替代实施方式,每个离合器16都是干式离合器,因此是受到位置控制的(即,离合器16的打开/闭合程度由离合器16的可动元件的位置确定)。双离合器式伺服辅助变速箱7包括连接至差速器9的单个副轴17,其将运动传递至驱动轮3;根据替代和等效的实施方式,双离合器式伺服辅助变速箱7包括两个副轴17,它们均连接至差速器9。
双离合器式伺服辅助变速箱7具有用罗马数字表示的七个前进档位(一档I、二档II、三档III、四档IV、五档V、六档VI和七档VII)和倒退档位(用R表示)。主轴15和副轴17通过多个齿轮系彼此机械耦合,每个齿轮系限定相应的档位并且包括固定在主轴15上的主齿轮18和固定在副轴17上的副齿轮19。为了使双离合器式伺服辅助变速箱7正确运行,所有奇数档位(一档I、三档III、五档V、七档VII)都耦合至同一主轴15,而所有偶数档位(二档II、四档IV和六档VI)都耦合至另一个主轴15。
每个主齿轮18通过花键连接至相应的主轴15以便始终与主轴15以一体的方式旋转,并且与相应的副齿轮19永久地啮合;另一方面,每个副齿轮19以空转的方式安装在副轴17上。此外,双离合器式伺服辅助变速箱7包括四个同步器20,它们各自同轴地安装在副轴17上、设置在两个副齿轮19之间并且被设计为被操作为使相应的两个副齿轮19交替固定到副轴17上(即,交替地使相应的两个副齿轮19成角度地与副轴17成为一体)。换言之,每个同步器20可以在一个方向上移动以将一个副齿轮19固定到副轴17上,或者可以在另一个方向上移动以将另一个副齿轮19固定到副轴17上。
双离合器式变速箱7包括连接至差速器9的单个副轴17,其将运动传递至驱动轮3;根据替代和等效的实施方式,双离合器式变速箱7包括均连接至差速器9的两个副轴17。
根据图1,道路车辆1包括容纳用于驾驶员的驾驶位置的乘员舱;驾驶位置包括:座椅(未被示出);方向盘21;加速踏板22;制动踏板23;以及两个拨片换档器24和25,它们控制双离合器式伺服辅助变速箱7并连接至方向盘21的相对两侧。升档拨片换档器24由驾驶员操作(借助于短压力)以请求升档(即,接合比当前档位更高并与当前档位相邻的新档位),而降档拨片换档器25由驾驶员操作(借助于短压力)以请求降档(即,接合比当前档位更低并与当前档位相邻的新档位)。
当道路车辆1静止不动时,驾驶员可以启用(例如,通过按下按钮)一种功能(技术上被称为“性能弹射”),该功能允许非常高性能的静态发车,并且要求动力传动系统6的电子控制单元12自主地控制内燃机4(即,确定由内燃机4产生的扭矩)并控制动力传动系统6(即,加速时离合器16A的闭合的调节以及后续档位的接合),以便时刻使纵向加速度最大化。特别地,为了启用被称为“性能弹射”的功能,驾驶员必须同时压下制动踏板23和加速踏板22,并且道路车辆1的静态发车在释放制动踏板23时开始(在整个操作执行过程中,驾驶员必须保持加速踏板22被完全压下)。
只要压下制动踏板23,道路车辆1就明显静止不动,动力传动系统6的控制单元12使内燃机4相对缓慢地运转(约2000-3000转/分钟),接合用于开始静态发车的一档I,并略微使离合器16A闭合(其接合奇数档位,因此也接合用于开始静态发车的一档I),以便通过离合器16A传递非零的最小扭矩(例如,在4到8Nm的范围内),从而预加载动力传动系统6(即,恢复所有机械间隙)。一旦释放制动踏板23,动力传动系统6的控制单元12就使内燃机4的转速和由内燃机4产生的扭矩增大,同时逐渐使离合器16A闭合从而使离合器16A传递引起两个驱动轮3旋转的扭矩。
特别地,根据图3,动力传动系统6的控制单元12周期性地确定驱动轮3的目标滑移率ST,周期性地确定静态发车期间驱动轮3的实际滑移率SR,然后基于驱动轮3的目标滑移率ST与驱动轮3的实际滑移率SR之间的差异连续调节(改变)离合器16A闭合期间由离合器16A传递的扭矩。优选地,动力传动系统6的控制单元12预先确定(即,在开始静态发车之前)在离合器16A闭合期间由离合器16A传递的扭矩的初始值,然后从该预先确定的初始值开始调节(改变)离合器16A闭合期间由离合器16A传递的扭矩。
换言之,动力传动系统6的控制单元12调节离合器16A闭合期间由离合器16A传递的扭矩,以实现驱动轮3的目标滑移率ST,即,使驱动轮3始终具有目标滑移率ST
显然,如果在相对较长的静态发车期间接合后续档位(例如,二档II,其与所有偶数档一样由离合器16B控制),则动力传动系统6的控制单元12调节离合器16B闭合期间由离合器16B传递的扭矩。
根据图3所示的优选实施方式,动力传动系统6的控制单元12实施反馈控制,以调节离合器16A闭合期间由离合器16A传递的扭矩;在反馈控制中,控制误差εS等于驱动轮3的目标滑移率ST与驱动轮3的实际滑移率SR之间的差异。特别地,反馈控制需要使用减法器框26,其计算实现驱动轮3的目标滑移率ST与驱动轮3的实际滑移率SR之间的差异的控制误差εS,并且还需要使用PID控制器27,其接收作为输入值的控制误差εS并且提供与离合器16A每个时刻传递的实际扭矩对应的控制信号TC作为输出值。
一般而言,由于轮胎的少量滑移允许使轮胎传递至路面的扭矩最大化,因此驱动轮3的目标滑移率ST在0.1至0.2的范围内(但是也可以略有不同)。
根据优选的但非约束性的实施方式,动力传动系统6的控制单元12确定道路车辆1所处的路面的抓地力等级,并基于路面的抓地力等级来确定离合器16A闭合期间由离合器16A传递的扭矩的初始值。一般而言,关于抓地力等级的信息可通过总线线路13获得,因为它是由制动控制单元估算(以已知方式)并共享的。
根据优选的但非约束性的实施方式,动力传动系统6的控制单元12基于路面的抓地力等级来周期性地确定目标滑移率ST(其可能随着道路车辆1移动并因此随着道路车辆1所处的路面变化而连续变化)。根据可行的实施方式,在动力传动系统6的控制单元12中存储有图谱(通常以实验的方式获得),其基于路面的抓地力等级提供驱动轮3的目标滑移率ST;显然,图谱的参数是根据安装在驱动轮3上的轮胎类型来设置的。结果,路面的抓地力等级可以用于确定离合器16A闭合期间由离合器16A传递的扭矩的初始值并确定目标滑移率ST
根据替代实施方式,驱动轮3的目标滑移率ST对于整个静态发车过程保持恒定,并且在静态发车开始之前预先确定。
根据可行实施方式,动力传动系统6的控制单元12在存储器框28中存储前一次静态发车结束时PID控制器27的整体影响的最终值TH,然后借助于加法器框29将前一次静态发车结束时PID控制器27的整体影响的最终值TH与后续静态发车期间由PID控制器27产生的控制信号TC相加。通过将最终值TH与控制信号TC相加而获得的校正后的控制信号TF被用于控制离合器16A。换言之,通过将闭环影响(即,由PID控制器27产生的控制信号TC)与开环影响(即,前一次静态发车结束时PID控制器27的整体影响的最终值TH)相加获得校正后的控制信号TF。以这种方式,在进行了第一(前一次的)静态发车之后,可以学习第一(前一次的)静态发车期间所必需的实际校正量,以便从需要较少校正量的起点发起第二(后续的)静态发车。显然,在第一静态发车期间,最终值TH为零。
应指出的是,由于基于(油的)压力来控制离合器16,因此通过换算表(预先已知)将校正后的控制信号TF转换成对应的压力值。
根据优选实施方式,前一次静态发车结束时PID控制器27的整体影响的最终值TH仅在道路车辆1熄火之前考虑;即,道路车辆1熄火使最终值TH重置(为零)。根据不同的实施方式,仅在自前一次静态发车之后已经经过了指定时间(例如,二十分钟)之后才使最终值TH重置(为零)。
根据不同的实施方式,动力传动系统6的控制单元12存储前一次静态发车的在离合器16A闭合期间由离合器16A传递的扭矩的平均值,并且假设新的发车的扭矩的初始值等于前一次静态发车的在离合器16A闭合期间由离合器16A传递的扭矩的该平均值。在这种情况下,再次地,仅在道路车辆1熄火之前(或者在前一次静态发车起指定时间内)考虑前一次静态发车的在离合器16A闭合期间由离合器16A传递的扭矩的平均值。
根据图3,提供了计算器框30,其通过以下等式计算驱动轮3的实际滑移率SR
SR=(ω32)/ω2
ω2:与道路车辆1的纵向速度对应的转速;
ω3:驱动轮3的转速;
SR:驱动轮3的实际滑移率。
特别地,与道路车辆1的纵向速度对应的转速ω2等于一对非驱动轮2的转速ω2。
即使道路车辆1的动力传动系统6具有单离合器式伺服辅助变速箱,上面公开的内容也可以在没有显著更改的情况下适用。
上述控制方法具有不同的优点。
首先,上述控制方法使驾驶员在静态发车期间始终可以获得最大的加速度而不用考虑实际的周围条件(例如路面温度、轮胎温度、轮胎的磨损状态),因为它总是能够以理想且快速的方式适应周围环境,基于驱动轮3的目标滑移率ST和驱动轮3的实际滑移率SR之间的差异来连续调节离合器16A闭合期间由离合器16A传递的扭矩。
此外,上述控制方法的实施容易且经济,因为执行该方法仅需有限的存储空间和较低的计算能力。
附图标记列表
1 道路车辆
2 前轮
3 后轮
4 发动机
5 驱动轴
6 动力传动系统
7 变速箱
8 传动轴
9 差速器
10 半轴
11 发动机控制单元
12 动力传动系统控制单元
13 总线线路
14 同步电缆
15 主轴
16 离合器
17 副轴
18 主齿轮
19 副齿轮
20 同步器
21 方向盘
22 加速踏板
23 制动踏板
24 升档拨片换档器
25 降档拨片换档器
26 减法器框
27 PID 控制器
28 存储器框
29 加法器框
30 计算器框
ω2 转速
ω3 转速
SR 实际滑移率
ST 目标滑移率
εS 控制误差
TC 控制信号
TH 最终值
TF 校正后的控制信号

Claims (11)

1.一种用于控制道路车辆(1)执行第一静态发车的控制方法,所述控制方法包括以下步骤:
在道路车辆(1)的对应的离合器(16A)打开的同时在道路车辆(1)的变速箱(7)中接合档位;
逐渐使离合器(16A)闭合,从而使离合器(16A)传递引起道路车辆(1)的至少一对驱动轮(3)旋转的扭矩;
确定驱动轮(3)的目标滑移率(ST);
周期性地确定驱动轮(3)的实际滑移率(SR);以及
基于驱动轮(3)的目标滑移率(ST)与驱动轮(3)的实际滑移率(SR)之间的差异,在离合器(16A)闭合期间连续调节由离合器(16A)传递的扭矩;
其特征在于,在离合器(16A)闭合期间将离合器(16A)传递的扭矩调节为实现驱动轮(3)的目标滑移率(ST)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的控制方法,其特征在于,在离合器(16A)闭合期间由离合器(16A)传递的扭矩通过反馈控制来调节,其中控制误差(εS)是驱动轮(3)的目标滑移率(ST)与驱动轮(3)的实际滑移率(SR)之间的差异。
3.根据权利要求2所述的控制方法,其特征在于,在离合器(16A)闭合期间由离合器(16A)传递的扭矩通过PID控制器(27)来调节,所述PID控制器接收控制误差(εS)作为输入值。
4.根据权利要求3所述的控制方法,其特征在于,所述控制方法还包括以下步骤:
对PID控制器(27)在第一静态发车结束时的整体影响的最终值(TH)进行存储;以及
将PID控制器(27)在第一静态发车结束时的整体影响的最终值(TH)与PID控制器(27)在第一静态发车之后的第二静态发车期间生成的控制信号(TC)相加。
5.根据权利要求4所述的控制方法,其特征在于,仅在道路车辆(1)熄火之前考虑PID控制器(27)在第一静态发车结束时的整体影响的最终值(TH)。
6.根据权利要求1所述的控制方法,其特征在于,所述控制方法还包括以下步骤:
对第一静态发车过程中在离合器(16A)闭合期间由离合器(16A)传递的扭矩的平均值进行存储;以及
假设在第一静态发车之后的第二静态发车中扭矩的初始值等于第一静态发车过程中在离合器(16A)闭合期间由离合器(16A)传递的扭矩的平均值。
7.根据权利要求6所述的控制方法,其特征在于,仅在道路车辆(1)熄火之前考虑第一静态发车过程中在离合器(16A)闭合期间由离合器(16A)传递的扭矩的平均值。
8.根据权利要求1所述的控制方法,其特征在于,所述控制方法还包括以下步骤:
确定驱动轮(3)的转速(ω3);
确定与道路车辆(1)的纵向速度对应的转速(ω2);以及
通过以下等式计算驱动轮(3)的实际滑移率(SR):
SR=(ω32)/ω2
其中ω2是与道路车辆(1)的纵向速度对应的转速,ω3是驱动轮(3)的转速,SR是驱动轮(3)的实际滑移率。
9.根据权利要求8所述的控制方法,其特征在于,与道路车辆(1)的纵向速度对应的转速(ω2)等于一对非驱动轮(2)的转速(ω2)。
10.根据权利要求1所述的控制方法,其特征在于,所述控制方法还包括以下步骤:
确定道路车辆(1)所处的路面的抓地力等级;
基于路面的抓地力等级,对离合器(16A)闭合期间由离合器(16A)传递的扭矩的初始值进行存储;以及
基于路面的抓地力等级周期性地确定驱动轮(3)的目标滑移率(ST)。
11.根据权利要求1所述的控制方法,其特征在于,驱动轮(3)的目标滑移率(ST)在0.1至0.2的范围内。
CN202011053607.8A 2019-09-30 2020-09-29 控制道路车辆执行静态发车的方法 Pending CN112572441A (zh)

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