CN112404478A - Self-adaptive drilling device and method for composite material/metal material laminated structure - Google Patents
Self-adaptive drilling device and method for composite material/metal material laminated structure Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN112404478A CN112404478A CN202011221577.7A CN202011221577A CN112404478A CN 112404478 A CN112404478 A CN 112404478A CN 202011221577 A CN202011221577 A CN 202011221577A CN 112404478 A CN112404478 A CN 112404478A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- metal material
- composite material
- laminated structure
- drill bit
- resistance
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23B—TURNING; BORING
- B23B35/00—Methods for boring or drilling, or for working essentially requiring the use of boring or drilling machines; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23B—TURNING; BORING
- B23B49/00—Measuring or gauging equipment on boring machines for positioning or guiding the drill; Devices for indicating failure of drills during boring; Centering devices for holes to be bored
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
- B23Q17/00—Arrangements for observing, indicating or measuring on machine tools
Abstract
The invention discloses a composite material/metal material laminated structure self-adaptive drilling device and a method thereof. The drilling method realizes the identification of the composite material/metal material laminated structure interface, adjusts and optimizes the process parameters when the drill bit enters the metal material, and improves the drilling quality and efficiency of the laminated structure. The invention simplifies the identification process, and avoids the problem of tipping of the drill tip caused by the fact that the drill bit drills a metal material at a high rotating speed due to untimely change of the processing parameters.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of machining and manufacturing, and particularly relates to a composite material/metal material laminated structure self-adaptive drilling device and a method thereof.
Background
The composite material has many excellent properties, such as high specific strength and specific stiffness, high corrosion resistance, low expansion coefficient, and the like. At present, the use amount of the composite material becomes an important mark of the advancement of airplanes and even the advancement of the aerospace field. In aircraft construction, composite materials are often used with metallic materials (e.g., titanium alloys, aluminum alloys, stainless steel) to achieve lighter overall structural weight, better structural strength, and fuel economy.
Bolt connection and riveting are the most common means of connecting components in aircraft assembly, and the mechanical connection method requires a large number of assembly holes to be prepared, so that the preparation of the assembly holes becomes one of important tasks in aircraft assembly. In order to improve the production efficiency and the hole diameter accuracy, a drill is usually used to drill holes in a laminated structure in one drilling operation. However, due to the great difference in the material characteristics, the processing parameters of the composite material and the metal material are also greatly different, and the processing parameters must be adjusted in time according to the position of the drill in the workpiece in the drilling process, otherwise, the drill bit can cause the problem of tipping of the drill tip when drilling the metal material at a high rotating speed.
Patent CN 108723428A, "a laminated material online variable parameter hole making method based on motor current", specifically describes a processing method for current signals, kalman filtering filters extracted current, filters current signals from external interference and internal noise of equipment during acquisition and transmission, and then performs discrete integral processing on the filtered current value, and determines the current hole making stage in real time by using a comparison value between an integral difference and a threshold as a parameter. Although the processing parameters are changed, the method additionally requires filtering processing, and the complexity of the method is increased.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is as follows: the invention aims to provide a composite material/metal material laminated structure self-adaptive drilling device and a method thereof, which solve the problem that in the existing laminated structure drilling, the machining parameters of a drill bit are not changed, so that the drill bit drills a metal material under the condition of high rotating speed, and the drill tip is broken.
The technical scheme is as follows: the invention discloses a composite material/metal material laminated structure self-adaptive drilling device which comprises a machine tool, wherein a tool shank is fixedly installed on the machine tool, a drill bit is clamped on the tool shank, the drill bit drills other materials, composite materials and metal materials, the metal materials are connected with a resistance detection device through a lead, the machine tool, the tool shank, the drill bit, the other materials, the composite materials, the metal materials and the resistance detection device are connected through conductive wires to form a resistance measurement loop, the resistance detection device is connected with a controller through a lead, and the controller is connected with a PLC (programmable logic controller) processor of the machine tool through a lead.
Further, the composite material is a low conductivity fiber reinforced or particle reinforced composite material.
Further, the metal material is a high-conductivity titanium alloy, stainless steel or aluminum alloy material.
The invention also comprises a self-adaptive drilling method of the composite material/metal material laminated structure, which comprises the following steps:
(1) when a drill bit arranged on a machine tool is used for drilling a laminated structure of a composite material and a metal material, a resistance value in a resistance measurement loop is detected at any time through a resistance detection device;
(2) the resistance detection device transmits the resistance value signal to the controller, and the controller judges the resistance value signal so as to identify the interface of the composite material/metal material laminated structure;
(3) after the drill bit is identified to reach the interface of the laminated structure, the controller sends preset machining technological parameters to the PLC of the machine tool, and the PLC of the machine tool sends instructions to change the machining parameters, so that the technological parameter adjustment and optimization of the laminated structure of the composite material/metal material are realized.
Further, the judgment in the step (2) is as follows: when the drill bit drills in the composite material, the composite material is a fiber reinforced or particle reinforced composite material with low conductivity, so that the resistance value in the whole resistance measurement loop is extremely large, and when the controller obtains a resistance value signal with the extremely large resistance value transmitted by the resistance detection device, the fact that the drill bit does not reach the interface of the composite material/metal material laminated structure is identified, and the processing technological parameters are unchanged; when the drill bit drills at the interface of the composite material/metal material laminated structure, the drill bit is in contact with the metal material, and the metal material is a high-conductivity titanium alloy, stainless steel or aluminum alloy material, so that the resistance value in the whole resistance measurement loop is extremely small, when the controller obtains a resistance value signal which is transmitted by the resistance detection device and is extremely small, the fact that the drill bit reaches the interface of the composite material/metal material laminated structure is identified, and the controller sends preset machining process parameters to the PLC of the machine tool.
Has the advantages that: the invention realizes the identification of the composite material/metal material laminated structure interface, and the adjustment and optimization of the process parameters are carried out when the drill bit enters the metal material, thereby improving the drilling quality and efficiency of the laminated structure; compared with the existing current-based laminated structure identification interface mode, the current-based laminated structure identification interface mode has the advantages that because the resistance difference between the composite material and the metal material is large, the signal processing of the invention can be directly used for signal judgment without additional filtering processing, the identification process is simplified, and the problem of drill tip tipping caused by the fact that a drill bit drills the metal material at a high rotating speed due to untimely change of processing parameters is avoided.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an adaptive drilling apparatus according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of the adaptive drilling of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the following figures and examples:
as shown in fig. 1 and 2, the composite material/metal material laminated structure self-adaptive drilling device comprises a machine tool 1, wherein a tool shank 2 is fixedly arranged on the machine tool 1, a drill bit 3 is clamped on the tool shank 2, and the drill bit 3 is used for drilling other materials 4, composite materials 5 and metal materials 6; the composite material 5 is a resin-based, ceramic-based and other low-conductivity fiber-reinforced or particle-reinforced composite material, the metal material 6 is a high-conductivity titanium alloy, stainless steel or aluminum alloy and other materials, and the difference between the conductivities of the composite material 5 and the metal material 6 is large, as shown in table 1:
TABLE 1 conductivity of the components in the laminate
The metal material 6 is connected with the resistance detection device 7 through a lead, the machine tool 1, the tool shank 2, the drill bit 3, the other materials 4, the composite material 5, the metal material 6 and the resistance detection device 7 are connected through a lead wire to form a resistance measurement loop, the resistance detection device 7 is connected with the controller 8 through a lead wire, the controller 8 is connected with the PLC processor 9 of the machine tool 1 through a lead wire, and the PLC processor 9 of the machine tool 1 sends instructions to carry out the conversion of processing parameters;
the machine tool 1 and the metal material 6 are good electrical conductors and therefore have a small total resistance, while the composite material 5 is a poor electrical conductor and therefore has a resistance significantly higher than the sum of the resistances of the machine tool 1 and the metal material 6. When the drilling process passes through the interface A of the composite material 5 and the metal material 6, the resistance value signal monitored by the resistance monitoring device 7 is obviously changed, the controller 8 judges the resistance value signal, and then the processing technological parameters are adjusted, so that the problem of drill tip tipping caused by the fact that the drill bit drills the metal material under the condition of high rotating speed is avoided, and the metal material 6 obtains the optimal processing surface quality.
The other material 4 may be a single layer, a double layer or a multilayer material, such as titanium alloy/stainless steel/aluminum alloy, etc.; meanwhile, the method is not only suitable for adjusting the single-layer interface A, but also suitable for adjusting the parameters of the self-adaptive processing technology of the laminated material with the composite material 5/metal material 6 multi-interface (more than 2).
The invention also comprises a self-adaptive drilling method of the composite material/metal material laminated structure, which comprises the following steps:
(1) when a drill 3 arranged on a machine tool 1 is used for drilling a laminated structure of a composite material 5 and a metal material 6, a resistance value in a resistance measurement loop is detected at any time through a resistance detection device 7; total resistance value R of resistance measuring loopGeneral assemblyThe machine tool resistance value R can comprise the following three partsMachine toolResistance value R of composite material plateComposite materialResistance R of the metal plateMetal；
(2) The resistance detection device 7 transmits the resistance value signal to the controller 8, and the controller 8 judges the resistance value signal so as to identify the interface A of the laminated structure of the composite material 5/the metal material 6;
wherein the controller 8 determines as follows: when the drill bit 3 drills a hole in the composite material 5, since the composite material 5 is a fiber-reinforced or particle-reinforced composite material with low conductivity, the resistance value in the whole resistance measurement loop is extremely large, and the resistance value detected by the resistance detection device 7 is:
Rgeneral assembly＝RMachine tool+RComposite material+RMetal；
When the controller 8 obtains a resistance value signal with a great resistance value transmitted by the resistance detection device 7, the fact that the drill bit 3 does not reach the interface A of the laminated structure of the composite material 5/the metal material 6 is identified, and the processing technological parameters are unchanged;
when the drill 3 drills at the interface a of the composite material 5/metal material 6 laminated structure, since the drill 3 is already in contact with the metal material 6, the metal material 6 is a titanium alloy, stainless steel or aluminum alloy material with high conductivity, so that the resistance value in the whole resistance measurement loop is extremely small, and the resistance value detected by the resistance detection device 7 is:
Rˊgeneral assembly＝RMachine tool+RMetal；
When the controller 8 obtains a resistance value signal with a very small resistance value transmitted by the resistance detection device 7, the fact that the drill bit 3 reaches the interface A of the laminated structure of the composite material 5/the metal material 6 is recognized, and the controller 8 sends preset machining process parameters to the PLC processor 9 of the machine tool 1; the invention uses R immediatelyGeneral assemblyAnd RGeneral assemblyThe difference between the two is that the time when the drill bit 3 penetrates the composite material 5 to reach the metal material 6 is judged;
(3) after recognizing that the drill 3 has reached the interface a of the laminated structure, the controller 8 sends the preset machining process parameters to the PLC processor 9 of the machine tool 1, and the PLC processor 9 of the machine tool 1 sends instructions to perform the conversion of the machining parameters, thereby realizing the adjustment and optimization of the process parameters of the laminated structure of the composite material 5/the metal material 6.
The invention can monitor the processing state of the composite material 5/metal material 6 laminated structure, and can also monitor the processing state of the composite material 5/metal material 6/composite material 5 laminated structure, the composite material 5/metal material 6/composite material 5/metal material 6 laminated structure and other multilayer laminated structures; compared with the existing current-based laminated structure identification interface mode, the composite material 5 and the metal material 6 have huge resistance difference, and the resistance signal processing can be directly used for signal judgment without additional filtering processing, so that the identification process is simplified, and the problem of tipping of the drill tip caused by drilling the metal material under the condition of high rotating speed of the drill bit is avoided.
Claims (5)
1. A self-adaptive drilling device for a composite material/metal material laminated structure is characterized in that: the electric resistance measuring machine comprises a machine tool, fixed mounting has the handle of a knife on the machine tool, the drill bit is accompany to the dress on the handle of a knife, the drill bit is to other materials, combined material and metal material processing of driling, metal material passes through the wire and is connected with resistance detection device, lathe, handle of a knife, drill bit, other materials, combined material, metal material and resistance detection device are connected by the conductor wire and constitute resistance measurement return circuit, resistance detection device passes through the wire and is connected with the controller, the controller passes through the wire and is connected with the PLC treater of lathe.
2. The composite material/metal material laminated structure self-adaptive drilling device according to claim 1, wherein: the composite material is a low conductivity fiber reinforced or particle reinforced composite material.
3. The composite material/metal material laminated structure self-adaptive drilling device according to claim 1, wherein: the metal material is a high-conductivity titanium alloy, stainless steel or aluminum alloy material.
4. A self-adaptive drilling method for a composite material/metal material laminated structure is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) when a drill bit arranged on a machine tool is used for drilling a laminated structure of a composite material and a metal material, a resistance value in a resistance measurement loop is detected at any time through a resistance detection device;
(2) the resistance detection device transmits the resistance value signal to the controller, and the controller judges the resistance value signal so as to identify the interface of the composite material/metal material laminated structure;
(3) after the drill bit is identified to reach the interface of the laminated structure, the controller sends preset machining technological parameters to the PLC of the machine tool, and the PLC of the machine tool sends instructions to change the machining parameters, so that the technological parameter adjustment and optimization of the laminated structure of the composite material/metal material are realized.
5. The adaptive drilling method for the composite material/metal material laminated structure according to claim 4, wherein the adaptive drilling method comprises the following steps: the judgment in the step (2) is as follows: when the drill bit drills in the composite material, the composite material is a fiber reinforced or particle reinforced composite material with low conductivity, so that the resistance value in the whole resistance measurement loop is extremely large, and when the controller obtains a resistance value signal with the extremely large resistance value transmitted by the resistance detection device, the fact that the drill bit does not reach the interface of the composite material/metal material laminated structure is identified, and the processing technological parameters are unchanged; when the drill bit drills at the interface of the composite material/metal material laminated structure, the drill bit is in contact with the metal material, and the metal material is a high-conductivity titanium alloy, stainless steel or aluminum alloy material, so that the resistance value in the whole resistance measurement loop is extremely small, when the controller obtains a resistance value signal which is transmitted by the resistance detection device and is extremely small, the fact that the drill bit reaches the interface of the composite material/metal material laminated structure is identified, and the controller sends preset machining process parameters to the PLC of the machine tool.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202011221577.7A CN112404478B (en) | 2020-11-05 | 2020-11-05 | Self-adaptive drilling device and method for composite material/metal material laminated structure |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202011221577.7A CN112404478B (en) | 2020-11-05 | 2020-11-05 | Self-adaptive drilling device and method for composite material/metal material laminated structure |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN112404478A true CN112404478A (en) | 2021-02-26 |
| CN112404478B CN112404478B (en) | 2021-10-01 |
Family
ID=74828597
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202011221577.7A Active CN112404478B (en) | 2020-11-05 | 2020-11-05 | Self-adaptive drilling device and method for composite material/metal material laminated structure |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN112404478B (en) |
Citations (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101932199A (en) * | 2009-06-23 | 2010-12-29 | 日立比亚机械股份有限公司 | The perforate processing method of printed base plate |
| DE102011103636A1 (en) * | 2011-06-08 | 2012-12-13 | Iml Instrumenta Mechanik Labor Gmbh | Drilling gauge and needle changer cartridge |
| CN203446096U (en) * | 2013-07-04 | 2014-02-19 | 深圳市五株科技股份有限公司 | Multilayer circuit board and drilling depth testing circuit thereof |
| CN104759658A (en) * | 2015-02-11 | 2015-07-08 | 南京航空航天大学 | Aviation lamination material variable-parameter adaptive hole drilling system and method |
| CN205254191U (en) * | 2015-09-30 | 2016-05-25 | 奥特斯(中国)有限公司 | Device carrier brill, device carrier and electron device of drilling in device carrier |
| CN106403878A (en) * | 2016-06-15 | 2017-02-15 | 沈阳飞机工业（集团）有限公司 | Gap measurement device and method between layered material aperture-making layers |
| CN107262761A (en) * | 2017-06-27 | 2017-10-20 | 南京航空航天大学 | A kind of vibration drilling device and processing method |
| CN107900417A (en) * | 2017-12-18 | 2018-04-13 | 北京五木家具有限公司 | A kind of hinge puncher that can accurately control drilling depth |
| CN108161569A (en) * | 2017-12-25 | 2018-06-15 | 上海中船三井造船柴油机有限公司 | For the tool guard of depth drill |
| CN108723428A (en) * | 2018-05-25 | 2018-11-02 | 南京航空航天大学 | A kind of online variable element method for drilling of laminated material based on current of electric |
| CN110344005A (en) * | 2019-07-05 | 2019-10-18 | 南京航空航天大学 | A kind of micro- stack TiN-TiAlSiN of TA15 titanium alloy surface high-temperature wearable and the preparation method and application thereof |
| CN110883355A (en) * | 2019-12-02 | 2020-03-17 | 大连理工大学 | Experimental device for drilling of laminated structure |
| CN111112679A (en) * | 2019-12-23 | 2020-05-08 | 北京理工大学 | Ultrasonic vibration drilling control method and device |
| JP2020146777A (en) * | 2019-03-12 | 2020-09-17 | 三菱マテリアル株式会社 | Surface-coated cutting tool exerting excellent chipping resistance and wear resistance in heavy-load cutting process |
-
2020
- 2020-11-05 CN CN202011221577.7A patent/CN112404478B/en active Active
Patent Citations (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101932199A (en) * | 2009-06-23 | 2010-12-29 | 日立比亚机械股份有限公司 | The perforate processing method of printed base plate |
| DE102011103636A1 (en) * | 2011-06-08 | 2012-12-13 | Iml Instrumenta Mechanik Labor Gmbh | Drilling gauge and needle changer cartridge |
| CN203446096U (en) * | 2013-07-04 | 2014-02-19 | 深圳市五株科技股份有限公司 | Multilayer circuit board and drilling depth testing circuit thereof |
| CN104759658A (en) * | 2015-02-11 | 2015-07-08 | 南京航空航天大学 | Aviation lamination material variable-parameter adaptive hole drilling system and method |
| CN205254191U (en) * | 2015-09-30 | 2016-05-25 | 奥特斯(中国)有限公司 | Device carrier brill, device carrier and electron device of drilling in device carrier |
| CN106403878A (en) * | 2016-06-15 | 2017-02-15 | 沈阳飞机工业（集团）有限公司 | Gap measurement device and method between layered material aperture-making layers |
| CN107262761A (en) * | 2017-06-27 | 2017-10-20 | 南京航空航天大学 | A kind of vibration drilling device and processing method |
| CN107900417A (en) * | 2017-12-18 | 2018-04-13 | 北京五木家具有限公司 | A kind of hinge puncher that can accurately control drilling depth |
| CN108161569A (en) * | 2017-12-25 | 2018-06-15 | 上海中船三井造船柴油机有限公司 | For the tool guard of depth drill |
| CN108723428A (en) * | 2018-05-25 | 2018-11-02 | 南京航空航天大学 | A kind of online variable element method for drilling of laminated material based on current of electric |
| JP2020146777A (en) * | 2019-03-12 | 2020-09-17 | 三菱マテリアル株式会社 | Surface-coated cutting tool exerting excellent chipping resistance and wear resistance in heavy-load cutting process |
| CN110344005A (en) * | 2019-07-05 | 2019-10-18 | 南京航空航天大学 | A kind of micro- stack TiN-TiAlSiN of TA15 titanium alloy surface high-temperature wearable and the preparation method and application thereof |
| CN110883355A (en) * | 2019-12-02 | 2020-03-17 | 大连理工大学 | Experimental device for drilling of laminated structure |
| CN111112679A (en) * | 2019-12-23 | 2020-05-08 | 北京理工大学 | Ultrasonic vibration drilling control method and device |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 田林山: "航空叠层材料精密制孔控制技术", 《中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库》 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN112404478B (en) | 2021-10-01 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN113084593B (en) | Laminated component variable parameter hole making method based on equivalent impedance of vibration device | |
| CN101352858A (en) | Back drilling method of PCB plate | |
| CN104289738A (en) | Laminated structure hole manufacturing online monitoring self-adaptive machining method | |
| JP2017505541A (en) | Method for forming plated through hole having high aspect ratio and method for removing stub in printed circuit board with high accuracy | |
| CN101861055B (en) | Method of PCB board processing technology | |
| CN112404478B (en) | Self-adaptive drilling device and method for composite material/metal material laminated structure | |
| CN108723428B (en) | Laminated material online variable parameter hole making method based on motor current | |
| CN106132115A (en) | A kind of method controlling the back drill degree of depth | |
| Vijaan et al. | Comparison of coated and uncoated carbide drill bits for drilling titanium grade 2 material | |
| CN106671429B (en) | Non-rivet riveting device and method between dissimilar materials based on hot melting principle | |
| CN103521864B (en) | Fine group's line electrode living broadcast and wire electrochemical micro-machining method | |
| Manikandan et al. | Multi response optimization of electrochemical drilling of titanium Ti6Al4V alloy using Taguchi based grey relational analysis | |
| CN105392303A (en) | Slotted hole electroless copper planting process of PI resin sheet material of high-density laminated board | |
| KR20110117255A (en) | Metal foil with electric resistance film and production method therefor | |
| CN112548676A (en) | Self-adaptive monitoring method for vibration drilling state of laminated material | |
| CN106216735B (en) | A kind of operating method of numerically controlled drill system and numerically controlled drill | |
| CN211305117U (en) | Clamping device for linear cutting machining of blisk | |
| CN219106711U (en) | Brush holder with punching and riveting structure | |
| CN111482629A (en) | Portable semi-automatic hole making equipment and hole making method | |
| CN102554303A (en) | Blind hole machining method for pre-bonded metal substrate | |
| CN211824946U (en) | Fatigue-resistant detection clamp for aircraft engine blade | |
| CN106777733B (en) | Drilling method for CFRP and titanium alloy laminated structure | |
| CN112705751B (en) | Self-adaptive vibration hole making method for robot | |
| CN112140229B (en) | Back drilling tool and preparation method thereof | |
| Kachhapa et al. | Process optimization and comparative analysis of EDM and EDD process in machining Al6063/10% SiC metal matrix composites |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |