CN112385051A - 具有银纳米粒子电极的图像传感器 - Google Patents

具有银纳米粒子电极的图像传感器 Download PDF

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CN112385051A
CN112385051A CN201880095337.1A CN201880095337A CN112385051A CN 112385051 A CN112385051 A CN 112385051A CN 201880095337 A CN201880095337 A CN 201880095337A CN 112385051 A CN112385051 A CN 112385051A
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曹培炎
刘雨润
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Shenzhen Xpectvision Technology Co Ltd
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Abstract

本文公开一种装置,其包括:雪崩光电二极管(APD)(350)阵列或包含诸如CdZnTe单晶或CdTe单晶的半导体单晶(406)的吸收区(210,310)。所述装置可被配置成吸收入射在所述APD(350)或所述半导体单晶(406)的吸收区(210,310)域上的辐射粒子并产生电荷载流子。所述装置可包括电极(301,304,419A,419B,501),其包括银纳米粒子(322,422,522)并且被电连接到所述APD(350)或所述半导体单晶(406)的吸收区(210,310)。对于所述APD(350),所述APD(350)中的每个可包括放大区(220,320),其可以包括结(315),在所述结(315)中有电场。所述电场可以具有足以引起进入所述放大区(220,320)的电荷载流子雪崩的值,但不足以使雪崩自维持。所述APD(350)的结(315)可以是离散的。

Description

具有银纳米粒子电极的图像传感器
【技术领域】
本公开涉及图像传感器,特别涉及具有银纳米粒子电极的图像传感器。
【背景技术】
图像传感器或成像传感器是能够检测辐射的空间强度分布的传感器。所述辐射可以是诸如红外光,可见光,紫外光,X射线或γ射线的电磁辐射。辐射可以是其它类型,诸如α射线和β射线。所述辐射可以是与对象交互作用的辐射。例如,由图像传感器测量的辐射可以是从对象穿透或反射的辐射。
图像传感器通常通过电信号表示被检测的图像。基于半导体器件的图像传感器可分为若干类型:包括半导体电荷耦合器件(CCD)、互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)、N型金属氧化物半导体(NMOS)。CMOS图像传感器是使用CMOS半导体工艺制成的一类有源像素传感器。CMOS图像传感器中的像素上入射的光被转换成电压。电压被数字化为代表那个像素上入射的光的强度的离散值。有源像素传感器(APS)是图像传感器,其包括具有光电检测器和有源放大器的像素。CCD图像传感器包括像素中的电容器。当光入射在像素上时,光产生电荷并且这些电荷存储在电容器中。被存储的电荷转换成电压并且电压被数字化为代表那个像素上入射的光的强度的离散值。
【发明内容】
本文公开一种装置,其包括:雪崩光电二极管(APD)阵列,所述APD中的每个包括吸收区、电极和第一放大区;其中所述吸收区被配置为从吸收区吸收的光子产生电荷载流子;其中所述电极包括银纳米粒子并且被电连接到所述吸收区;其中所述第一放大区包括结,在所述结中具有电场;其中所述电场的值足以引起进入所述第一放大区域的电荷载流子雪崩,但不足以使雪崩自维持;所述APD的结是离散的。
根据实施例,所述APD的每个还包括在所述吸收区和所述电极之间的第二放大区,其中,所述第一放大区和所述第二放大区位于所述吸收区的相对侧。
根据实施例,所述银纳米粒子包括银纳米线。
根据实施例,所述银纳米粒子的数密度高于所述银纳米粒子的电渗滤阈值。
根据实施例,所述电极还包括与所述银纳米粒子的部分电接触的导电垫。
根据实施例,所述电极是由APD阵列的吸收区共享的公共电极。
根据实施例,所述电极还包括银纳米粒子上的涂层。
根据实施例,所述光子是软X射线光子。
根据实施例,所述吸收区域具有10微米或以上的厚度。
根据实施例,所述吸收区包括硅。
根据实施例,所述吸收区中的电场没有高到足以引起所述吸收区中的雪崩效应。
根据实施例,所述吸收区是具有小于1012掺杂剂/cm3的掺杂水平的本征半导体或半导体。
根据实施例,所述APD的至少一些的吸收区被结合在一起。
根据实施例,所述APD的第一放大区是离散的。
根据实施例,所述结是p-n结或异质结。
根据实施例,所述结包括第一层和第二层,其中所述第一层为掺杂半导体并且所述第二层为重掺杂半导体。
根据实施例,所述第一层具有1013至1017掺杂物/cm3的掺杂水平。
根据实施例,所述APD中的至少一些的第一层被结合在一起。
根据实施例,结与相邻结由所述吸收区的材料、所述第一或第二层的材料、绝缘体材料、或掺杂半导体的保护环分离。
根据实施例,所述保护环是与所述第二层掺杂类型相同的掺杂半导体并且所述保护环不重掺杂。
根据实施例,所述结还包括第三层,其被夹在第一和第二层之间;其中所述第三层包括本征半导体。
根据实施例,所述APD的至少一些的第三层被结合在一起。
本文公开一种装置,其包括:基板;在所述基板中的凹部中的半导体单晶;所述半导体单晶上的电极;其中所述装置被配置为吸收入射到所述半导体单晶上的辐射粒子并产生电荷载流子;其中所述电极包括银纳米粒子并被电连接到所述半导体单晶。
根据实施例,所述银纳米粒子是银纳米线。
根据实施例,所述银纳米粒子的数密度高于所述银纳米粒子的电渗滤阈值。
根据实施例,所述电极还包括与所述银纳米粒子的部分电接触的导电垫。
根个实施例,所述电极还包括所述银纳米粒子上的涂层。
根据实施例,所述半导体单晶是CdZnTe单晶或CdTe单晶。
根据实施例,所述基板包括硅,锗,GaAs或其组合
根据实施例,所述半导体单晶的表面和所述基板的表面是同延的。
根据实施例,所述装置还包括与所述半导体单晶电接触的另一电极;电子层,其被结合到所述基板,所述电子层包括电子系统,所述电子系统被配置为处理由其它电极收集的电荷载流子产生的电信号。
根据实施例,所述电子系统包括电压比较器,所述电压比较器被配置为将所述电极的电压与第一阈值进行比较;计数器,其被配置为记录由所述基板吸收的辐射粒子数;控制器;电压表;其中所述控制器被配置为当所述电压比较器确定电压的绝对值等于或超过所述第一阈值的绝对值的时刻开始时间延迟;其中所述控制器被配置为使所述电压表在所述时间延迟期满时测量电压;其中,所述控制器被配置为通过将由所述电压表测量的电压除以单个辐射粒子在其它电极上引起的的电压来确定辐射粒子的数量;其中,所述控制器被配置为使由所述计数器记录的数字增加,所增加的幅度为辐射粒子数。
本文公开一种系统,其包括上述装置中的任一个以及X射线源,其中所述系统被配置成使得所述装置使用穿透物体、来自所述X射线源的X射线来形成物体的图像。
【附图说明】
图1示意性地示出:当APD处于线性模式时APD中的电流作为入射到APD上的光的强度的函数,以及当APD处于Geiger模式时入射到APD上的光的强度的函数。
图2A,图2B和图2C示意性地示出根据实施例的APD的操作。
图3A示意性地示出:根据实施例,基于APD阵列的图像传感器的横截面。
图3B和图3C示意性地示出:根据实施例,包括银纳米粒子的电极的透视图。
图3D示出图3A的图像传感器的变体。
图3E示出图3A的图像传感器的变体。
图3F示出图3A的图像传感器的变体。
图4A示意性地示出根据实施例的图像传感器的详细横截面视图。
图4B示意性地示出根据实施例的图4A中的辐射吸收层的俯视图。
图5示意性地示出根据实施例的形成电极的过程。
图6示意性地示出包括本文所述的图像传感器的系统。
图7示意性地示出X射线计算机断层扫描(X射线CT)系统
图8示意性地示出了X射线显微镜。
【具体实施方式】
雪崩光电二极管(APD)是使用雪崩效应在暴露于光时产生电流的光电二极管。雪崩效应是这样的过程,其中材料中的自由电荷载流子经受电场的强加速并且随后与材料的其它原子相碰,由此使它们电离(碰撞电离)并且释放额外电荷载流子,其加速并且与另外的原子相碰,释放更多电荷载流子-连锁反应。碰撞电离是材料中一个高能载流子可以通过创建其它电荷载流子而失去能量所凭藉的过程。例如,在半导体中,具有足够动能的电子(或空穴)可以将束缚电子撞出它的束缚态(在价带中)并且使它提升到处于导带中的状态,从而创建电子-空穴对。
APD可采用Geiger模式或线性模式工作。当APD采用Geiger模式工作时,它可叫作单光子雪崩二极管(SPAD)(也称为Geiger模式APD或G-APD)。SPAD是在高于击穿电压的反向偏压下工作的APD。在这里单词“高于”意指反向偏压的绝对值大于击穿电压的绝对值。SPAD可用于检测低强度光(例如,下至单个光子)并且信号具有几十皮秒抖动的光子的达到时间。SPAD在高于p-n结的击穿电压的反向偏压(即,p-n结的p型区被偏置在比n型区还低的电势)下采用p-n结的形式。p-n结的击穿电压是这样的反向偏压,高于该反向偏压时p-n结中的电流出现指数增加。因为APD中的电流与APD上入射的光的强度成比例,在低于击穿电压的反向偏压工作的APD采用线性模式操作。
图1示意示出在APD采用线性模式操作时APD中的电流作为APD上入射的光的强度的函数112,以及在APD采用Geiger模式操作时(即,当APD是SPAD时)APD上入射光的强度的函数111。在Geiger模式中,电流示出随着光强度非常急剧增加并且然后饱和。在线性模式中,电流基本上与光的强度成比例。
图2A、图2B和图2C示意示出根据实施例的APD的操作。图2A示出在光子(例如,X射线光子)被吸收区210吸收时,可产生多个(对于X射线光子,100至10000个)电子-空穴对。吸收区210具有足够厚度并且从而对于入射光子具有足够吸收率(例如,>80%或>90%)。对于软X射线光子,吸收区210可以是具有10微米或以上厚度的硅层。吸收区210中的电场未高到足以在吸收区210中导致雪崩效应。图2B示出在吸收区210中电子和空穴沿相反方向的漂移。图2C示出在电子(或空穴)进入放大区220时在放大区220中出现雪崩效应,由此产生更多电子和空穴。放大区220中的电场高到足以导致进入放大区220的电荷载流子雪崩但并未高到导致雪崩效应自持。自持雪崩是在外部触发(例如APD上入射的光子或漂移到APD内的电荷载流子)消失后继续存在的雪崩。放大区220中的电场可以是放大区220中的掺杂分布的结果。例如,放大区220可包括p-n结或异质结,其在它的耗尽区中具有电场。对于雪崩效应的阈值电场(即,高于该阈值电场出现雪崩效应并且低于该阈值电场则不出现雪崩效应)是放大区220的材料的特性。放大区220可以在吸收区210的一个或两个相对侧上。
图3A示意示出基于APD 350的阵列的图像传感器300的横截面。APD 350的每个可具有吸收区310和第一放大区320(作为图2A、图2B和图2C中示出的例子),以及电极301。图像传感器300中的APD 350中的至少一些或全部可使它们的吸收区310结合在一起。即,图像传感器300可具有被结合的吸收区310(以吸收层311的形式),其在APD 350中的至少一些或全部中被共用。APD 350的第一放大区320是离散区。即,APD 350的第一放大区320未被结合在一起。电极301被电连接至吸收区310。APD 350的至少一些或全部的电极301可被结合在一起。在实施例中,电极301可以是被APD 350的吸收区310共享的公共电极。图像传感器300可还包括重掺杂层302,其被安置在相对于第一放大区320的吸收区310上,并且电极301可在重掺杂层302上。APD 350的至少一些或全部的电极301可被结合在一起。APD 350的至少一些或全部的重掺杂层302可被结合在一起。在实施例中,APD 350的每个还包括第二放大区,其在吸收区310和电极301之间。
图像传感器300可进一步包括分别与APD 350的层313电接触的电极304。电极304配置成收集流过APD 350的电流。
图像传感器300可还包括钝化材料303,其配置成使APD 350的吸收区310和层313的表面钝化以减少在这些表面处的重组。
在实施例中,吸收层311可采用半导体晶圆的形式,例如硅晶圆。吸收区310可以是本征半导体或极轻掺杂半导体(例如,<1012掺杂剂/cm3、<1011掺杂剂/cm3、<1010掺杂剂/cm3、<109掺杂剂/cm3),其具有足够厚度并且从而对于感兴趣的入射光子(例如,X射线光子)具有足够吸收率(例如,>80%或>90%)。第一放大区320可具有由至少两个层312和313形成的结315。结315可以是p-n结的异质结。在实施例中,层312是p型半导体(例如,硅)并且层313是重掺杂n型层(例如,硅)。短语“重掺杂”不是程度术语。重掺杂半导体具有与金属相当的电导率并且展现基本上线性正导热系数。在重掺杂半导体中,掺杂剂能级被并入能带。重掺杂半导体也叫作简并半导体。层312可具有1013至1017掺杂剂/cm3的掺杂水平。层313可具有1018掺杂剂/cm3或以上的掺杂水平。层312和313可通过外延生长、掺杂剂注入或掺杂剂扩散来形成。可以选择层312和313的带结构和掺杂水平使得结315的耗尽区电场大于层312和313的材料中电子(或空穴)的雪崩效应的阈值电场,但未高到导致自持雪崩。即,结315的耗尽区电场应在吸收区310中当存在入射光子时导致雪崩,但雪崩在吸收区310中没有进一步的入射光子的情况下应停止。
APD 350的结315应是离散的,即APD 350中的一个的结315不应与APD中的另一个的结315结合。在APD 350的结315中的一个处的放大的电荷载流子不应与结315中的另一个共用。APD 350中一个的结315可通过缠绕结的吸收区的材料、通过缠绕结的层312或313的材料、通过缠绕结的绝缘体材料或通过掺杂半导体的保护环而与相邻APD的结315分离。如在图3A中示出的,APD 350中的每个的层312可是离散的,即未与APD 350中的另一个的层312结合;APD 350中的每个的层313可以是离散的,即未与APD中的另一个的层313结合。
电极301可以包括如图3B和图3C所示的银纳米粒子322。银纳米粒子322可以具有高于电极301中银纳米粒子322的电渗滤阈值的数密度。电渗滤阈值是银纳米粒子322的临界数密度。高于此值,电极301的银纳米粒子322可以彼此接触并形成允许电荷载流子流过的导电通路。在实施例中,银纳米粒子322可以包括银纳米线,并且银纳米线可以形成如图3B和图3C所示的导电网络。银纳米粒子322可以与吸收区310或重掺杂层302形成电触点(例如,欧姆接触)。电极301可以进一步包括导电垫324,其与银纳米粒子322的部分电接触。银纳米粒子322可具有各种几何图形,尺寸,形状或纵横比(例如,不同维度中银纳米粒子的尺寸的比率)。例如,图3B和图3C中的银纳米线可以具有纳米或微米的长度,其直径为纳米到数百纳米。银纳米粒子322不仅可以是纳米线,除此之外,还可以是球或其它各向异性结构,或者可以是各种形状的混合。
电极301可以是混合电极,其还包括银纳米粒子322上的涂层326,如图3C所示。涂层326可以包括诸如耐热聚合物之类的绝缘材料,或导电材料如导电聚合物,氧化铟锡(ITO),石墨烯,银等。涂层326可提高电极301的机械强度并且有助于保护银纳米粒子322。电极301的电导率可由银纳米粒子322的固有电导率、银纳米粒子322的数密度、银纳米粒子322的几何形状、以及涂层材料等决定,在实施例中,电极301的电导率可与块状银的电导率具有可比性。电极301对于在各种波长区域(如X射线区域,可见区域和红外区域)中的光是透明的。例如,在可见光区域和红外区域中,电极301的透射率可达到70%、80%、90%及以上。
当光子入射在图像感测器300上时,它可被APD 350中的一个的吸收区310吸收,并且可因此在吸收区310中产生电荷载流子。一种类型的电荷载流子(电子或空穴)朝那一个APD的第一放大区320漂移。当一种类型的电荷载流子进入第一放大区320时,出现雪崩效应并且导致电荷载流子放大。可以通过那一个APD的电极304收集放大的电荷载流子,作为电流。另外类型的电荷载流子(空穴或电子)(其被产生于吸收区310,或在第二放大区被放大,如果有一个存在)可流向银纳米粒子322并且然后经导电垫324收集。当那一个APD采用线性模式时,电流与每单位时间吸收区310中入射光子的数量成比例(即,与那一个APD处的光强度成比例)。APD 350处的电流可被编纂成代表光的空间强度分布,即图像。被放大的电荷载流子可备选地通过那一个APD 350的电极304收集,并且可从电荷载流子确定光子数量(例如,通过使用电流的时间特性)。
图3D示出图像传感器300的变体,其中APD 350中的一些或全部的层312被结合在一起。图3E示出图像传感器300的变体,这里结315被保护环316环绕。保护环316可以是绝缘体材料或掺杂半导体。例如,当层313是重掺杂n型半导体时,保护环316可以是具有与层313相同材料但未重掺杂的n型半导体。在图3A或图3D中示出的图像传感器300中可存在保护环316。图3F示出图像传感器300的变体,其中结315具有夹在层312与313之间的本征半导体层317。APD 350的每个中的本征半导体层317可以是离散的,即未与另一个APD 350的其他本征半导体层317结合。APD 350中的一些或全部的本征半导体层317可被结合在一起。
图4A示意性地示出根据实施例的图像传感器400的详细横截面视图。图像传感器400可包括被配置为吸收入射辐射并且从入射辐射产生电信号的辐射吸收层410,以及用于处理或分析在辐射吸收层410中产生的电信号的电子层420(例如,ASIC)。
辐射吸收层410可以包括基板402,基板402中的一个或多个凹部404,其每一个都在其中具有半导体单晶406,以及在一个或多个半导体单晶406上的电极419A。在实施例中,至少一些凹部404各自具有一个且仅一个半导体单晶406,即,它们每个不包含除了半导体单晶406之外的其它半导体材料。所述基板402可以包括硅,锗,GaAs或其组合。半导体单晶406的每个可以是碲化镉锌(CdZnTe)单晶,碲化镉(CdTe)单晶或任何其它合适的单晶,其可用于吸收入射于其上的辐射粒子并产生电荷载流子。电极419A可以是如图3B和图3C所示的电极301的实施例。电极419A的银纳米粒子422可以与一个或多个单晶406电接触。辐射吸收层410可进一步包括半导体单晶406的表面(例如,被暴露表面,即不与基板402直接物理接触的表面)上的另一电极419B,并且电极419B可以包括离散区域。半导体单晶406的每个也可以与电极419B的一个或多个离散区域相接触。基板402的表面可以与半导体单晶406的每个的表面共同延伸。在实施例中,半导体单晶406的每个的表面可以容纳电极419B的数十或数百个离散区域。电极419B可包括导电材料,例如金属(例如金,铜,铝,铂等),或任何其他合适的导电材料(例如,掺杂半导体)。电极419A和419B可被配置为收集产生于半导体单晶406中的电荷载流子(例如,电子和空穴)。
当辐射击中辐射吸收层410时,半导体单晶406可吸收入射于其上的辐射粒子,并通过多个机制产生一个或多个电荷载流子。一个辐射粒子可以产生10至100000个电荷载流子。电荷载流子可以在电场下漂移到电极419A和419B。该场可以是外部电场。在实施例中,一种类型的电荷载流子可以沿着各方向上漂移,使得由单个辐射粒子产生的这种类型的电荷载流子不实质上由所述电极419B的两个不同的离散区域共享(这里“不实质共享”意味着小于2%,小于0.5%,小于0.1%,或小于0.01%的该类型的电荷载流子流到与这种类型的其余电荷载流子不同的离散区中的一个)。由入射到电极419B的这些离散区域中的一个的足迹周围的辐射粒子产生的这种类型的电荷载流子不与电极419B的这些离散区中的另一个实质共享。与电极419B的离散区域相关联的像素可以是围绕电极419B的离散区域,其中实质上全部(98%以上,99.5%以上,99.9%以上或99.99%以上的)由入射其上的辐射粒子产生的一种类型的电荷载流子流到电极419B的离散区。即小于2%,小于0.5%,小于0.1%,或小于0.01%的这些电荷载流子流到与电极419B的离散区域相关联的像素之外。如图3B和图3C中所示的例子,在半导体单晶406中产生的其它类型的电荷载流子可以流到银纳米粒子422,然后通过电极419A的一个或多个导电垫收集。
电子层420可包括电子系统421,其被配置成处理在电极419B上从被收集的电荷载流子产生的电信号。电子系统421可以包括模拟电路,例如滤波网络、放大器、积分器以及比较器,或数字电路例如微处理器、以及存储器。电子系统421可包括一个或多个ADC。电子系统421可以包括由像素共享的部件或专用于单个像素的部件。例如,电子系统421可以包括专用于每个像素的放大器和在所有像素之间共享的微处理器。电子系统421可以通过通孔431与像素电连接。所述通孔431中的空间可以被填充材料430填充,这可增加电子层420与辐射吸收层410的连接的机械稳定性。其它技术将电子系统421连接到像素(不使用通孔)是可能的。
图4B示意性地示出根据实施例的图4A中的辐射吸收层410的俯视图。凹部404的每个可以具有平截头体,棱柱,棱锥体,长方体,立方体或圆柱体的形状。凹部404可以被布置成阵列,诸如矩形阵列,蜂窝阵列,六边形阵列,或任意其他合适的阵列。在图4B的例子中,凹部404被排列成矩形阵列,凹部404的每个均具有棱锥形形状。凹部404以虚线示出,因为它们不能直接从俯视图看到。
图5示意性地示出:根据实施例,形成电极501的过程。电极501可以起图3B,3C中电极301或图4A中的419A的作用。
在步骤10中,银纳米粒子522被沉积在基板502上。基板502可以起图3A中的吸收区310或重掺杂层302或图A中的半导体单晶406的作用。银纳米粒子522可以起图3A中的银纳米粒子322或图4A中的422中的作用。银纳米粒子522可以通过各种技术(包括压力分配,喷胶,旋涂,辊对辊涂,丝网印刷,喷印,胶板印刷,微接触印刷等)沉积在基板502上。例如,银纳米粒子522可以首先均匀分散在极性或非极性溶剂(如十四烷,酒精或水)中,其具有合适的固体含量(例如,重量百分比在30%-90%左右),以形成银纳米粒子油墨。银纳米粒子油墨可以通过分配系统的压力分配被施加到基板502上。可以遵循烧结或固化步骤以烧结在银纳米粒子522中的结点(即,接触区域),以降低电极501的电阻,以有助于去除分散溶剂。可以通过在合适的温度下(例如,温度范围从100℃到700℃)对电极501退火一段时间(例如10分钟,60分钟等)来进行烧结或固化。例如,当基板502是半导体单晶406(例如,碲化镉锌(CdZnTe)单晶或碲化镉(CdTe)单晶)时,电极501可以在200℃以下固化。也可以使用其它烧结或固化方法,例如激光退火,机械压制,等离子焊接,以及局部化学焊接等。
在步骤20中,在基板502上形成导电垫524,导电垫524与银纳米粒子522的部分电接触。导电垫524可通过由物理气相沉积、化学气相沉积、旋涂、溅射等合适的技术沉积导电材料(例如,诸如Pt、Au或In的金属,或任何其它合适的导电材料)到基板502上形成。在图5的步骤20的例子中,导电垫524可包括基板502边缘上的一个或多个区域。
在可选步骤30中,涂层526被涂到银纳米粒子522上。涂层526可以包括诸如耐热聚合物之类的绝缘材料,或诸如导电聚合物,氧化铟锡(ITO),石墨烯,银等导电材料。各种涂层方法可根据涂层材料的选择而被应用。例如,涂层526可以包括耐热聚合物或导电聚合物,并且可以通过将聚合物或单体溶液涂覆或分配到银纳米粒子522上而形成,并且然后固化所述聚合物或单体溶液。
图6示意示出一种系统,其包括装置600(本文描述的图像传感器300或400)。所述系统包括X射线源601。从X射线源601发射的X射线穿过物体610(例如,钻石、组织样品、人体部位(例如乳房)),被物体610的不同结构而不同程度地衰减,并且被投射到装置600。装置600通过检测X射线的强度分布来形成图像。所述系统可用于医学成像,例如胸部X射线放射摄影、腹部X射线放射摄影、牙齿X射线放射摄影、乳房摄影等。所述系统可用于工业CT,例如钻石缺陷检测,扫描树以使年周期和细胞结构可视化,扫描载入后的建筑材料(如混凝土)等。
图7示意示出X射线计算机断层扫描(X射线CT)系统。X射线CT系统使用计算机处理的X射线来产生被扫描物体的特定区域的断层摄影图像(虚拟“切片”)。断层摄影图像在各种医学学科中可用于诊断和治疗目的,或用于缺陷检测、失效分析、计量、装配分析和逆向工程。X射线CT系统包括装置700(本文描述的图像传感器300或400)和X射线源701。装置700和X射线源701可被配置成沿一个或多个圆形或螺旋形路径同步旋转。
图8示意示出X射线显微镜或X射线显微CT 800。X射线显微镜或X射线显微CT 800可包括X射线源801、聚焦光学器件804和装置803(本文描述的图像传感器300或400),用于检测样品802的X射线图像。
尽管本文公开各种方面和实施例,其他方面和实施例对于本领域内技术人员将变得明显。本文公开的各种方面和实施例是为了说明目的而不意在为限制性的,其真正范围和精神由下列权利要求指示。

Claims (33)

1.一种装置,包括:
雪崩光电二极管(APD)阵列,所述APD的每个包括吸收区、电极和第一放大区;
其中所述吸收区被配置为从被所述吸收区吸收的光子产生电荷载流子;
其中所述电极包括银纳米粒子并与所述吸收区电连接;
其中所述第一放大区包括结,在所述结中有电场;
其中所述电场处于足以引起进入所述第一放大区的电荷载流子雪崩的值,但不足以使所述雪崩自维持;
其中,所述APD的结是离散的。
2.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述APD的每个还包括在所述吸收区和所述电极之间的第二放大区,其中所述第一放大区和所述第二放大区位于所述吸收区的相对侧。
3.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述银纳米粒子包括银纳米线。
4.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述银纳米粒子的数密度高于所述银纳米粒子的电渗滤阈值。
5.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述电极还包括与所述银纳米粒子的部分电接触的导电垫。
6.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述电极是由所述APD阵列的吸收区共享的公共电极。
7.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述电极还包括在所述银纳米粒子上的涂层。
8.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述光子为软X射线光子。
9.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述吸收区具有10微米或以上的厚度。
10.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述吸收区包括硅。
11.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述吸收区中的电场没有高到足以引起吸收区中的雪崩效应。
12.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述吸收区为本征半导体或掺杂水平小于1012掺杂物/cm3的半导体。
13.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述APD中的至少一些的吸收区被结合在一起。
14.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述APD的第一放大区是离散的。
15.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述结是p-n结或异质结。
16.如权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述结包括第一层和第二层,其中所述第一层为掺杂半导体并且所述第二层为重掺杂半导体。
17.如权利要求16所述的装置,其中所述第一层具有1013至1017掺杂物/cm3的掺杂水平。
18.如权利要求16所述的装置,其中所述APD的至少一些的第一层被结合在一起。
19.如权利要求16所述的装置,其中所述结与相邻结被与所述吸收区的材料、所述第一或第二层的材料、绝缘体材料、或掺杂半导体的保护环分离。
20.如权利要求19所述的装置,其中所述保护环为与所述第二层掺杂类型相同的掺杂半导体并且所述保护环不重掺杂。
21.如权利要求16所述的装置,其中所述结还包括夹在所述第一和第二层之间的第三层;其中所述第三层包括本征半导体。
22.如权利要求21所述的装置,其中所述APD的至少一些的第三层被结合在一起。
23.一种装置,其包括:
基板;
在所述基板中的凹部中的半导体单晶;
所述半导体单晶上的电极;
其中所述装置被配置为吸收入射在所述半导体单晶上的辐射粒子并产生电荷载流子;
其中所述电极包括银纳米粒子并与所述半导体单晶电连接。
24.如权利要求23所述的装置,其中所述银纳米粒子为银纳米线。
25.如权利要求23所述的装置,其中所述银纳米粒子的数密度高于所述银纳米粒子的电渗滤阈值。
26.如权利要求23所述的装置,其中所述电极还包括与所述银纳米粒子的部分电接触的导电垫。
27.如权利要求23所述的装置,其中所述电极还包括在所述银纳米粒子上的涂层。
28.如权利要求23所述的装置,其中所述半导体单晶为CdZnTe单晶或CdTe单晶。
29.如权利要求23所述的装置,其中所述基板包括硅,锗,GaAs或其组合。
30.如权利要求23所述的装置,其中所述半导体单晶的表面和所述基板的表面是同延的。
31.如权利要求23所述的装置,还包括:
与所述半导体单晶电接触的另一电极;
被结合到所述基板的电子层,所述电子层包括电子系统,其被配置为处理被另外电极收集的电荷载流子产生的电信号。
32.如权利要求31所述的装置,其中所述电子系统包括电压比较器,其被配置为将所述电极的电压与第一阈值进行比较;计数器,其被配置为记录由所述基板吸收的辐射粒子数;控制器;电压表;
其中所述控制器被配置为从所述电压比较器确定所述电压的绝对值等于或超过所述第一阈值的绝对值的时刻开始时间延迟;
其中所述控制器被配置为使所述电压表在所述时间延迟期满时测量所述电压;
其中所述控制器被配置为通过将由所述电压表测量的电压除以单个辐射粒子在另外电极上引起的的电压来确定所述辐射粒子的数量;
其中所述控制器被配置为使由所述计数器记录的数增加,所增加的幅度为辐射粒子的数量。
33.一种系统,其包括权利要求1-32中任一项的装置和X射线源,其中所述系统被配置成使得所述装置使用穿透物体、来自所述X射线源的X射线来形成物体的图像。
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