CN112281508A - 一种多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN112281508A
CN112281508A CN202011152946.1A CN202011152946A CN112281508A CN 112281508 A CN112281508 A CN 112281508A CN 202011152946 A CN202011152946 A CN 202011152946A CN 112281508 A CN112281508 A CN 112281508A
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赵晓明
苏莹
刘元军
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Tianjin Polytechnic University
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种应用于电磁防护与吸波技术领域的多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料及其制备方法。材料由基布和吸波涂料组成，通过涂层工艺制备出不同损耗机制的吸波涂层织物。基布为双层金属纤维混纺织物，吸波涂料则分别由树脂、功能粒子、增稠剂及消泡剂按一定比例构成。将制备好的吸波涂料均匀涂覆于基布表面，然后将所涂敷好的涂层织物水平放入烘箱内，于80℃下烘热干燥10min。置于通风处晾干得单层吸波涂层织物。随后选择与单层吸波涂层织物功能粒子损耗机理不同的吸波涂料，将其均匀涂覆于未涂覆涂层的基布反面，相同处理后得多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料。本发明根据电磁波衰减机制选择不同电磁波损耗机理的吸波材料作为涂层功能粒子制备复合材料，从反射和吸收两个方面对电磁波进行衰减，获得了良好的吸波效果。

Description

一种多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于电磁防护与吸波技术领域，具体涉及一种多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
新型电子器件、超宽带雷达探测器和卫星通信技术的飞速发展，使得电磁辐射及电磁探测技术对人体和电子设备的影响越来越大。各种电器设备、移动通信站、高压线及医疗科研单位的高频设备成为产生人为电磁波的主要来源，这种电磁辐射频率范围宽强度大危害也日益严重，不仅会干扰到电子器件的正常运行还会对人体造成伤害。高度发达的微波雷达探测技术也加大了现代战场中包括士兵在内的各种军事目标暴露的可能性。因此有效的消除电磁波对人身安全、电子安全和国防安全都是非常有必要的。随着社会的快速进步，人们对材料电磁防护性能的要求越来越高，目前市面上大部分电磁辐射防护材料的屏蔽机制多以反射型为主，不仅在屏蔽效果上还有提升空间还会造成电磁波的二次污染。传统的电磁屏蔽型材料已不能满足社会及行业的需求，也与绿色环保的人类发展主题相驳。因此，研发能吸收或者大幅减弱其表面接收到电磁波能量的吸波材料是非常有必要的。
单一的吸波材料往往存在吸波频段窄、阻抗匹配性能差及吸波性能较低的缺点，难以满足民用电磁防护及军用隐身技术的要求。将不同物理性能和损耗机制的吸波材料相结合，能够充分发挥不同材料的优点在一定程度上有效提高复合材料的吸波效果，丰富损耗机制，拓宽吸收频段。
纺织材料具有柔韧性好、面密度小及易于加工等优点，是制备柔性吸波材料的主要原料，通过涂层的方法将其与吸波材料相结合是目前制备吸波型纺织复合材料的常用方法。
电阻损耗型吸波材料是指电磁能通过材料电阻进行衰减的一类吸波材料，其吸收机制和材料的导电率有关。特种碳纤维、碳化硅纤维及石墨均属于电阻损耗型吸波材料。磁损耗型吸波材料的吸收机制和铁磁性介质的动态磁化过程有关，代表性材料有铁氧体及羟基铁。这两类吸波材料的电磁波吸收能力较强且生产获取方便，被广泛应用于隐身、雷达等前沿电磁吸波领域中。
金属纤维混纺织物是将金属丝拉成纤维状再同服用纤维按照一定的比例混纺织成的织物，具有密度低、柔韧性好、导电性高等优点，广泛用于制造防护服、屏蔽帐篷和屏蔽覆盖布等柔性电磁防护产品。根据电磁波屏蔽理论，金属纤维混纺织物的电磁屏蔽效果主要依靠对电磁波的反射作用。将反射型金属纤维混纺织物和吸波材料相结合制成复合吸波材料，能够有效丰富材料的电磁波衰减机制，提高吸波能力，拓宽吸收频段。
发明内容
本发明为解决上述技术问题，提供了一种多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料及其制备方法。
本发明的多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料，由基布和吸波涂料组成，通过涂层工艺制备而成。
所述的基布为具有优异电磁屏蔽性能的双层金属纤维混纺织物。
所述吸波涂料由树脂、吸波功能粒子、增稠剂及消泡剂组成。其重量份为：树脂100重量份、吸波功能粒子30重量份、增稠剂0.5-1重量份、消泡剂0.5-1重量份。所述吸波涂料的粘度在30000mPa·S左右。
所述的树脂为水性聚氨酯、环氧树脂、丙烯酸树脂中的一种。
所述的吸波功能粒子为电阻损耗型吸波材料石墨、碳纤维、碳化硅，或磁损耗型吸波材料铁氧体、羟基铁中的一种。
为实现上述目的，本发明采用以下技术方案：
一种多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
1)吸波涂料的制备：a、称取树脂和吸波功能粒子备用。b、将盛有树脂的烧杯放置在单向串激电动机搅拌下方进行搅拌，再将吸波功能粒子匀速缓慢的加入到正在搅拌的树脂中。c、在搅拌过程中加入消泡剂和增稠剂。d、设置搅拌时间，确保每次搅拌时间和搅拌转速均一致。加入吸波功能粒子时搅拌机机械速度控制在500rad/min左右，正常搅拌时速度为2000rad/min左右。
2)基布的准备：按要求准备20cm×40cm的双层金属纤维混纺基布，将其平整地固定在涂层机针板架上。
3)单层吸波涂层织物的制备：将步骤1)所制备的吸波涂料通过涂层工艺均匀涂覆于步骤2)中固定好的基布表面。然后将涂层织物水平放入高温鼓风箱内，于80℃下烘热干燥10min。取出后置于通风处晾干得到单层吸波涂层织物。
4)多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料的制备。选择与步骤3)中单层吸波涂层织物功能粒子损耗机理不同的吸波涂料，将其均匀涂覆于未涂覆涂层的双层金属纤维混纺织物反面，于80℃下烘热干燥10min。取出后置于通风处晾干得多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料。
本发明的优点：目前市面上大部分电磁防护纺织材料的屏蔽机制多以反射型为主，不仅在屏蔽效果上还有提升空间还会造成电磁波的二次污染，而现有的吸波型电磁防护材料又存在硬质、吸波频段窄、阻抗匹配性能差等缺点。本发明根据电磁波衰减机制选择具有优异电磁屏蔽效能的双层金属混纺织物作为涂层基布，不同电磁波损耗机理的吸波材料作为涂层功能粒子制备多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料，从反射和吸收两个方面对电磁波进行衰减，获得了良好的吸波效果。
本发明制备工艺简单，材料具有较好的柔软性和强力，可应用于柔性的电磁防护装备和雷达隐身装备。
附图说明
图1为实施例所制得的多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料的结构图，其中1和3为吸波涂层(吸波层)，2为双层基布(反射层)。
图2为实施例1(a)和实施例2(b)所制得的多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料在1-18GHz频率范围内的最大反射损耗数据，反射损耗为评价材料吸波能力的重要指标。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了一种多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料及其制备方法，下面结合具体实施方式对本发明做进一步说明。
实施例1
本实施例中基布为双层金属纤维混纺织物，规格：20cm×40cm。涂料包括以下重量份组分：100重量份的水性树脂，0.5-1重量份的水性增稠剂，0.5-1重量份的水性消泡剂，30重量份的吸波功能粒子。
所述基布为双层不锈钢纤维混纺织物。
所述树脂为PU2540环保型水性聚氨酯。
所述吸波功能粒子为石墨及铁氧体。石墨功能粒子粒径28μm。铁氧体功能粒子粒径48μm，纯度99.99％。
其具体制备步骤如下：
1)吸波涂料的制备：a、称取水性聚氨酯树脂，铁氧体及石墨吸波功能粒子备用。b、将盛有树脂的烧杯放置在单向串激电动机搅拌下方进行搅拌，再将吸波功能粒子匀速缓慢的加入到正在搅拌的树脂中。c、在搅拌过程中加入消泡剂和增稠剂。d、加入吸波功能粒子时搅拌机机械速度控制在500rad/min左右，正常搅拌时速度为2000rad/min左右。
2)基布的准备：按要求准备20cm×40cm的双层金属纤维混纺基布，将其平整地固定在涂层机针板架上。
3)单层吸波涂层织物的制备：将步骤1)所制备的铁氧体吸波涂料通过涂层工艺均匀涂覆于步骤2)中固定好的基布表面。然后将涂层织物水平放入高温鼓风箱内，于80℃下烘热干燥10min。取出后置于通风处晾干得到铁氧体单层吸波涂层织物。
4)多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料的制备。将步骤1)所制备的石墨吸波涂料均匀涂覆于未涂覆涂层的双层金属纤维混纺织物反面，于80℃下烘热干燥10min。取出后置于通风处晾干得铁氧体/双层不锈钢纤维混纺织物/石墨多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料。
实施例2
本实施例中基布为金属纤维混纺织物，规格：20cm×40cm。涂料包括以下重量份组分：100重量份的水性树脂，0.5-1重量份的水性增稠剂，0.5-1重量份的水性消泡剂，30重量份的吸波功能粒子。
所述基布为双层不锈钢纤维混纺织物。
所述树脂为PU2540环保型水性聚氨酯。
所述吸波功能粒子为碳纤维及铁氧体。碳纤维功能粒子粒径48μm。铁氧体功能粒子粒径48μm，纯度99.99％。
其具体制备步骤如下：
1)吸波涂料的制备：a、称取水性聚氨酯树脂，铁氧体及碳纤维吸波功能粒子备用。b、将盛有树脂的烧杯放置在单向串激电动机搅拌下方进行搅拌，再将吸波功能粒子匀速缓慢的加入到正在搅拌的树脂中。c、在搅拌过程中加入消泡剂和增稠剂。d、加入吸波功能粒子时搅拌机机械速度控制在500rad/min左右，正常搅拌时速度为2000rad/min左右。
2)基布的准备：按要求准备20cm×40cm的双层金属纤维混纺基布，将其平整地固定在涂层机针板架上。
3)单层吸波涂层织物的制备：将步骤1)所制备的铁氧体吸波涂料通过涂层工艺均匀涂覆于步骤2)中固定好的基布表面。然后将涂层织物水平放入高温鼓风箱内，于80℃下烘热干燥10min。取出后置于通风处晾干得到铁氧体单层吸波涂层织物。
4)多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料的制备。将步骤1)所制备的碳纤维吸波涂料均匀涂覆于未涂覆涂层的双层金属纤维混纺织物反面，于80℃下烘热干燥10min。取出后置于通风处晾干得铁氧体/双层不锈钢纤维混纺织物/碳纤维多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料。
上述实施方式仅为本发明的优选实施方式，不能以此来限定本发明保护的范围，本领域的技术人员在本发明的基础上所做的任何非实质性的变化及替换均属于本发明所要求保护的范围。

Claims (8)

1.多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料，其特征在于，通过涂层工艺制备得到，由具有优异电磁屏蔽效能的基布和不同电磁损耗机理的多种吸波涂料组成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料，其特征在于，所述基布为双层金属纤维混纺织物。
3.根据权利要求1所述的多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料，其特征在于，所述吸波涂料的组成及重量份为：树脂100重量份、吸波功能粒子30重量份、增稠剂0.5-1重量份、消泡剂0.5-1重量份。所述吸波涂料的粘度在30000mPa·S左右。
4.根据权利要求3所述的多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料，其特征在于，所述树脂为水性聚氨酯、环氧树脂、丙烯酸树脂中的一种。
5.根据权利要求3所述的多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料，其特征在于，所述吸波功能粒子为电阻损耗型吸波材料石墨、碳纤维、碳化硅或磁损耗型吸波材料铁氧体、羟基铁中的一种。其中实施例中所用到的石墨平均粒径28μm，碳纤维平均粒径48μm，铁氧体平均粒径48μm，纯度99.99％。
6.根据权利要求3所述的多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于包括如下步骤：1)吸波涂料的制备：a、称取树脂和吸波功能粒子备用。b、将盛有树脂的烧杯放置在单向串激电动机搅拌下方进行搅拌，再将吸波功能粒子匀速缓慢的加入到正在搅拌的树脂中。c、在搅拌过程中加入消泡剂和增稠剂。d、设置搅拌时间，确保每次搅拌时间和搅拌转速均一致。加入吸波功能粒子时搅拌机机械速度控制在500rad/min左右，正常搅拌时速度为2000rad/min左右。2)基布的准备：按要求准备20cm×40cm的双层金属纤维混纺基布，将其平整地固定在涂层机针板架上。
7.将步骤1)所制备的吸波涂料通过涂层工艺均匀涂覆于步骤2)中固定好的基布表面。然后将涂层织物水平放入高温鼓风箱内，于80℃下烘热干燥10min。取出后置于通风处晾干得到单层吸波涂层织物。
8.选择与步骤3)中单层吸波涂层织物功能粒子损耗机理不同的吸波涂料，将其均匀涂覆于未涂覆涂层的双层金属纤维混纺织物反面，于80℃下烘热干燥10min。取出后置于通风处晾干得多层电磁吸波纺织复合材料。
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