CN112243775B - 一种无刺花椒高产种植方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种无刺花椒高产种植方法,包括以下步骤:S1土壤改善、S2区域设定、S3种植穴设定、S4幼苗培育、S5修叶剪枝、S6果实测定;本发明的有益效果是:通过污泥、疏松层、沙质土壤形成三层地基土的结构,进而提升地基土的多样性;通过设置种植穴,固定无刺花椒树根系的同时提供移栽后初期的营养,也可以排出根系淤积的水分;通过采用碱水,通碱洗去除种皮的油脂,同时刺激种子萌发生芽,方便后期进入营养液中培育;通过采用家畜粪便、无刺花椒叶、无刺花椒枝、棉籽粕、鸡蛋壳粉,增加无刺花椒树的营养,同时施加无刺花椒枝、叶提升无刺花椒树的免疫能力;利用鸡蛋壳粉,提高无刺花椒树的钙质吸收同时作为填充剂使肥料被充分吸收。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及花椒种植领域,具体是一种无刺花椒高产种植方法。
背景技术
花椒为芸香科落叶灌木或小乔木,蜀椒的果实果皮名为椒红,被誉为“八大调味品”之一,是家庭常用烹饪调料和中药配料,花椒是我国栽培历史悠久分布很广泛的香料、油料,树种种植面积和产量以及花椒品种居世界首位,占有绝对的优势,但由于其枝干、叶片上均生有短刺,因此采摘时需要特别注意,进而限定了花椒种植面积不宜过大。
日本无刺花椒由于其具有抗旱、耐涝的特性而被引进国内,同时其具有寿命长、产量高、抗逆性强、品质好、易采摘的特性:
1、寿命长,无刺花椒树,树龄可达30年左右,是现有花椒树树龄(10年)的3倍。
2、产量高,无刺花椒树,盛果期旱地单株产量平均可达到4斤,是现有大红袍花椒单株产量(平均约2.5斤)的1.6倍左右;盛果期水浇地单株产量平均可达到7.5斤,是现有大红袍花椒单株产量(平均约2.5斤)的3倍左右。
3、抗逆性强,具有抗病性强、抗寒、抗旱、耐涝、抗盐碱、抗虫害等特点,可普遍成活于干旱或阴湿地带,并可栽植成活于原有花椒树死亡后的地点,破解了现有花椒死亡后,原地补植不易成活的瓶颈。
4、品质好,无刺花椒树,果实颗粒饱满,色泽殷红鲜亮,香味纯正、醇麻持久的独特优势走俏市场,价格竞争优势突出。
5、易采摘,无刺花椒树,树身几乎无刺,花椒粒硕大集中,便于采摘,极大降低了采摘成本。
现有的无刺花椒种植技术,大多选用沙质土壤,同时建设少量沟渠排水,进而期望达到高产无刺花椒果实目的,但忽视了无刺花椒树的根部快速排水以及无刺花椒修枝剪叶的重要性。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术的不足,提供一种,以至少达到高产无刺花椒果实、快速排水的目的
本发明的目的是通过以下技术方案来实现的:一种无刺花椒高产种植方法,包括以下步骤:
S1土壤改善:选用有机质质量占比60-80%、pH为6.5-7.5的沙质土壤,朝向南,坡度15-20°,在沙质土壤上均匀铺满原料为秸秆、稻壳、花生壳的疏松层,待铺设均匀后采用富含微生物的污泥铺满覆盖形成基土,将形成的基土钉耙打散后再均匀铺设形成地基,同时浇注复合肥料并用地膜覆盖2-3d;
S2区域设定:将S1中地膜覆盖后的地基按照“井”字均匀开挖深度为20-30cm的沟渠分区,将挖掘出的地基土留待备用,同时挖掘出的沟渠内壁铺设碳渣、河沙;将沟渠分区处按照每个分区100-200垄进行隔断,垄高15-20cm同时垄底部开挖深度为5-10cm的排水沟,排水沟内铺设碳渣、河沙;
S3种植穴设定:在S2设定的垄顶端开挖种植穴,按照每垄间隔1-1.5m设置,所述种植穴深度为20-30cm,内壁均匀铺满玉米棒粉末,采用原料为秸秆、稻壳、花生壳的疏松层塞满种植穴底部;
S4幼苗培育:选择颗粒饱满、香气足的无刺花椒果实,室内阴干2-3d,将脱去果皮的种子采用碱水泡制8-10h后置于营养液中催芽,培养20d后选择长势茂盛的幼苗移栽进S3中所述种植穴;同时选取长势茂盛树龄3-5年的无刺花椒雌株上的翠绿枝条,剪取10-15cm浸泡入营养液中催芽生根,培养20d后选择长势茂盛的雌株幼苗移栽进S3中所述种植穴,按照每亩雌株:雄株=8:1比例间隔种植;所述种植穴在移栽前用天然肥料压实疏松层,并采用S1中富含微生物的污泥铺设在天然肥料上,载种完成后采用S2中挖掘出的地基土填满种植穴,同时使种植穴水平面凸出5-8cm,培养幼苗20-25d,期间每亩间隔5d施加有机肥静待幼苗发育;
S5修叶剪枝:将S4中发育树干的无刺花椒施间隔10d施加复合肥,同时注意间隔5d施加磷肥和钾肥,待树干在50cm进行修剪,剪去40cm以下发支与背部的强旺支;在成果期,先梳除大枝再剪去病害枝、遮光枝和衰弱枝,并及时施加叶面肥,剪枝完成后只施加天然肥料,间隔7-10d施加磷肥与钾肥直至挂果成熟;
S6果实测定:摘取成熟后的无刺花椒果实,观察外形同时检测其香味。
优选的,所述的种植穴分为上段圆柱体形的固根室与下段长方体形的营养室,所述营养室底部对称设置有正方体形的防水室,进而提高无刺花椒树根系排水能力,同时固定无刺花椒树的根系。
优选的,所述的防水室内铺满采用原料为秸秆、稻壳、花生壳的疏松层;所述的营养室内铺设有所述S4中天然肥料,并预留2-3cm深度容纳地基土,利用疏松层进一步保证无刺花椒树根系排水能力,同时利用营养室提供无刺花椒树初期移栽所需营养。
优选的,所述的疏松层原料的秸秆、稻壳、花生壳与所述河沙、碳渣粒径均为1.2-1.5mm,所述玉米棒粉末粒径为1.0mm,通过限定秸秆、稻壳、花生壳粒径为1.2-1.5mm,使地基土结构更好的糅合在一起,同时限定河沙、碳渣粒径为1.2-1.5mm,提高沟渠内排水能力,玉米棒粉末粒径为1.0mm,使玉米粉充分贴附在种植穴壁上。
优选的,所述的S4中碱水配方为质量占比10-20%的碳酸氢钠、20-40%的碳酸钠、10-20%的磷酸二氢钾、10-20%的黄腐酸钾、10-20%的β-吲哚乙酸、10-20%的过氧化氢,通过碳酸氢钠、碳酸钠碱洗去除种皮的油脂,同时采用磷酸二氢钾、黄腐酸钾、β-吲哚乙酸、过氧化氢刺激种子萌发生芽方便后期进入营养液中培育。
优选的,所述的S4中天然肥料质量占比为:30-40%的家畜粪便、10-20%无刺花椒叶、10-20%的无刺花椒枝、10-20%的棉籽粕、10-20%的鸡蛋壳粉;所述的无刺花椒枝、无刺花椒叶均采用修枝剪叶后的下发枝、遮光枝、衰弱枝、强旺枝,通过利用天然肥料,增加无刺花椒树的营养,同时施加无刺花椒枝、叶提升无刺花椒树的免疫能力;利用鸡蛋壳粉,提高无刺花椒树的盖质吸收同时作为填充剂使肥料被充分吸收。
本发明的有益效果是:
1.通过污泥、疏松层、沙质土壤形成三层地基土的结构,利用污泥提供丰富的微生物,疏松层加快地基土的排水同时可以通过污泥中微生物分解产生营养成分,沙质土壤快速排水能力,进而提升地基土的多样性。
2.通过设置具有固根室、营养室、防水室的种植穴,在固根室固定无刺花椒树根系的同时利用营养室提供移栽后初期的营养,利用防水室排出根系淤积的水分,同时所述的防水室内铺满采用原料为秸秆、稻壳、花生壳的疏松层,利用疏松层进一步保证无刺花椒树根系排水能力。
3.通过采用碳酸氢钠、碳酸钠、磷酸二氢钾、黄腐酸钾、β-吲哚乙酸、过氧化氢,通过碳酸氢钠、碳酸钠碱洗去除种皮的油脂,同时采用磷酸二氢钾、黄腐酸钾、β-吲哚乙酸、过氧化氢刺激种子萌发生芽方便后期进入营养液中培育。
4.通过采用家畜粪便、无刺花椒叶、无刺花椒枝、棉籽粕、鸡蛋壳粉,所述的无刺花椒枝、无刺花椒叶均采用修枝剪叶后的下发枝、遮光枝、衰弱枝、强旺枝,通过利用天然肥料,增加无刺花椒树的营养,同时施加无刺花椒枝、叶提升无刺花椒树的免疫能力;利用鸡蛋壳粉,提高无刺花椒树的盖质吸收同时作为填充剂使肥料被充分吸收。
附图说明
图1为本发明的种植穴示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图进一步详细描述本发明的技术方案,但本发明的保护范围不局限于以下所述。
一种无刺花椒高产种植方法,包括以下步骤:
S1土壤改善:选用有机质质量占比75%、pH为7.5的沙质土壤,朝向南,坡度15-20°,在沙质土壤上均匀铺满原料为粒径为1.3mm的秸秆、稻壳、花生壳的疏松层,待铺设均匀后采用富含微生物的污泥铺满覆盖形成基土,将形成的基土钉耙打散后再均匀铺设形成地基,同时浇注复合肥料并用地膜覆盖3d;
S2区域设定:将S1中地膜覆盖后的地基按照“井”字均匀开挖深度为25cm的沟渠分区,将挖掘出的地基土留待备用,同时挖掘出的沟渠内壁铺设粒径为1.3mm碳渣、河沙;将沟渠分区处按照每个分区150垄进行隔断,垄高18cm同时垄底部开挖深度为8cm的排水沟,排水沟内铺设粒径为1.3mm碳渣、河沙;
S3种植穴设定:在S2设定的垄顶端开挖种植穴,所述种植穴为上段圆柱体形的固根室与下段长方体形的营养室,所述营养室底部对称设置有正方体形的防水室,所述营养室内铺设有质量占比35%家畜粪便、15%无刺花椒叶、15%无刺花椒枝、15%棉籽粕、20%鸡蛋壳粉的天然肥料,并在营养室内预留3cm深度容纳地基土;所述种植穴按照每垄间隔1.3m设置,所述种植穴深度为25cm,内壁均匀铺满粒径为玉米棒粉末,采用原料为秸秆、稻壳、花生壳的疏松层塞满种植穴底部的防水室;
S4幼苗培育:选择颗粒饱满、香气足的无刺花椒果实,室内阴干2-3d,将脱去果皮的种子采用质量占比为15%碳酸氢钠、35%的碳酸钠、15%的磷酸二氢钾、15%的黄腐酸钾、10%的β-吲哚乙酸、10%的过氧化氢的碱水,碱水泡制9h后置于营养液中催芽,培养20d后选择长势茂盛的幼苗移栽进S3中所述种植穴;同时选取长势茂盛树龄3-5年的无刺花椒雌株上的翠绿枝条,剪取13cm浸泡入营养液中催芽生根,培养20d后选择长势茂盛的雌株幼苗移栽进S3中所述种植穴,按照每亩雌株:雄株=8:1比例间隔种植;所述种植穴在移栽前用天然肥料压实疏松层,并采用S1中富含微生物的污泥铺设在天然肥料上,载种完成后采用S2中挖掘出的地基土填满种植穴,同时使种植穴水平面凸出7cm,培养幼苗23d,期间每亩间隔5d施加有机肥静待幼苗发育;
S5修叶剪枝:将S4中发育树干的无刺花椒施间隔10d施加复合肥,同时注意间隔5d施加磷肥和钾肥,待树干在50cm进行修剪,剪去40cm以下发支与背部的强旺支;在成果期,先梳除大枝再剪去病害枝、遮光枝和衰弱枝,并及时施加叶面肥,剪枝完成后只施加天然肥料,间隔9d施加磷肥与钾肥直至挂果成熟;
S6果实测定:摘取成熟后的无刺花椒果实,观察外形同时检测其香味。
对比市面上常见的无刺花椒果实,可以发现其外形更饱满,同时本发明的无刺花椒果实均重于市面上普通无刺花椒果实10-15g,同时可观察到每条无刺花椒的挂果枝挂果数为15-20个,远远大于普通无刺花椒树挂果的10-15个;通过感官评价本发明的无刺花椒树果实与普通无刺花椒果实,发现本发明的无刺花椒树果实较普通无刺花椒果实的香味更馥郁。
实验效果
1.为了验证本发明的一种无刺花椒高产种植方法的效果,进行了对比试验。试验分为实验组和对照组,其中对照组使用常规方法种植无刺花椒,实验组使用本实施例1中的方法种植无刺花椒,当果实成熟后,对所得果实的亩产量、病害率和生长期进行了评测,结果如下:
由上表可知,相比于对照组,本发明的一种无刺花椒高产种植方法的产量提升了11.30%,病害率降低了50.00%,生长期缩短了25%。
2.为了验证本发明的一种无刺花椒高产种植方法的防虫害的效果,进行了对比试验。试验分为对照组和实验组。其中对照组按照本实施例1中除天然肥料成分中不含无刺花椒叶、无刺花椒枝,其余完全相同的方法种植花椒;实验组按照本实施例1中的方法种植花椒。试验对所得果实的病害率进行了评估,结果如下:
由上表可知,相比于对照组,本发明的一种无刺花椒高产种植方法中添加了无刺花椒树叶和无刺花椒树枝的天然肥料使花椒种植过程中的病害率降低了55.56%
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当理解本发明并非局限于本文所披露的形式,不应看作是对其他实施例的排除,而可用于各种其他组合、修改和环境,并能够在本文所述构想范围内,通过上述教导或相关领域的技术或知识进行改动。而本领域人员所进行的改动和变化不脱离本发明的精神和范围,则都应在本发明所附权利要求的保护范围内。
Claims (6)
1.一种无刺花椒高产种植方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:
S1土壤改善:选用有机质质量占比60-80%、pH为6.5-7.5的沙质土壤,朝向南,坡度15-20°,在沙质土壤上均匀铺满原料为秸秆、稻壳、花生壳的疏松层,待铺设均匀后采用富含微生物的污泥铺满覆盖形成基土,将形成的基土钉耙打散后再均匀铺设形成地基,同时浇注复合肥料并用地膜覆盖2-3d;
S2区域设定:将S1中地膜覆盖后的地基按照“井”字均匀开挖深度为20-30cm的沟渠分区,将挖掘出的地基土留待备用,同时挖掘出的沟渠内壁铺设碳渣、河沙;将沟渠分区处按照每个分区100-200垄进行隔断,垄高15-20cm同时垄底部开挖深度为5-10cm的排水沟,排水沟内铺设碳渣、河沙;
S3种植穴设定:在S2设定的垄顶端开挖种植穴,按照每垄间隔1-1.5m设置,所述种植穴深度为20-30cm,内壁均匀铺满玉米棒粉末,采用原料为秸秆、稻壳、花生壳的疏松层塞满种植穴底部;
S4幼苗培育:选择颗粒饱满、香气足的无刺花椒果实,室内阴干2-3d,将脱去果皮的种子采用碱水泡制8-10h后置于营养液中催芽,培养20d后选择长势茂盛的幼苗移栽进S3中所述种植穴;同时选取长势茂盛树龄3-5年的无刺花椒雌株上的翠绿枝条,剪取10-15cm浸泡入营养液中催芽生根,培养20d后选择长势茂盛的雌株幼苗移栽进S3中所述种植穴,按照每亩雌株:雄株=8:1比例间隔种植;所述种植穴在移栽前用天然肥料压实疏松层,并采用S1中富含微生物的污泥铺设在天然肥料上,载种完成后采用S2中挖掘出的地基土填满种植穴,同时使种植穴水平面凸出5-8cm,培养幼苗20-25d,期间每亩间隔5d施加有机肥静待幼苗发育;
S5修叶剪枝:将S4中发育树干的无刺花椒施间隔10d施加复合肥,同时注意间隔5d施加磷肥和钾肥,待树干长度在1m进行修剪,剪去40cm以下发支与背部的强旺支;在成果期,先梳除大枝再剪去病害枝、遮光枝和衰弱枝,并及时施加叶面肥,剪枝完成后只施加天然肥料,间隔7-10d施加磷肥与钾肥直至挂果成熟;
S6果实测定:摘取成熟后的无刺花椒果实,观察外形同时检测其香味;
所述的种植穴分为上段固根室与下段营养室,所述营养室底部对称设置有防水室;
所述的防水室内铺满采用原料为秸秆、稻壳、花生壳的疏松层;
所述的S4中天然有机肥料质量占比为:30-40%的家畜粪便、10-20%无刺花椒叶、10-20%的无刺花椒枝、10-20%的棉籽粕、10-20%的鸡蛋壳粉。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种无刺花椒高产种植方法,其特征在于:所述的固根室为圆柱体形,所述营养室为长方体形,所述防水室为正方体形。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种无刺花椒高产种植方法,其特征在于:所述的营养室内铺设有所述S4中天然肥料,并预留2-3cm深度容纳地基土。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种无刺花椒高产种植方法,其特征在于:所述的疏松层的原料秸秆、稻壳、花生壳与所述河沙、碳渣粒径均为1.2-1.5mm,所述玉米棒粉末粒径为1.0mm。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种无刺花椒高产种植方法,其特征在于:所述的S4中碱水配方为质量占比10-20%的碳酸氢钠、20-40%的碳酸钠、10-20%的磷酸二氢钾、10-20%的黄腐酸钾、10-20%的β-吲哚乙酸、10-20%的过氧化氢。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种无刺花椒高产种植方法,其特征在于:所述的无刺花椒枝、无刺花椒叶均采用修枝剪叶后的下发枝、遮光枝、衰弱枝、强旺枝。
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