CN112219655A - 一种有机即食玉米粒的种植和生产方法 - Google Patents
一种有机即食玉米粒的种植和生产方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明一种有机即食玉米粒的种植和生产方法，包括以下步骤：育苗、移栽、田间管理、收获、脱粒、筛分风选、水蒸、风干消毒、真空包装。该工艺生产的口感新鲜脆嫩，颗粒饱满，甜味足的即食玉米粒，所得产品品质能保持始终如一，口感味道品相俱佳，无农药残留，无任何有害不良物质，经济效益高。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种即食食品生产方法，尤其涉及有机即食玉米粒的种植和生产方法。
背景技术
玉米是世界重要的粮食作物，富含维生素和核黄素等营养物质，有很高的营养价值和保健作用，对人体健康十分有益。玉米自古以来的食用方式主要以直接生食、热加工后食用，或将其脱粒后晒干，或打粉加工等。可以解决玉米长期储存的问题。随着科技的进步，真空灭菌等技术发展，出现了真空包装的新鲜加工玉米，既保持了新鲜玉米的口感和鲜美，又能将玉米长期保存不会变质腐坏。
可见，即食玉米在种植和加工过程中，有几个需要关注的重点：1、制成的即食玉米清洁卫生，微生物，农药残留等须严格控制，方能做到即食玉米开袋即食；2、玉米品质优良，口感新鲜脆嫩，颗粒饱满，甜味足；3、即食玉米能够在真空包装环境下保持12个月以上的保质期，且对玉米的口感等不发生不良影响；4、在玉米生长过程中，玉米须施以有机肥，才能保证玉米纯天然有机品质。如果需要生产出高品质的即食玉米，必须从源头，全产业链开始进行品控，才能获得优质产品。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种口感新鲜脆嫩，颗粒饱满，甜味足的即食玉米玉米粒，所得产品保质期长，口感味道品相俱佳，品质能保持始终如一，保持玉米的原始风味，无农药残留，无任何有害不良物质。
本发明的技术方案是这样实现的：
1、一种有机即食玉米粒的种植和生产方法，包括以下步骤：
（1）育苗：将玉米种子在秧盘中育苗，秧苗土为煤灰和砂土混合，待玉米生长至三叶或四叶形态后，可进行移栽；
（2）移栽：用旋挖器在土壤上挖出种植坑，坑直径12cm，坑深8cm，在每个播种坑中放置基肥5cm高度，然后将玉米苗移栽到田地中，覆土，玉米苗行距65cm，株距45cm，泥土含水量70%，田地使用黑色地膜覆盖；黑色地膜覆盖在泥土上，一方面可以减少水分蒸发流失，另一方面可以避免阳光照射到玉米植株以外的杂草，杜绝杂草的生长。
（3）田间管理：从玉米苗栽种后至玉米抽穗的期间内使用生物源杀虫防病剂进行喷施，每周喷施一次，使用有机肥水进行喷施；
（4）收获：当玉米成熟后收获，并将玉米皮剥除；
（5）脱粒：玉米棒进入剥粒机，将新鲜玉米粒从玉米芯上剥下；使用广州达瑞宝食品机械有限公司的玉米剥粒机；
（6）筛分风选：将切下的玉米粒进入滚筒筛分机，将玉米粒筛分为若干颗粒等级，符合颗粒大小的玉米粒经过风选室除杂后，收集进入下一工序；
（7）水蒸：将玉米粒摊平至蒸笼屉，进入蒸汽室进行水蒸，压力1.2-1.4MPa，时间5-7分钟；水蒸过后，软化玉米粒表皮，降低表皮韧性和硬度，食用起来口感更易咀嚼，且使用蒸汽加工，可保持玉米粒中汁液不流失，保持绝大部分的玉米香味和甜味；
（8）风干消毒：在16℃封闭干燥室用干燥冷风风干玉米粒，同时玉米棒在紫外线灯照射下进行灭菌处理，时间持续20-25分钟；风干玉米粒表面的水分，使其在后续加工包装后，能保持表面干爽和一致的含水量，不致被残留的水分浸泡渗透导致口感软烂，失去风味；
（9）真空包装：将玉米粒称重后采用PP食品包装膜将其抽真空后封装；
所述基肥成分包括以下重量份数原料：牛粪7份、鱼池沉淀物5份、剑麻废渣3份、菠萝废渣1份、花生麸3份、蚕沙3份混合后发酵而成。
牛粪，为食草料水牛或黄牛粪便，因牛为食草动物，因此其粪便中不含重金属等有害物质，完全符合有机玉米的种植肥料需要。
鱼池沉淀物，是高密度养鱼池中的沉淀物，滤去鱼水后得到，富含鱼粪，是很好的氮肥原料，特别在早期玉米生长期，可促进玉米叶子的发育。
剑麻废渣，是剑麻提取其剑麻纤维后，所产生的废气物，废弃物占剑麻原料的90%以上，通常直接进行填埋废弃或者少量加工成畜牧饲料。本发明中，将剑麻原料发酵后，剑麻中丰富的氮磷钾、维生素等可被玉米植株所吸收，增加土地肥力，另一方面，剑麻废渣中含有的大量植物纤维可起到疏松土壤，改善土壤结构，防止土壤板结，增加土壤蓄水蓄肥能力的技术效果。
菠萝废渣，是菠萝加工后，遗留的果皮等废弃物，废弃物通常填埋丢弃，造成腐臭气体和废水，造成环境污染，本发明中，将菠萝废渣发酵后，其所富含的营养元素和微量元素可为玉米植株所吸收，另外，菠萝废渣发酵后呈弱酸性，而玉米植株适宜在中性或微弱酸性土壤生长，因此对土壤的PH值调节有帮助。
花生麸是是花生仁榨油后的附产物通过加工而成的优质有机肥料，富含钾肥，可提高玉米的甜味。
所述生物源杀虫防病剂为了哥王、土荆芥、岗松叶、苦参、雷公藤、姜黄和鱼腥草以比例2:2:1:1:1:1:1混合切碎后，用10倍重量的水两次煎煮，过滤后合并煎煮液，得到生物源杀虫防病剂水剂。
了哥王，是瑞香科荛花属植物Wikstroemia indica (Linn.) C. A. Mey的根茎叶，别名九信菜、鸡子麻、山黄皮、鸡杧头、南岭荛花、蒲仑；功效：根茎内含有大量的香豆素类、黄酮类、甾醇类、木质素类等化合物，其对玉米螟和黏虫有很好的驱杀作用。
土荆芥，一年生或多年生草本ysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin etClemants的全草，别名：臭草、杀虫芥、鸭脚草、香藜草；功效：其叶和果实中的荆芥油对叶螨等害虫的神经系统和有破坏作用，从而起到杀灭作用。
岗松叶为桃金娘科植物岗松Baeckea frutescens L.的叶子，别名：扫卡木、扫把枝、松毛枝、蛇虫草、鸡儿松、香柴、扫帚子、观音扫、长松、沙松、蚊仔苏、蚊松；功效：气微香，味苦、涩；其岗松油含有蒎烯、1,8-桉叶素、芳樟醇、石竹烯、律草烯等物质，特别其含有的岗松醇，具有杀虫、驱虫的作用。
苦参，是为豆科植物苦参Sophora flavescens Alt的干燥根，别名：地槐、好汉枝、山槐子、野槐；功效：其当中含有的生物碱成分，可以麻痹害虫的的神经系统，降低虫子的活力，使害虫无法进食而亡。
雷公藤，为卫矛科植物雷公藤Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f的根、叶及花，别名：黄藤根、黄药、水莽草、断肠草、菜虫药、南蛇根、三棱花，旱禾花；功效：其含雷公藤定碱、雷公藤扔碱、雷公藤晋碱、雷公藤春碱和雷公藤增碱等生物碱，以及南蛇藤醇、卫矛醇、雷公藤甲素及葡萄糖、鞣质等，其对昆虫的神经中枢系统有破坏作用。
姜黄，为姜科植物姜黄Curcuma longa L.的干燥根茎；别名：郁金、宝鼎香、毫命、黄姜、黄丝；功效：其中含有的姜黄素对多种昆虫具有驱避、拒食、触杀和生长抑制的作用。
鱼腥草，为三白草科植物蕺菜Houttuynia cordata Thunb.的地上部分，别名：狗心草、折耳根、狗点耳；功效：主要成分为癸酰乙醛、月桂烯、α-蒎烯、d-柠檬烯、甲基正壬酮等以及黄酮类、生物碱类。其挥发油具有浓烈的腥味，对叶螨、蚜虫等具有趋避作用。
所述有机肥为高密度养鱼所得肥水，养鱼池设在玉米地旁边，通过管道将养鱼池底部肥水抽出，进行沉淀过滤后滴灌至玉米地中。
所述滚筒筛分机包括：电机通过转轴带动倾斜的筛分筒转动，玉米粒通过输送带进入筛分筒入口，筛分筒下方设置若干下料斗，筛分筒出口设置出料斗，出料斗下方接风选箱，风选箱中间隔板将其分为物料收集区和杂质收集区，风选箱物料收集区一侧接风机。
本发明的有益效果为：
1、本发明即食玉米粒颗粒饱满，颜色金黄，吃起来玉米粒新鲜脆嫩，水分充足，带有自然的玉米清香，保持玉米的原始风味，甜味足且自然纯正；无任何异味异物杂质等，口感良好。
2、本发明即食玉米在加工过程中使用蒸汽+冷风风干的处理方式，避免传统加工方式中，高温水对玉米口感和营养的破坏，防止玉米蔬菜原汁流失，发生变质和口感变化的情况。
3、本发明即食玉米种植过程完全采用无机种植方式，无任何化肥使用和农药残留，食用对人体无任何毒副作用，使用的植物源杀虫水剂对人体无任何毒副作用，利用了多种植物中有效成分，对害虫进行触杀、驱离、破坏其生长系统等作用，天然杀虫水剂由于采用全天然成分，在一段时间内会自行降解和消失，不会产生富集现象，对土地和作物均没有不良影响；对于现今很多昆虫产生抗药性的情况下，本发明中复杂的成分可作用昆虫多个靶点，利于克服虫害的抗药性。
4、本发明即食玉米粒筛分和清杂方式高效快捷，适宜大规模工业生产，玉米表面所有玉米须和杂物等均能实现完全清除。
5、本发明玉米基肥采用剑麻渣、菠萝渣、花生麸、糖蜜和蚕沙等工业或农业有机废料进行配置，一方面增加了土地的肥力，给玉米生长提供丰富的有机肥源，另一方面将废料再利用，减少废物丢弃造成环境污染，符合环保要求，提高了经济效益。
6、本发明中玉米种植与高密度养鱼池结合，利用养鱼池废水对玉米提供肥料和肥水，资源得到充分利用，减少废弃物产生，优化环境。
附图说明：
图1是本发明种植和生产工艺流程图；
图2是本发明筛分机的结构示意图；
图中标号名称为：1、转轴；2、筛分筒；3、下料斗B；4、下料斗A；5、出料斗；6、风机；7、风选箱。
具体实施方式
实施例1
一种有机即食玉米粒的种植和生产方法，包括以下步骤：
（1）育苗：将玉米种子在秧盘中育苗，秧苗土为煤灰和砂土混合，待玉米生长至三叶或四叶形态后，可进行移栽；
（2）移栽：用旋挖器在土壤上挖出种植坑，坑直径12cm，坑深8cm，在每个播种坑中放置基肥5cm高度，然后将玉米苗移栽到田地中，覆土，玉米苗行距65cm，株距45cm，泥土含水量70%，田地使用黑色地膜覆盖；
（3）田间管理：从玉米苗栽种后至玉米抽穗的期间内使用生物源杀虫防病剂进行喷施，每周喷施一次，使用有机肥水进行喷施；
（4）收获：当玉米成熟后收获，并将玉米皮剥除；
（5）脱粒：玉米棒进入剥粒机，将新鲜玉米粒从玉米芯上剥下；
（6）筛分风选：将切下的玉米粒进入滚筒筛分机，将玉米粒筛分为若干颗粒等级，符合颗粒大小的玉米粒经过风选室除杂后，收集进入下一工序；
（7）水蒸：将玉米粒摊平至蒸笼屉，进入蒸汽室进行水蒸，压力1.2-1.4MPa，时间5-7分钟；
（8）风干消毒：在16℃封闭干燥室用干燥冷风风干玉米粒，同时玉米棒在紫外线灯照射下进行灭菌处理，时间持续20-25分钟；
（9）真空包装：将玉米粒称重后采用PP食品包装膜将其抽真空后封装；
所述基肥成分包括以下重量份数原料：牛粪7份、鱼池沉淀物5份、剑麻废渣3份、菠萝废渣1份、花生麸3份、蚕沙3份混合后发酵而成。
所述生物源杀虫防病剂为了哥王、土荆芥、岗松叶、苦参、雷公藤、姜黄和鱼腥草以比例2:2:1:1:1:1:1混合切碎后，用10倍重量的水两次煎煮，过滤后合并煎煮液，得到生物源杀虫防病剂水剂。
所述有机肥为高密度养鱼所得肥水，养鱼池设在玉米地旁边，通过管道将养鱼池底部肥水抽出，进行沉淀过滤后滴灌至玉米地中。
所述滚筒筛分机包括：电机通过转轴1带动倾斜的筛分筒2转动，玉米粒通过输送带进入筛分筒2入口，筛分筒2下方设置若干下料斗，筛分筒2出口设置出料斗5，出料斗5下方接风选箱7，风选箱7中间隔板将其分为物料收集区和杂质收集区，风选箱7物料收集区一侧接风机6。筛分筒筛分出较小的玉米粒和破碎的玉米粒，由下料斗A和B收集，用于其他玉米食品加工用，大粒品相好的玉米粒则到达出料斗，向下落往风选箱，玉米在下落过程中经过侧向的风机吹过，其中所含的玉米须，或玉米皮等轻质杂物，被风机吹往杂质收集区落下，而饱满的玉米粒则直接落在物料收集区被传送带运输至下个加工工序。
农残检测结果：
所检农药残留项目符合GB2763-2014标准要求，所检重金属项目符合GB2762-2012标准要求。
防病防虫效果对比表：
对比例1：每亩玉米地喷施：使用兑水稀释15000倍的15%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂40ml，进行防治率对比：
可见，本发明中植物源杀虫剂防治率在某些害虫上低于对比例中防治率，但其优势在于无任何毒副作用和对环境无害，不发生任何化学残留，因此在无机玉米种植中可以替代化学杀虫剂使用。
营养成分对比表：
对比例1：采用吉林某食品有限公司即食水果型甜玉米，产地来自东北，保质期12个月：
对比例2：福建某食品有限公司即食香甜玉米粒，保质期12个月：
本发明：
由以上可以看出，本发明所得有机玉米蛋白质和碳水化合物具有明显高出市面所售即食玉米粒，证明本发明玉米粒的营养成分具有较大优势。
口感风味测试：实验者20名，对实施例1、实施例2和本发明即食玉米粒食用后作出评价：
距生产日期1.5个月内品尝测试：
距生产日期11个月后品尝测试：
总结根本原因，对比例1和2均使用的是充氮气密封包装的工艺，导致玉米粒在包装中相互碰撞翻滚，玉米表皮破损，其内部的玉米汁渗出到包装内部，汁液接触玉米粒外表皮，造成玉米粒绵软失去弹性，导致口感降低。对比例1和2可能采用的水煮加工的工艺，导致玉米粒汁液随煮沸水流失，造成香味和甜味的降低，影响了风味。
Claims (5)
1.一种有机即食玉米粒的种植和生产方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
（1）育苗：将玉米种子在秧盘中育苗，秧苗土为煤灰和砂土混合，待玉米生长至三叶或四叶形态后，可进行移栽；
（2）移栽：用旋挖器在土壤上挖出种植坑，坑直径12cm，坑深8cm，在每个播种坑中放置基肥5cm高度，然后将玉米苗移栽到田地中，覆土，玉米苗行距65cm，株距45cm，泥土含水量70%，田地使用黑色地膜覆盖；
（3）田间管理：从玉米苗栽种后至玉米抽穗的期间内使用生物源杀虫防病剂进行喷施，每周喷施一次，使用有机肥水进行喷施；
（4）收获：当玉米成熟后收获，并将玉米皮剥除；
（5）脱粒：玉米棒进入剥粒机，将新鲜玉米粒从玉米芯上剥下；
（6）筛分风选：将切下的玉米粒进入滚筒筛分机，将玉米粒筛分为若干颗粒等级，符合颗粒大小的玉米粒经过风选室除杂后，收集进入下一工序；
（7）水蒸：将玉米粒摊平至蒸笼屉，进入蒸汽室进行水蒸，压力1.2-1.4MPa，时间5-7分钟；
（8）风干消毒：在16℃封闭干燥室用干燥冷风风干玉米粒，同时玉米棒在紫外线灯照射下进行灭菌处理，时间持续20-25分钟；
（9）真空包装：将玉米粒称重后采用PP食品包装膜将其抽真空后封装。
2.根据权利要求1所述有机即食玉米的种植和生产方法，其特征在于：所述基肥成分包括以下重量份数原料：牛粪7份、鱼池沉淀物5份、剑麻废渣3份、菠萝废渣1份、花生麸3份、蚕沙3份混合后发酵而成。
3.根据权利要求1所述有机即食玉米的种植和生产方法，其特征在于：所述生物源杀虫防病剂为了哥王、土荆芥、岗松叶、苦参、雷公藤、姜黄和鱼腥草以比例2:2:1:1:1:1:1混合切碎后，用10倍重量的水两次煎煮，过滤后合并煎煮液，得到生物源杀虫防病剂水剂。
4.根据权利要求1所述有机即食玉米的种植和生产方法，其特征在于：所述有机肥为高密度养鱼所得肥水，养鱼池设在玉米地旁边，通过管道将养鱼池底部肥水抽出，进行沉淀过滤后滴灌至玉米地中。
5.根据权利要求1所述有机即食玉米的种植和生产方法，其特征在于：所述滚筒筛分机包括：电机通过转轴（1）带动倾斜的筛分筒（2）转动，玉米粒通过输送带进入筛分筒（2）入口，筛分筒（2）下方设置若干下料斗，筛分筒（2）出口设置出料斗（5），出料斗（5）下方接风选箱（7），风选箱（7）中间隔板将其分为物料收集区和杂质收集区，风选箱（7）物料收集区一侧接风机（6）。
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