CN112218888A - 使用肿瘤微环境的特征的嵌合受体t细胞治疗 - Google Patents
使用肿瘤微环境的特征的嵌合受体t细胞治疗 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本公开提供了治疗恶性肿瘤的方法,该方法包括施用有效剂量的嵌合受体(例如,CAR或TCR)基因修饰的T细胞免疫疗法。本公开的一些方面涉及表征输注前肿瘤微环境和确定T细胞免疫疗法的有效剂量的方法。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2018年4月12日提交的美国临时专利申请第62/656,825号;2019年4月1日提交的美国临时专利申请第62/827,770号;以及2019年4月10日提交的美国临时专利申请第62/831,946号的优先权,其通过引用整体并入本文。
序列表
本申请含有序列表,其已以ASCII格式电子提交,并且在此通过引用整体并入本文。所述ASCII副本创建于2019年4月11日,命名为K-1065_01_SL.txt,并且大小为8KB。
发明背景
人类癌症就其本质而言是由已经经历了遗传或表观遗传转化为异常癌细胞的正常细胞组成。此时,癌细胞开始表达不同于正常细胞表达的蛋白质和其他抗原。这些异常的肿瘤抗原可被人体的先天免疫系统用来特异性靶向并杀死癌细胞。然而,癌细胞采用各种机制来阻止诸如T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞的免疫细胞成功靶向癌细胞。
人类T细胞疗法依靠富集或修饰的人类T细胞来靶向和杀死患者的癌细胞。为了增加T细胞靶向和杀死特定癌细胞的能力,已经开发了对T细胞进行改造以表达将T细胞引导至特定靶癌细胞的构建体的方法。嵌合抗原受体(CAR)和工程化T细胞受体(TCR),它们包含能够与特定肿瘤抗原相互作用的结合结构域,可使T细胞靶向并杀死表达特定肿瘤抗原的癌细胞。
发明概述
输注CAR T细胞之前的肿瘤微环境(TME)的特征可以影响临床结果。本公开提供了利用TME的免疫相关基因表达标签和/或肿瘤内T细胞密度来评估TME以与结果相关联的方法。
除非上下文另有明确说明,以下描述的各个方面和实施方案可以组合。
一方面,本公开提供了治疗患者中的恶性肿瘤的方法,其包括:(a)分析来自患者的肿瘤活检,以表征肿瘤微环境;和(b)向患者施用有效剂量的包含一种或多种嵌合受体的T细胞,其中使用肿瘤微环境的特征来确定所述有效剂量。
在一些实施方案中,肿瘤微环境使用基因表达谱分析来表征。在一些实施方案中,肿瘤微环境基于肿瘤内T细胞密度来表征。在一些实施方案中,肿瘤微环境使用基因表达谱分析和肿瘤内T细胞密度来表征。
在一些实施方案中,基因表达谱分析包括确定指定组的基因的表达水平。在一些实施方案中,所述组包括CD3G、STAT4、CD3E、CD3D、GZMK、GZMM、PRF1、CD8A、ICOS、CXCL10、STAT1、IL15、CCR2、CCL2、IRF1、TBX21、GZMA、CXCR3、GZMB、CD69、CXCL11,及其组合。
在一些实施方案中,所述组包括CTLA4、GZMH、CD8A、PDCD1、CD3G、IRF1、CX3CL1、TNFRSF9、CD3E、GZMA、CXCL10、TSLP、REN、GZMB、TNFRSF18、CCL2、GZMK、CXCL11、CD69、CD247、CCL5、STAT4、CD274、GNLY、ITGAE、LAG3、IL15、LTK、PRF1、CD3D、PF4、TBX21、ICOS、CXCL9、IFNG、VEGFA、STAT1、GZMM、CXCL13、CXCR3、CCR2、IL17A、PROM1,及其组合。在一些实施方案中,所述组包括泛癌免疫谱分析组(PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel)。
在一些实施方案中,方法包括确定B细胞标志物的表达水平。在一些实施方案中,B细胞标志物选自BLK、CD19、CR2、MS4A1、TNFRSF17及以上的组合。
在一些实施方案中,方法包括确定T细胞标志物的表达水平。在一些实施方案中,T细胞标志物选自CD2、CD2E、CD3G、CD6及以上的组合。
在一些实施方案中,方法包括确定指定组的基因的表达水平,指定组的基因包括与先天性免疫应答相关的基因。在一些实施方案中,指定组的基因包括细胞毒性细胞,树突状细胞,巨噬细胞、粒细胞的标志物及以上的组合。
在一些实施方案中,指定组的基因包括选自CD8、BLC2及其组合的基因。
在一些实施方案中,指定组的基因包括选自CCL12、CCL17及其组合的基因。
在一些实施方案中,指定组的基因包括选自APOE、CCL7及其组合的基因。
在一些实施方案中,指定组的基因包括选自CMA1、CSF3R及其组合的基因。
在一些实施方案中,方法包括确定选自CTLA4、CD3g、CD3e、CD27、SH2B2、ICOSL及其组合中的一种或多种基因的表达水平。
在一些实施方案中,方法包括确定选自CD27、SH2B2、ICOSLG、HLA-DQA1、HLA-DQB1、MAGEB2、PRAME、MAGEA1、IL22RA1、SSX1、CCL20、NEFL、C9、GZMM、KIR Act Subgroup 2、HLA-DOB及其组合中的一种或多种基因的表达水平。
在一些实施方案中,方法包括确定选自CD27、SH2B2、ICOSLG及其组合中的一种或多种基因的表达水平。
在一些实施方案中,方法包括确定选自HLA-DQA1、HLA-DQB1、MAGEB2、PRAME、MAGEA1、IL22RA1、SSX1、CCL20、NEFL、C9、GZMM、KIR Act Subgroup 2、HLA-DOB及其组合中的一种或多种基因的表达水平。
在一些实施方案中,方法包括例如通过肿瘤活检的免疫组织化学染色,确定组织微环境中T细胞的密度(即肿瘤内T细胞密度)。在一些实施方案中,方法包括确定组织微环境中CD3+和/或CD8+T细胞的密度。
在一些实施方案中,方法包括基于基因表达谱确定免疫评分。
在一些实施方案中,方法包括基于肿瘤内T细胞密度确定免疫评分。在一些实施方案中,方法包括使用免疫评分来调节CAR-T细胞的总剂量。在一些实施方案中,方法包括在施用CAR-T细胞之前提供免疫调节化合物或干扰以增加免疫评分。
在一些实施方案中,有效剂量包括每千克体重至少1×106个CAR阳性活T细胞。
在一些实施方案中,嵌合受体靶向肿瘤抗原。在一些实施方案中,嵌合受体靶向选自肿瘤相关表面抗原的肿瘤抗原,例如5T4,甲胎蛋白(AFP),B7-1(CD80),B7-2(CD86),BCMA,B-人绒毛膜促性腺激素,CA-125,癌胚抗原(CEA),癌胚抗原(CEA),CD123,CD133,CD138,CD19,CD20,CD22,CD23,CD24,CD25,CD30,CD33,CD34,CD4,CD40,CD44,CD56,CD8,CLL-1,c-Met,CMV特异性抗原,CS-1,CSPG4,CTLA-4,DLL3,双唾液酸神经节苷脂GD2,导管上皮黏蛋白,EBV特异性抗原,EGFR变体III(EGFRvIII),ELF2M,内皮糖蛋白(endoglin),ephrin B2,表皮生长因子受体(EGFR),上皮细胞粘附分子(EpCAM),上皮肿瘤抗原,ErbB2(HER2/neu),成纤维细胞相关蛋白(fap),FLT3,叶酸结合蛋白,GD2,GD3,神经胶质瘤相关抗原,糖鞘脂,gp36,HBV特异性抗原,HCV特异性抗原,HER1-HER2,HER2-HER3组合,HERV-K,高分子量黑素瘤相关抗原(HMW-MAA),HIV-1包膜糖蛋白gp41,HPV特异性抗原,人类端粒酶逆转录酶,IGFI受体,IGF-II,IL-11Rα,IL-13R-a2,流感病毒特异性抗原;CD38,胰岛素生长因子(IGF1),肠羧基酯酶,κ链,LAGA-la,λ链,拉沙病毒特异性抗原,凝集素反应性AFP,谱系特异性或组织特异性抗原,例如CD3,MAGE,MAGE-A1,主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)分子,呈递肿瘤特异性肽表位的主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)分子,M-CSF,黑素瘤相关抗原,间皮素,间皮蛋白,MN-CA IX,MUC-1,mut hsp70-2,突变的p53,突变的p53,突变的ras,中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶,NKG2D,Nkp30,NY-ESO-1,p53,PAP,蛋白酶,前列腺特异性抗原(PSA),前列腺癌肿瘤抗原1(PCTA-1),前列腺特异性抗原蛋白,STEAP1,STEAP2,PSMA,RAGE-1,ROR1,RU1,RU2(AS),表面粘附分子,存活和端粒酶,TAG-72,纤连蛋白的额外结构域A(EDA)和额外结构域B和肌腱蛋白C的Al结构域(TnC Al),甲状腺球蛋白,肿瘤基质抗原,血管内皮生长因子受体2(VEGFR2),病毒特异性表面抗原如HIV特异性抗原抗原(例如HIV gp120),以及这些表面标志物的任何衍生物或变体。
在一些实施方案中,嵌合受体特异性靶向CD19。
在一些实施方案中,嵌合受体为嵌合抗原受体(CAR)。在一些实施方案中,嵌合受体为T细胞受体(TCR)。
在一些实施方案中,恶性肿瘤为实体瘤,肉瘤,癌,淋巴瘤,多发性骨髓瘤,霍奇金病,非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL),原发性纵隔大B细胞淋巴瘤(PMBC),弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL),滤泡性淋巴瘤(FL),转化滤泡性淋巴瘤,脾边缘区淋巴瘤(SMZL),慢性或急性白血病,急性髓样白血病,慢性髓样白血病,急性淋巴母细胞白血病(ALL)(包括非T细胞ALL),慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL),T细胞淋巴瘤,B细胞急性淋巴样白血病(“BALL”),T细胞急性淋巴样白血病(“TALL”),急性淋巴样白血病(ALL),慢性髓细胞性白血病(CML),B细胞幼淋巴细胞白血病中的一种或多种,母细胞性浆细胞样树突状细胞赘生物,伯基特淋巴瘤,弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤,滤泡性淋巴瘤,毛细胞白血病,小细胞或大细胞滤泡性淋巴瘤,恶性淋巴增生性状况,MALT淋巴瘤,套细胞淋巴瘤,边缘区淋巴瘤,骨髓增生异常和骨髓增生异常综合征,浆母细胞性淋巴瘤,浆细胞样树突状细胞赘生物,瓦氏巨球蛋白血症,浆细胞增生性病症(例如无症状性骨髓瘤(郁积型多发性骨髓瘤或惰性骨髓瘤),意义不明的单克隆丙种球蛋白病(MGUS),浆细胞瘤(例如浆细胞恶液质、单发性骨髓瘤、单发性浆细胞瘤、髓外浆细胞瘤和多发性浆细胞瘤),系统性淀粉样蛋白轻链淀粉样变性,POEMS综合征(又称为Crow-Fukase综合征,Takatsuki病和PEP综合征),或其组合。
在一些实施方案中,恶性肿瘤为弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL),原发性纵隔大B细胞淋巴瘤(PMBC),高级别B细胞淋巴瘤,非霍奇金淋巴瘤,转移性黑素瘤,转化滤泡性淋巴瘤,滤泡性淋巴瘤,套细胞淋巴瘤以及多发性骨髓瘤。
在一些实施方案中,优化有效剂量以增加所述患者对治疗响应的可能性。
在一些实施方案中,在用嵌合受体疗法治疗之前从患者获得肿瘤活检。
一方面,本公开包括确定患者是否将对嵌合受体治疗响应的方法,其包括:(a)使用基因表达谱分析来自患者的肿瘤活检,以表征肿瘤微环境;(b)基于基因表达谱确定免疫评分;以及(c)基于免疫评分确定患者是否将对嵌合受体治疗响应。
一方面,本公开包括确定患者是否将对嵌合受体治疗响应的方法,其包括:(a)通过定量肿瘤内T细胞(如CD3+和/或CD8+T细胞)密度分析来自患者的肿瘤活检,以表征肿瘤微环境;(b)基于肿瘤内T细胞密度确定免疫评分;以及(c)基于免疫评分确定患者是否将对嵌合受体治疗响应。
一方面,本公开提供了治疗患者恶性肿瘤的方法,其包括:(a)在嵌合受体治疗之前分析来自患者的肿瘤活检,以表征肿瘤微环境;(b)基于肿瘤微环境的特征确定患者是否将对嵌合受体治疗响应;以及(c)向患者施用有效剂量的包含一种或多种嵌合受体的T细胞,其中使用肿瘤的微环境特征来确定所述有效剂量。
在一些实施方案中,方法还包括使用肿瘤微环境的特征确定其他疗法是否将改善临床效果。在一些实施方案中,嵌合受体疗法与其他疗法一起施用。在一些实施方案中,其他疗法与嵌合受体疗法联合施用。在一些实施方案中,其他疗法在嵌合受体疗法之前或之后施用。
在一些实施方案中,方法还包括施用细胞因子疗法。在一些实施方案中,细胞因子为IL-2或IL-15。
在一些实施方案中,方法还包括施用刺激性抗体。在一些实施方案中,刺激性抗体为抗41BB或OX-40。
在一些实施方案中,方法还包括施用检查点阻断疗法。在一些实施方案中,检查点阻断疗法包括CTLA4或PD-1。
在一些实施方案中,方法还包括施用天然免疫刺激物。在一些实施方案中,天然免疫刺激物包括TLR或STING激动剂。
在一些实施方案中,基因表达谱分析包括确定增殖标志物,炎症标志物,免疫调节标志物,效应物和/或趋化因子的表达水平。在一些实施方案中,方法包括确定选自IL-6,CRP,SAA,IL-5,铁蛋白,IL-1Ra,IL-2Rα及其组合的一种或多种基因的表达水平。在一些实施方案中,方法包括确定选自GM-CSF,IFN-γ,IL-10及其组合的一种或多种基因的表达水平。在一些实施方案中,方法包括确定选自IL-8,IP-10,MCP-1及其组合的一种或多种基因的表达水平。在一些实施方式中,方法包括确定颗粒酶B的表达水平。在一些实施方式中,方法包括确定CD3ε,CD28和CTLA4的表达水平。在一些实施方案中,方法包括确定MX1,ISG15和MYD88的表达水平。在一些实施方案中,方法包括确定CD19,CD79B和PAX5的表达水平。在一些实施方案中,方法包括确定PD-L1和/或CD19的表达水平。在一些实施方案中,在用CAR T细胞疗法治疗之前获得肿瘤活检。在一些实施方案中,在用CAR T细胞疗法治疗之后获得肿瘤活检。在一些实施方案中,方法包括在用CAR T细胞疗法治疗之前获得肿瘤活检,以及在用CAR T细胞疗法治疗之后获得肿瘤活检。在一些实施方案中,在用CAR T细胞疗法治疗之后7天,14天,21天或28天获得肿瘤活检。
附图简述
附图仅用于说明而非限制的目的。
图1显示了嵌合抗原受体(CAR)构建体构型的示意图。
图2显示了接受Axicabtagene Ciloleucel的患者的ZUMA-1临床试验的示意图。AE,不良事件;axi-cel,axicabtagene ciloleucel;CAR,嵌合抗原受体;CR,完全响应;CRS,细胞因子释放综合征;DLBCL,弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤;NE,神经系统事件;ORR,客观响应率;PMBCL,原发性纵隔B细胞淋巴瘤;TFL,转化滤泡性淋巴瘤。
图3显示了ZUMA-1临床试验方案和配对的活检时间安排的示意图。
图5A显示21评分与临床结果之间的关联,该结果来自接受axicabtagene ciloleucel(axi-cel)治疗且至少随访9个月的25名患者样本。1名患者随后在12个月的随访中从“无响应者”转变为“响应者”。图5B显示了具有高和低基线21评分对axi-cel疗法响应的患者比例。图5C显示了具有高和低基线21评分对axi-cel疗法无响应的患者比例。高/低21评分截止值被定义为样本中所观察评分的第25个百分位数。图5B和图5C中的点表示低21评分。
图7A至图7C显示了在来自响应者的肿瘤中升高的前三个免疫环境基因CTLA4(图7A),CD3γ(图7B)和CD3ε(图7C)的关联,其来自对用axicabtagene ciloleucel(axi-cel)治疗且至少随访9个月的25名患者样本进行的预先设定的43个免疫基因组。
图8A显示平均百分位数与对来自治疗患者的样本进行的临床结果之间的关联。图8B显示了高基线患者中观察到的临床结果比例。图8C显示了低基线患者中观察到的临床结果比例。高/低21评分截止值定义为样本中所观察评分的中位数。CR:完全响应;PR:部分响应;SD:疾病稳定;PD:疾病进展。
图9A和图9B分别显示在治疗患者的基线活检切片中,完全响应者和表现出完全响应以外的患者中CD3+细胞和CD8+细胞的密度。
图11显示了治疗前TME中T细胞相关基因(CD3ε,CD28和CTLA4),先天性免疫相关基因(MX1,ISG15和MYD88)和B细胞相关基因(CD19,CD79B和PAX5)的基因表达分析和axi-cel治疗后随访1年时的临床结果。CR:完全响应;PR:部分响应;SD:疾病稳定;PD:疾病进展。
图12显示CAR-T治疗后7~21天TME中基因表达的倍数变化,显示了与免疫抑制检查点(PD-L1,CTLA4,LAG3,TNFRSF18,ICOS),IFN相关基因(IRF1,STAT1,STAT4,IFNγ)和趋化因子(CXCL9,CCL2,CCL5),效应物(CD8A,GNLY,GZMA,GZMM,GZMB,GZMH)以及增殖标志物IL-15的基线相比的相对变化。
图13A和图13B显示了IL-15(图13A)和PD-L1(图13B)差异变化的nanostring分析。Pre-Tx:治疗前;W1-2:第1-2周;第4周:第4周。
发明详述
本公开涉及使用患者活检的肿瘤微环境的特征来治疗患者恶性肿瘤的方法。本公开部分基于令人惊讶地发现,即在嵌合受体治疗之前获得的患者活检组织的肿瘤微环境的特征可用于预后临床结果。如本文所述,使用嵌合受体治疗之前的肿瘤微环境概况来确定有效剂量,以影响嵌合受体(例如,CAR或TCR)T细胞疗法的临床结果。
定义
为了使本发明更容易理解,下面首先定义某些术语。对于以下术语和其他术语的附加定义在整个说明书中得以阐述。
如在本说明书和所附权利要求中所使用的,单数形式“一个”、“一种”和“所述”包括复数指示物,除非上下文另有明确规定。
除非在上下文中明确说明或显而易见,否则如本文所用,术语“或”应当理解为包含性的并且涵盖“或”和“和”两者。
本文使用的术语“和/或”视为具有或不具有另一个的两个指定特征或组分中的每一个的具体公开。因此,如在本文中的短语例如“A和/或B”中所使用的术语“和/或”旨在包括A和B;A或B;A(单独);和B(单独)。同样地,如在短语例如“A、B和/或C”中所使用的术语“和/或”旨在涵盖以下方面的每一个:A、B和C;A、B或C;A或C;A或B;B或C;A和C;A和B;B和C;A(单独);B(单独);和C(单独)。
如本文所用,术语“例如”和“即”仅作为实例使用,而无意于限制,并且不应当诠释为仅涉及在说明书中明确列举的那些项目。
术语“或更多”、“至少”、“超过”等,例如“至少一种”应当理解为包括但不限于比所述值多至少1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19 20、21、22、23、24、25、26、27、28、29、30、31、32、33、34、35、36、37、38、39、40、41、42、43、44、45、46、47、48、49、50、51、52、53、54、55、56、57、58、59、60、61、62、63、64、65、66、67、68、69、70、71、72、73、74、75、76、77、78、79、80、81、82、83、84、85、86、87、88、89、90、91、92、93、94、95、96、97、98、99、100、101、102、103、104、105、106、107、108、109、110、111、112、113、114、115、116、117、118、119、120、121、122、123、124、125、126、127、128、129、130、131、132、133、134、135、136、137、138、139、140、141、142、143、144、145、146、147、148、149或150、200、300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000或更多。还包括任何更大的数字或其间的分数。
相反地,术语“不超过”包括小于所述值的每个值。例如,“不超过100个核苷酸”包括100、99、98、97、96、95、94、93、92、91、90、89、88、87、86、85、84、83、82、81、80、79、78、77、76、75、74、73、72、71、70、69、68、67、66、65、64、63、62、61、60、59、58、57、56、55、54、53、52、51、50、49、48、47、46、45、44、43、42、41、40、39、38、37、36、35、34、33、32、31、30、29、28、27、26、25、24、23、22、21、20、19、18、17、16、15、14、13、12、11、10、9、8、7、6、5、4、3、2、1和0个核苷酸。还包括任何更小的数字或其间的分数。
术语“多个”、“至少两个”、“两个或更多个”、“至少第二个”等应当理解为包括但不限于至少2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19 20、21、22、23、24、25、26、27、28、29、30、31、32、33、34、35、36、37、38、39、40、41、42、43、44、45、46、47、48、49、50、51、52、53、54、55、56、57、58、59、60、61、62、63、64、65、66、67、68、69、70、71、72、73、74、75、76、77、78、79、80、81、82、83、84、85、86、87、88、89、90、91、92、93、94、95、96、97、98、99、100、101、102、103、104、105、106、107、108、109、110、111、112、113、114、115、116、117、118、119、120、121、122、123、124、125、126、127、128、129、130、131、132、133、134、135、136、137、138、139、140、141、142、143、144、145、146、147、148、149或150、200、300、400、500、600、700、800、900、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000或更多。还包括任何更大的数字或其间的分数。
在整个说明书中,词语“包含”或变形(comprising/comprises)”将理解为暗指包括所述要素、整数或步骤,或要素、整数或步骤的组,但不排除任何其他要素、整数或步骤,或要素、整数或步骤的组。应当理解的是,在本文中无论何处用语言“包含”描述方面,还提供了以“由......组成”和/或“基本上由......组成”描述的其他类似方面。
除非明确说明或从上下文中显而易见,如本文所用,术语“约”是指如本领域普通技术人员测定的特定值或组成的可接受误差范围内的值或组成,其将部分取决于如何测量或测定值或组成,即测量系统的局限性。例如,“约”或“大约”可以意指按本领域实践的1个内或超过1个标准偏差。“约”或“大约”可以意指高达10%的范围(即±10%)。因此,“约”可以理解为在10%、9%、8%、7%、6%、5%、4%、3%、2%、1%、0.5%、0.1%、0.05%、0.01%或0.001%内大于或小于所述值。例如,约5mg可以包括4.5mg至5.5mg之间的任何量。此外,特别是关于生物系统或过程,该术语可以意指高达一个数量级或高达5倍的值。当在本公开中提供特定值或组成时,除非另有说明,否则应当假定“约”或“大约”的含义在该特定值或组成的可接受的误差范围内。
如文本所述,除非另有说明,否则任何浓度范围、百分比范围、比率范围或整数范围应当理解为包括所叙述范围内的任何整数的值,并且在适当时包括其分数(例如整数的十分之一和百分之一)。
使用其国际单位制(SI)接受的形式提供本文所使用的单位、前缀和符号。数字范围包括定义范围的数字。
除非另外定义,否则本文所使用的所有技术和科学术语具有与本公开所涉及领域的普通技术人员通常理解的含义相同的含义。例如,Juo,“The Concise Dictionary ofBiomedicine and Molecular Biology”,2nd ed.,(2001),CRC Press;“The Dictionary ofCell&Molecular Biology”,5th ed.,(2013),Academic Press;和“The Oxford DictionaryOf Biochemistry And Molecular Biology”、Cammack et al.eds.,2nd ed,(2006),OxfordUniversity Press为本领域技术人员提供了本公开中使用的许多术语的通用词典。
“施用”是指使用本领域技术人员已知的任何各种方法和递送系统将药剂物理导入受试者。本文公开的制剂的示例性施用途径包括静脉内、肌肉内、皮下、腹膜内、脊柱或其他肠胃外施用途径,例如通过注射或输注。如本文所用,短语“肠胃外施用”意指除肠内和局部施用外的施用方式,通常通过注射并且包括但不限于静脉内、肌肉内、动脉内、鞘内、淋巴管内、病灶内、囊内、眶内、心内、皮内、腹膜内、经气管、皮下、表皮下、关节内、囊下、蛛网膜下、脊柱内、硬膜外和胸骨内注射和输注,以及体内电穿孔。在一些实施方案中,经由非肠胃外途径例如口服施用制剂。其他非肠胃外途径包括局部、表皮或粘膜施用途径,例如鼻内、阴道、直肠、舌下或局部。也可以例如,一次,多次,和/或在一个或多个延长时期进行施用。
术语“抗体”(Ab)包括但不限于,特异性结合抗原的糖蛋白免疫球蛋白。通常,抗体可以包含通过二硫键相互连接的至少两条重(H)链和两条轻(L)链,或其抗原结合分子。每条H链包含重链可变区(本文缩写为VH)和重链恒定区。重链恒定区包含三个恒定结构域,CH1、CH2和CH3。每条轻链包含轻链可变区(本文缩写为VL)和轻链恒定区。轻链恒定区包含一个恒定结构域,CL。VH和VL区域可以进一步细分为高变的区域,称为互补决定区(CDR),其与较保守的区域散布,称为框架区(FR)。每个VH和VL包含三个CDR和四个FR,从氨基末端到羧基末端按照以下顺序排列:FR1、CDR1、FR2、CDR2、FR3、CDR3和FR4。重链和轻链的可变区含有与抗原相互作用的结合结构域。Ab的恒定区可以介导免疫球蛋白与宿主组织或因子的结合,包括免疫系统的各种细胞(例如效应细胞)和经典补体系统的第一组分(C1q)。
抗体可以包括例如,单克隆抗体、重组产生的抗体、单特异性抗体、多特异性抗体(包括双特异性抗体)、人抗体、工程化抗体、人源化抗体、嵌合抗体、免疫球蛋白、合成抗体、包含两个重链和两个轻链分子的四聚体抗体、抗体轻链单体、抗体重链单体、抗体轻链二聚体、抗体重链二聚体、抗体轻链-抗体重链对、胞内抗体、抗体融合物(本文有时称为“抗体缀合物”)、异缀合抗体、单结构域抗体、单价抗体、单链抗体或单链Fv(scFv)、骆驼源化抗体、亲和体、Fab片段、F(ab’)2片段、二硫键连接的Fv(sdFv)、抗独特型(抗Id)抗体(包括例如,抗-抗Id抗体)、微抗体、结构域抗体、合成抗体(本文有时称为“抗体模拟物”)和以上任何的抗原结合片段。在某些实施方案中,本文所述的抗体是指多克隆抗体群。
“抗原结合分子”、“抗原结合部分”或“抗体片段”是指包含从该分子所衍生于的抗体的抗原结合部分(例如,CDR)的任何分子。抗原结合分子可以包括抗原互补决定区(CDR)。抗体片段的实例包括但不限于,从抗原结合分子形成的Fab、Fab'、F(ab')2和Fv片段、dAb、线性抗体、scFv抗体和多特异性抗体。肽体(即,包含肽结合结构域的Fc融合分子)是合适的抗原结合分子的另一个实例。在一些实施方案中,抗原结合分子结合肿瘤细胞上的抗原。在一些实施方案中,抗原结合分子结合参与过度增殖性疾病的细胞上的抗原或结合病毒或细菌抗原。在某些实施方案中,抗原结合分子结合BCMA、CLL-1或FLT3。在进一步的实施方案中,抗原结合分子是特异性结合抗原的抗体片段,包括其一个或多个互补决定区(CDR)。在进一步的实施方案中,抗原结合分子是单链可变片段(scFv)。在一些实施方案中,抗原结合分子包含高亲和性多聚体(avimer)或由高亲和性多聚体组成。
“抗原”是指引发免疫应答或能够被抗体或抗原结合分子结合的任何分子。免疫应答可以涉及抗体产生或特异性免疫能力细胞的激活,或者两者兼有。本领域技术人员将容易理解,任何大分子(包括几乎所有的蛋白质或肽)都可以充当抗原。抗原可以内源性表达,即通过基因组DNA表达,或者可以重组表达。抗原可以对某一组织(例如癌细胞)具有特异性,或者可以广泛表达。此外,较大分子的片段可以充当抗原。在一些实施方案中,抗原是肿瘤抗原。
术语“中和”是指与配体结合并防止或降低该配体的生物学效应的抗原结合分子、scFv、抗体或其片段。在一些实施方案中,抗原结合分子、scFv、抗体或其片段直接阻断配体上的结合位点,或者通过间接方式(如配体中的结构或能量改变)来改变配体的结合能力。在一些实施方案中,抗原结合分子、scFv、抗体或其片段阻止与其结合的蛋白质执行生物学功能。
术语“自体”是指源自同一个体的任何物质,随后将其重新导入该个体。例如,本文所述的工程化自体细胞疗法(eACTTM)方法涉及从患者收集淋巴细胞,随后将其工程化以表达例如CAR构建体,然后施用于同一患者。
术语“同种异体”是指源自一个个体的任何物质,随后将其导入相同物种的另一个体,例如同种异体T细胞移植。
术语“转导”和“经转导的”是指通过病毒载体将外源DNA导入细胞的过程(参见Jones et al.,“Genetics:principles and analysis,”Boston:Jones&Bartlett Publ.(1998))。在一些实施方案中,载体是逆转录病毒载体,DNA载体,RNA载体,腺病毒载体,杆状病毒载体,EB病毒载体,乳多空病毒载体、牛痘病毒载体、单纯疱疹病毒载体、腺病毒相关载体、慢病毒载体,或其任何组合。
“癌症”是指一大组各种各样的疾病,其特征在于体内异常细胞不受控制的生长。不受控制的细胞分裂和生长导致恶性肿瘤的形成,其侵入相邻组织,并且还可能通过淋巴系统或血液转移到身体的远处。“癌症”或“癌症组织”可以包括肿瘤。可以通过本文公开的方法治疗的癌症的例子包括但不限于免疫系统的癌症,包括淋巴瘤、白血病、骨髓瘤和其他白细胞恶性肿瘤。在一些实施方案中,本文公开的方法可用于减少源自例如以下肿瘤的肿瘤大小:骨癌,胰腺癌,皮肤癌,头或颈癌,皮肤或眼内恶性黑素瘤,子宫癌,卵巢癌,直肠癌,肛门区域癌,胃癌,睾丸癌,子宫癌,输卵管癌,子宫内膜癌,子宫颈癌,阴道癌,外阴癌,多发性骨髓瘤,霍奇金病,非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL),原发性纵隔大B细胞淋巴瘤(PMBC),弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL),滤泡性淋巴瘤(FL),转化滤泡性淋巴瘤,脾边缘区淋巴瘤(SMZL),食道癌,小肠癌,内分泌系统癌,甲状腺癌,甲状旁腺癌,肾上腺癌,软组织肉瘤,尿道癌,肝癌阴茎,慢性或急性白血病,急性髓细胞性白血病,慢性髓细胞性白血病,急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)(包括非T细胞ALL),慢性淋巴细胞性白血病(CLL),儿童实体瘤,淋巴细胞性淋巴瘤,膀胱癌,癌症肾或输尿管,肾盂癌,中枢神经系统肿瘤(CNS),原发性CNS淋巴瘤,肿瘤血管生成,脊髓轴肿瘤,脑干神经胶质瘤,垂体腺瘤,卡波西氏肉瘤,表皮样癌,鳞状细胞癌,T细胞淋巴瘤,环境诱发的癌症(包括石棉诱发的癌症),其他B细胞恶性肿瘤,以及上述癌症的组合。在一些实施方案中,癌症是多发性骨髓瘤。特定癌症可能对化学疗法或放射疗法响应,或者癌症可能是难治性的。难治性癌症是指无法通过外科手术进行干预的癌症,并且该癌症最初对化学疗法或放射疗法无响应,或者随时间的推移而变得无响应。
本文所用的“抗肿瘤效应”,是指可以呈现为肿瘤体积缩小、肿瘤细胞数目减少、肿瘤细胞增殖减少、转移的数目减少、总体或无进展生存期增加、期望寿命增加、或各种与肿瘤相关的生理症状改善的生物学效应。抗肿瘤效应也可以指肿瘤发生的预防,例如疫苗。
如本文所用,“细胞因子”是指由一个细胞应答与特定抗原的接触而释放的非抗体蛋白质,其中细胞因子与第二个细胞相互作用以介导在第二个细胞中的应答。如本文所用的细胞因子,是指由一种细胞群释放的蛋白质,其作为细胞间介体作用于另一细胞。细胞因子可以由细胞内源性表达或施用于受试者。细胞因子可以由免疫细胞(包括巨噬细胞、B细胞、T细胞和肥大细胞)释放以传播免疫应答。细胞因子可以诱导受体细胞中的各种应答。细胞因子可以包括稳态细胞因子、趋化因子、促炎细胞因子、效应物和急性期蛋白质。例如,稳态细胞因子(包括白细胞介素(IL)7和IL-15)促进免疫细胞存活和增殖,而促炎细胞因子可以促进炎症应答。稳态细胞因子的实例包括但不限于IL-2、IL-4、IL-5、IL-7、IL-10、IL-12p40、IL-12p70、IL-15、以及干扰素(IFN)γ。促炎细胞因子的实例包括但不限于IL-1a、IL-1b、IL-6、IL-13、IL-17a、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、TNF-β、成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)2、粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)、可溶性细胞间黏附分子1(sICAM-1)、可溶性血管黏附分子1(sVCAM-1)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、VEGF-C、VEGF-D、以及胎盘生长因子(PLGF)。效应物的实例包括但不限于颗粒酶A、颗粒酶B、可溶性Fas配体(sFasL)、以及穿孔素。急性期蛋白质的实例包括但不限于C反应蛋白(CRP)和血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)。
“趋化因子”是介导细胞趋化性或定向运动的一类细胞因子。趋化因子的实例包括但不限于IL-8、IL-16、嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子、嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子-3、巨噬细胞衍生的趋化因子(MDC或CCL22)、单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1或CCL2)、MCP-4、巨噬细胞炎性蛋白1α(MIP-1α、MIP-1a)、MIP-1β(MIP-1b)、γ-诱导蛋白10(IP-10)、以及胸腺活化调节趋化因子(TARC或CCL17)。
本文所用,“嵌合受体”是指能够识别特定分子的经工程改造的表面表达的分子。嵌合抗原受体(CAR)和工程化T细胞受体(TCR),它们包含能够与特定肿瘤抗原相互作用的结合结构域,可使T细胞靶向并杀死表达特定肿瘤抗原的癌细胞。
治疗剂(例如经工程化的CAR T细胞)的“治疗有效量”、“有效剂量”、“有效量”或“治疗有效剂量”是当单独使用或与另一治疗剂组合使用时保护受试者免于疾病发作或者促进疾病消退的任何量,所述疾病消退的证据为疾病症状的严重性降低、疾病无症状期的频率和持续期间增加或防止由于疾病折磨导致的损伤或残疾。可以使用熟练从业人员已知的各种方法评估治疗剂促进疾病消退的能力,例如在临床试验期间在人受试者中评估、在用于预测在人体中的效力的动物模型系统中评估或通过在体外测定法中测定试剂的活性评估。
如本文所用,术语“淋巴细胞”包括自然杀伤(NK)细胞、T细胞或B细胞。NK细胞是代表固有免疫系统的主要组分的一类细胞毒性(cytotoxic/cell toxic))淋巴细胞。NK细胞排斥肿瘤以及病毒感染的细胞。其通过凋亡或程序性细胞死亡的过程发挥作用。由于其不需要活化来杀伤细胞,因而称为“自然杀伤”。T细胞在细胞介导的免疫(无抗体参与)中发挥主要作用。它的T细胞受体(TCR)将自身与其他淋巴细胞类型区分开来。胸腺(免疫系统的专门器官)主要负责T细胞的成熟。有六种类型的T细胞,即:辅助性T细胞(例如CD4+细胞)、细胞毒性T细胞(也称为TC、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞、CTL、T杀伤细胞、溶细胞性T细胞、CD8+T细胞或杀伤T细胞)、记忆T细胞((i)干细胞样记忆TSCM细胞(如初始细胞)为CD45RO-、CCR7+、CD45RA+、CD62L+(L选择素)、CD27+、CD28+以及IL-7Rα+,但它们也表达大量的CD95、IL-2Rβ、CXCR3以及LFA-1,并且显示许多记忆细胞独特的功能属性;(ii)中央记忆TCM细胞表达L-选择素和CCR7,它们分泌IL-2,但不分泌IFNγ或IL-4,以及(iii)效应记忆TEM细胞,然而,不表达L-选择素或CCR7,但产生效应细胞因子,如IFNγ和IL-4)、调节性T细胞(Treg,抑制性T细胞或CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞)、自然杀伤T细胞(NKT)以及γδT细胞。另一方面,B细胞在体液免疫(有抗体参与)中发挥主要作用。其生成抗体和抗原,执行抗原呈递细胞(APC)的作用,并且在通过抗原相互作用的活化后变为记忆B细胞。在哺乳动物中,未成熟的B细胞在骨髓中形成,该处为B细胞名字的来源。
术语“经遗传工程化改造的”或“经工程化改造的”是指修饰细胞的基因组的方法,包括但不限于删除编码或非编码区或其部分,或插入编码区或其部分。在一些实施方案中,经修饰的细胞为淋巴细胞(例如T细胞),其可以从患者或供体获得。细胞可以经修饰以表达外源构建体,例如掺入到细胞的基因组中的嵌合抗原受体(CAR)或T细胞受体(TCR)。
“免疫应答”是指免疫系统的细胞(例如T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞、自然杀伤(NK)细胞、巨噬细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、肥大细胞、树突状细胞以及中性粒细胞)和由这些细胞的任一种或肝脏产生的可溶性大分子(包括Ab、细胞因子和补体)的作用,该作用导致选择性靶向、结合、损害、破坏和/或排除脊椎动物体内的入侵病原体、被病原体感染的细胞或组织、癌细胞或其他异常细胞,或者在自身免疫或病理性炎症的情况下,正常的人细胞或组织。
术语“免疫疗法”是指患有疾病或处于感染疾病或疾病复发的风险的受试者的治疗,该治疗通过包括诱导、增强、抑制或以其他方式修饰免疫应答的方法进行。免疫疗法的实例包括但不限于T细胞疗法。T细胞疗法可以包括过继性T细胞疗法、肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(TIL)免疫疗法、自体细胞疗法、工程化自体细胞疗法(eACTTM)以及同种异体T细胞移植。然而,本领域技术人员将意识到,本文公开的调理方法将增强任何移植的T细胞疗法的有效性。T细胞疗法的实例描述于美国专利公开第2014/0154228号和第2002/0006409号、美国专利第7,741,465号、美国专利第6,319,494号、美国专利第5,728,388号、以及国际专利申请公开第WO 2008/081035号中。
免疫疗法的T细胞可以来自本领域已知的任何来源。例如,T细胞可以在体外从造血干细胞群分化,或者T细胞可以从受试者获得。T细胞可以从例如外周血单核细胞(PBMC)、骨髓、淋巴结组织、脐带血、胸腺组织、来自感染部位的组织、腹水、胸腔积液、脾组织以及肿瘤获得。此外,T细胞可以衍生自本领域中可获得的一个或多个T细胞系。还可以使用本领域技术人员已知的许多技术,如FICOLLTM分离和/或单采术(apheresis),从采自受试者的单位血液获得T细胞。分离用于T细胞疗法的T细胞的其他方法公开于美国专利公开第2013/0287748号,其通过引用整体并入本文。
术语“工程化自体细胞疗法”(其可以缩写为“eACTTM”,也称为过继细胞转移)是收集患者自身的T细胞,随后将其经遗传改变以识别并靶向一种或多种在一种或多种特定的肿瘤细胞或恶性肿瘤的细胞表面上表达的抗原的过程。T细胞可以经工程化改造以表达例如嵌合抗原受体(CAR)。CAR阳性(+)T细胞经工程化改造以表达对特定肿瘤抗原具有特异性的细胞外单链可变片段(scFv),其连接到包含至少一个共刺激结构域和至少一个活化结构域的细胞内信号传导部分。CAR scFv可以设计为靶向例如CD19,CD19是由B细胞谱系中的细胞表达的跨膜蛋白,包括所有正常B细胞和B细胞恶性肿瘤,包括但不限于弥漫性大B-细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL),未另有说明是原发性纵隔大B细胞淋巴瘤、高级别B细胞淋巴瘤、以及由滤泡性淋巴瘤、NHL、CLL和非T细胞ALL引起的DLBCL。示例性CAR T细胞疗法和构建体描述于美国专利公开第2013/0287748号、第2014/227237号、第2014/0099309号和第2014/0050708号中,这些参考文献的全文以引用方式并入。
如本文所用,“患者”包括任何患有癌症(例如淋巴瘤或白血病)的人。本文中,术语“受试者”和“患者”可互换使用。
如本文所用,术语“体外细胞”是指离体培养的任何细胞。特别地,体外细胞可以包括T细胞。
术语“肽”、“多肽”和“蛋白质”可互换使用并且是指包含通过肽键共价连接的氨基酸残基的化合物。蛋白质或肽含有至少两个氨基酸并且可以包含蛋白质或肽的序列的氨基酸的最大数量没有限制。多肽包括任何包含两个或更多个通过肽键彼此连接的氨基酸的肽或蛋白质。如本文所用,该术语是指短链(其在本领域中也通常称为例如肽、寡肽和寡聚体)和较长的链(其在本领域中通常称为蛋白质,其具有许多类型)两者。“多肽”包括例如生物活性片段、基本上同源的多肽、寡肽、同源二聚体、异源二聚体、多肽的变体、经修饰的多肽、衍生物、类似物、融合蛋白等。多肽包括天然的肽、重组的肽、合成的肽或其组合。
如本文所用,“刺激”是指由刺激分子与其同源配体的结合所诱导的初级应答,其中结合介导信号转导事件。“刺激分子”是T细胞上的分子,例如与存在于抗原呈递细胞上的同源刺激配体特异性结合的T细胞受体(TCR)/CD3复合物。“刺激配体”是当存在于抗原呈递细胞(例如APC、树突状细胞、B细胞等)上时可以与T细胞上的刺激分子特异性结合,从而介导T细胞的初级应答(包括但不限于活化、启动免疫应答、增殖等)的配体。刺激配体包括但不限于抗CD3抗体、装载有肽的MHCI类分子、超激动性抗CD2抗体以及超激动性抗CD28抗体。
如本文所用,“共刺激信号”是指与初级信号(例如TCR/CD3连接)组合时导致T细胞应答(例如但不限于增殖和/或关键分子的上调或下调)的信号。
如本文所用,“共刺激配体”包括与T细胞上的同源共刺激分子特异性结合的抗原呈递细胞(APC)上的分子。共刺激配体的结合提供介导T细胞应答(包括但不限于增殖、活化、分化等)的信号。共刺激配体诱导除了由刺激分子提供的初级信号(例如由T细胞受体(TCR)/CD3复合物与装载有肽的主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)分子的结合提供)外的信号。共刺激配体可以包括但不限于3/TR6、4-1BB配体、结合Toll配体受体的激动剂或抗体、B7-1(CD80)、B7-2(CD86)、CD30配体、CD40、CD7、CD70、CD83、疱疹病毒侵入介体(HVEM)、人白细胞抗原G(HLA-G)、ILT4、免疫球蛋白样转录物(ILT)3、诱导性共刺激配体(ICOS-L)、细胞内黏附分子(ICAM)、特异性结合B7-H3的配体、淋巴毒素β受体、MHC I类链相关蛋白A(MICA)、MHCI类链相关蛋白B(MICB)、OX40配体、PD-L2或程序性死亡(PD)L1。共刺激配体包括但不限于,与存在于T细胞上的共刺激分子特异性结合的抗体,该存在于T细胞上的共刺激分子例如但不限于4-1BB、B7-H3、CD2、CD27、CD28、CD30、CD40、CD7、ICOS、与CD83特异性结合的配体、淋巴细胞功能相关抗原-1(LFA-1)、自然杀伤细胞受体C(NKG2C)、OX40、PD-1或肿瘤坏死因子超家族成员14(TNFSF14或LIGHT)。
“共刺激分子”是T细胞上的同源结合伴侣,其与共刺激配体特异性结合,从而介导T细胞的共刺激应答,例如但不限于增殖。共刺激分子包括但不限于4-1BB/CD137、B7-H3、BAFFR、BLAME(SLAMF8)、BTLA、CD 33、CD 45、CD100(SEMA4D)、CD103、CD134、CD137、CD154、CD16、CD160(BY55)、CD18、CD19、CD19a、CD2、CD22、CD247、CD27、CD276(B7-H3)、CD28、CD29、CD3(α;β;δ;ε;γ;ζ)、CD30、CD37、CD4、CD4、CD40、CD49a、CD49D、CD49f、CD5、CD64、CD69、CD7、CD80、CD83配体、CD84、CD86、CD8α、CD8β、CD9、CD96(Tactile)、CDl-la、CDl-lb、CDl-lc、CDl-ld、CDS、CEACAM1、CRT AM、DAP-10、DNAM1(CD226)、Fcγ受体、GADS、GITR、HVEM(LIGHTR)、IA4、ICAM-1、ICAM-1、ICOS、Igα(CD79a)、IL2Rβ、IL2Rγ、IL7Rα、整联蛋白、ITGA4、ITGA4、ITGA6、ITGAD、ITGAE、ITGAL、ITGAM、ITGAX、ITGB2、ITGB7、ITGBl、KIRDS2、LAT、LFA-1、LFA-1、LIGHT、LIGHT(肿瘤坏死因子超家族成员14;TNFSF14)、LTBR、Ly9(CD229)、淋巴细胞功能相关抗原-1(LFA-1(CDl la/CD18)、MHC I类分子、NKG2C、NKG2D、NKp30、NKp44、NKp46、NKp80(KLRF1)、OX40、PAG/Cbp、PD-1、PSGL1、SELPLG(CD162)、信号传导淋巴细胞活化分子,SLAM(SLAMF1;CD150;IPO-3)、SLAMF4(CD244;2B4)、SLAMF6(NTB-A;Lyl08)、SLAMF7、SLP-76、TNF、TNFr、TNFR2、Toll配体受体、TRANCE/RANKL、VLA1或VLA-6,或其片段、截短或组合。
术语“减少”和“降低”在本文可互换使用并且表示小于原来的任何变化。“减少”和“降低”是相对的术语,需要在测量前和测量后间进行比较。“减少”和“降低”包括完全消耗。
受试者的“治疗”或“处理”是指在受试者上进行任何类型的干预或过程,或对该受试者施用活性剂,以达到逆转、减轻、改善、抑制、减缓或预防症状、并发症或状况或与疾病相关的生化指标的发作、进展、发展、严重或复发的目的。在一些实施方案中,“治疗”或“处理”包括部分响应。在另一实施方案中,“治疗”或“处理”包括完全响应。
本发明的各方面进一步详细描述于下列小节中。
肿瘤微环境(TME)的表征
本公开提供了在用嵌合受体疗法(例如,axicabtagene ciloleucel(axi-cel))治疗之前,使用基因表达谱分析和/或肿瘤内T细胞密度测量来表征TME的方法。如本文所述,利用预先设定的基因集(例如21、Pan Cancer)和免疫评分(例如,21)和/或肿瘤内T细胞密度测量或指标(例如,)将TME特征与嵌合受体疗法(例如,axicabtagene ciloleucel(axi-cel))的临床效果相关联。
患者活检可以用作使用基因表达谱分析(例如,使用NanoStringTM进行数字基因表达)来分析肿瘤微环境的起始材料。在一些实施方案中,患者活检在用嵌合受体疗法(例如,axicabtagene ciloleucel(axi-cel))治疗之前获得。
生物信息学方法可用于产生一个或多个免疫评分来表征TME。在一些实施方案中,免疫评分是免疫相关基因的量度,其提供关于获得性免疫的信息,包括T细胞细胞毒性,T细胞分化,T细胞吸引,T细胞粘附,和免疫抑制,包括免疫定向,血管生成抑制,免疫共抑制及癌症干细胞。生物信息学方法还可以包括T细胞特异性(效应T细胞,Th1)基因,干扰素途径相关基因,趋化因子和免疫检查点。
表达谱分析法(例如Clinical Research分析法利用技术(NanoString))可用于以多重形式测量多个免疫基因的基因表达水平。在一些实施方案中,高/低免疫评分(例如21评分)的截止值可以定义为样品中所观察评分的第25个百分位数。在一些实施方案中,高评分指示与肿瘤应答潜在有关的免疫相关基因的表达。
在一些实施方案中,免疫评分是肿瘤内T细胞密度的量度。可以通过例如检测和定量肿瘤微环境中诸如CD3+T细胞和/或CD8+T细胞的T细胞来确定肿瘤内T细胞密度。例如,可以对肿瘤活检进行切片,染色或标记T细胞标志物(例如CD3和/或CD8),并且T细胞的相对或绝对丰度可以由病理学家进行定量或使用专用数字病理软件进行确定。在一些实施方案中,基于肿瘤内T细胞密度来分配高/低免疫评分(例如,)。可以将高/低免疫评分阈值定义为,例如样本中所观察到的中位评分。在一些实施方案中,使用流式细胞术和/或基于蛋白质的测定法例如Western印迹和ELISA来确定肿瘤内T细胞密度。
表达和肿瘤浸润性T淋巴细胞分析和评分可用于检查TME特征与响应之间的关联。在一些实施方案中,客观响应(OR)按照修订的IWG恶性淋巴瘤反应标准(Cheson,2007)确定,并由IWG恶性淋巴瘤响应标准(Cheson et al.,Journal of Clinical Oncology 32,No.27(September 2014)3059-3067)确定。在一些实施方案中,评估持续时间。评估在一些实施方案中,由研究人员按照Lugano响应分类标准评定的无进展生存期(PFS)。
嵌合抗原受体和T细胞受体
嵌合抗原受体(CAR或CAR-T)是经遗传工程化改造的受体。根据本领域已知的技术,这些工程化受体可以容易地插入到包括T细胞在内的免疫细胞中并且由其表达。使用CAR,单一受体可以经编程以识别特定抗原,并且当与该抗原结合时,活化免疫细胞以攻击并破坏携带该抗原的细胞。当这些抗原存在于肿瘤细胞上时,表达CAR的免疫细胞可以靶向并杀死肿瘤细胞。嵌合抗原受体掺入了共刺激(信号转导)结构域,以增加其效力。参见美国专利第7,741,465号和第6,319,494号,以及Krause et al.and Finney et al.(同上)、Song et al.,Blood 119:696-706(2012);Kalos et al.,Sci.Transl.Med.3:95(2011);Porter et al.,N.Engl.J.Med.365:725-33(2011)、and Gross et al.,Annu.Rev.Pharmacol.Toxicol.56:59–83(2016)。
在一些实施方案中,包括截短的铰链结构域(“THD”)的共刺激结构域还包含免疫球蛋白家族成员的一些或全部,例如IgG1,IgG2,IgG3,IgG4,IgA,IgD,IgE,IgM或以上的片段。
在一些实施例中,THD源自人类完整铰链结构域(“CHD”)。在其他实施方案中,THD源自啮齿动物,鼠,或灵长类(例如,非人灵长类)CHD的共刺激蛋白。在一些实施方案中,THD源自共刺激蛋白的嵌合CHD。
本发明的CAR或TCR的共刺激结构域可以进一步包含跨膜结构域和/或细胞内信号转导结构域。跨膜结构域可以设计为与CAR的细胞外结构域融合。类似地其可以与CAR的细胞内结构域融合。在一些实施方案中,使用天然与CAR中的结构域之一相关的跨膜结构域。在某些情况下,可以通过氨基酸取代来选择或修饰跨膜结构域,以避免此类结构域与相同或不同的表面膜蛋白的跨膜结构域结合,从而最大程度减少与受体复合物其他成员的相互作用。跨膜结构域可以源自天然来源或合成来源。如果来源是天然的,则该结构域可以源自任何膜结合蛋白或跨膜蛋白。在本发明中特定使用的跨膜区可以源自(即包含)4-1BB/CD137、NK细胞激活型受体、免疫球蛋白、B7-H3、BAFFR、BLAME(SLAMF8)、BTLA、CD100(SEMA4D)、CD103、CD160(BY55)、CD18、CD19、CD19a、CD2、CD247、CD27、CD276(B7-H3)、CD28、CD29、CD3δ、CD3ε、CD3γ、CD3ζ、CD30、CD4、CD40、CD49a、CD49D、CD49f、CD69、CD7、CD84、CD8、CD8α、CD8β、CD96(Tactile)、CD11a、CD11b、CD11c、CD11d、CDS、CEACAM1、CRT AM、细胞因子受体、DAP-10、DNAM1(CD226)、Fcγ受体、GADS、GITR、HVEM(LIGHTR)、IA4、ICAM-1、ICAM-1、Igα(CD79a)、IL-2Rβ、IL-2Rγ、IL-7Rα、诱导性T细胞共刺激物(ICOS)、整合素、ITGA4、ITGA4、ITGA6、ITGAD、ITGAE、ITGAL、ITGAM、ITGAX、ITGB2、ITGB7、ITGB1、KIRDS2、LAT、LFA-1、LFA-1、与CD83、LIGHT、LTBR、Ly9(CD229)、淋巴细胞功能相关抗原1(LFA-1;CD11a/CD18)、MHC 1类分子、NKG2C、NKG2D、NKp30、NKp44、NKp46、NKp80(KLRF1)、OX-40、PAG/Cbp、程序性死亡蛋白1(PD-1)、PSGL1、SELPLG(CD162)、信号转导淋巴细胞活化分子(SLAM蛋白)、SLAM(SLAMF1;CD150;IPO-3)、SLAMF4(CD244;2B4)、SLAMF6(NTB-A;Lyl08)、SLAMF7、SLP-76、TNF受体蛋白、TNFR2、TNFSF14、Toll配体受体、TRANCE/RANKL、VLA1、或VLA-6,或其片段,截短或组合。
任选地,短接头可以在CAR的任何或一些细胞外,跨膜和细胞内结构域之间形成连接。在一些实施方案中,接头可以衍生自甘氨酸-甘氨酸-甘氨酸-甘氨酸-丝氨酸(G4S)n(SEQ ID NO:2)或GSTSGSGKPGSGEGSTKG(SEQ ID NO:1)的重复序列。在一些实施方案中,接头包含3-20个氨基酸,并且氨基酸序列与GSTSGSGKPGSGEGSTKG(SEQ ID NO:1)至少80%、81%、82%、83%、84%、85%、86%、87%、88%、89%、90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%或100%相同。
本文所述的接头还可以用作肽标签。接头肽序列可以具有任何合适的长度以连接一种或多种目的蛋白,并且优选地被设计为具有足够柔性,从而允许其连接的一种或两种肽的适当折叠和/或功能和/或活性。因此,接头肽的长度可以不超过10,不超过11,不超过12,不超过13,不超过14,不超过15,不超过16,不超过17,不超过18,不超过19,或不超过20个氨基酸。在一些实施方案中,接头肽的长度可以为至少3,至少4,至少5,至少6,至少7,至少8,至少9,至少10,至少11,至少3 12,至少13,至少14,至少15,至少16,至少17,至少18,至少19,或至少20个氨基酸。在一些实施方案中,接头包含至少7个且不超过20个氨基酸,至少7个且不超过19个氨基酸,至少7个且不超过18个氨基酸,至少7个且不超过17个氨基酸,至少7个且不超过16个氨基酸,至少7个且不超过15个氨基酸,至少7个且不超过14个氨基酸,至少7个且不超过13个氨基酸,至少7个且不超过少于12个氨基酸或至少7个且不超过11个氨基酸。在某些实施方案中,接头包含15-17个氨基酸,并且在特定实施方案中,包含16个氨基酸。在一些实施方案中,接头包含10-20个氨基酸。在一些实施方案中,接头包含14-19个氨基酸。在一些实施方案中,接头包含15-17个氨基酸。在一些实施方案中,接头包含15-16个氨基酸。在一些实施方案中,接头包含16个氨基酸。在一些实施方案中,接头包含3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19或20个氨基酸。
在一些实施方案中,使用间隔区。在一些实施方案中,间隔区源自CD4,CD8a,CD8b,CD28,CD28T,4-1BB或本文所述的其他分子。在一些实施方案中,间隔区可以包括化学诱导的二聚体,以在添加小分子时控制表达。在一些实施方案中,不使用间隔区。
本发明的工程化改造的T细胞的细胞内(信号转导)结构域可以向激活结构域提供信号,然后激活结构域激活免疫细胞的至少一种正常效应功能。例如,T细胞的效应物功能可以是细胞溶解活性或辅助活性,包括细胞因子的分泌。
在某些实施方案中,合适的细胞内信号转导结构域包括(即,包含),但不限于4-1BB/CD137,NK细胞激活型受体,免疫球蛋白,B7-H3,BAFFR,BLAME(SLAMF8),BTLA,CD100(SEMA4D),CD103,CD160(BY55),CD18,CD19,CD19a,CD2,CD247,CD27,CD276(B7-H3),CD28,CD29,CD3δ,CD3ε,CD3γ,CD30,CD4,CD40,CD49a,CD49D,CD49f,CD69,CD7,CD84,CD8,CD8α,CD8β,CD96(Tactile),CD11a,CD11b,CD11c,CD11d,CDS,CEACAM1,CRTAM,细胞因子受体,DAP-10,DNAM1(CD226),Fcγ受体,GADS,GITR,HVEM(LIGHTR),IA4,ICAM-1,ICAM-1,Igα(CD79a),IL-2Rβ,IL-2Rγ,IL-7Rα,诱导性T细胞共刺激物(ICOS),整合素,ITGA4,ITGA4,ITGA6,ITGAD,ITGAE,ITGAL,ITGAM,ITGAX,ITGB2,ITGB7,ITGB1,KIRDS2,LAT,LFA-1,LFA-1,与CD83特异性结合的配体,LIGHT,LTBR,Ly9(CD229),Lyl08),淋巴细胞功能相关抗原1(LFA-1;CD11a/CD18),MHC1类分子,NKG2C,NKG2D,NKp30,NKp44,NKp46,NKp80(KLRF1),OX-40,PAG/Cbp,程序性死亡蛋白1(PD-1),PSGL1,SELPLG(CD162),信号转导淋巴细胞活化分子(SLAM蛋白),SLAM(SLAMF1;CD150;IPO-3),SLAMF4(CD244;2B4),SLAMF6(NTB-A,SLAMF7,SLP-76,TNF受体蛋白,TNFR2,TNFSF14,Toll配体受体,TRANCE/RANKL,VLA1,或VLA-6,或其片段,截短或组合。
在一些实施方案中,嵌合抗原受体(CAR)是axicabtagene ciloleucel(axi-cel)。Axicabtagene ciloleucel(axi-cel)是一种自体抗-CD19嵌合抗原受体(CAR)T细胞疗法(图1)。Axicabtagene ciloleucel(axi-cel)(YESCARTATM)已获得美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)的批准,可用于治疗曾经经历过≥2次系统疗法的复发性或难治性大B细胞淋巴瘤患者。(Yescarta(axicabtagene ciloleucel)[package insert].Santa Monica,CA:KitePharma;2017)。
可以引入TCR以传递抗原反应性。在一些实施方案中,抗原反应性受肽的MHC呈递限制。TCR可以是α/βTCR,γ/δTCR等。在一些实施方案中,TCR是具有鼠类恒定链的HPV-16E7TCR(2A连接的)。在一些实施方案中,链可以通过IRES或任何2A家族成员的序列(例如,P2A,T2A,E2A,F2A等)连接。在一些实施方案中,TCR是识别TCR的HPV,或其他病毒反应性TCR(例如,EBV,流感等)。在一些实施方案中,可以使用癌症或癌症相关抗原反应性TCR(例如,NYESO,MART1,gp100等)。
在一些实施方案中,TCR是正常/健康肽反应性或其他抗原反应性/限制性的TCR。在一些实施方案中,TCR对鼠或其他非人类MHC具有反应性。在一些实施方案中,TCR是I类或II类限制性TCR。
抗原结合分子
可以通过掺入与其靶定抗原相互作用的抗原结合分子来工程化改造合适的CAR以结合抗原(例如细胞表面抗原)。在一些实施方案中,抗原结合分子是其抗体片段,例如一个或多个单链抗体片段(“scFv”)。scFv是具有连接在一起的抗体的重链和轻链可变区的单链抗体片段。参见美国专利第7,741,465号和第6,319,494号,以及Eshhar et al.,CancerImmunol Immunotherapy(1997)45:131-136。scFv保留亲本抗体与靶抗原特异性相互作用的能力。scFv在嵌合抗原受体中有用,因为它们可以经工程化改造以与其他CAR组分一起作为单链的一部分表达。同上。还参见Krause et al.,J.Exp.Med.,Volume 188,No.4,1998(619–626);Finney et al.,Journal of Immunology,1998,161:2791–2797。应当认识到,抗原结合分子通常包含在CAR的细胞外部分中,使得它能够识别并结合感兴趣的抗原。具有对超过一个感兴趣的靶标的特异性的双特异性和多特异性CAR考虑在本发明的范围内。
在一些实施方案中,多核苷酸编码包含本发明的THD和特异性结合靶抗原的抗原结合分子的CAR或TCR。在一些实施方案中,靶抗原是肿瘤抗原。在一些实施方案中,抗原选自肿瘤相关表面抗原,如5T4,甲胎蛋白(AFP),B7-1(CD80),B7-2(CD86),BCMA,B-人绒毛膜促性腺激素,CA-125,癌胚抗原(CEA),癌胚抗原(CEA),CD123,CD133,CD138,CD19,CD20,CD22,CD23,CD24,CD25,CD30,CD33,CD34,CD4,CD40,CD44,CD56,CD8,CLL-1,c-Met,CMV特异性抗原,CS-1,CSPG4,CTLA-4,DLL3,去唾液酸神经节苷脂GD2,导管上皮粘蛋白,EBV特异性抗原,EGFR变体III(EGFRvIII),ELF2M,内皮糖蛋白(endoglin),ephrin B2,表皮生长因子受体(EGFR),上皮细胞粘附分子(EpCAM),上皮肿瘤抗原,ErbB2(HER2/neu),成纤维细胞相关蛋白(fap),FLT3,叶酸结合蛋白,GD2,GD3,神经胶质瘤相关抗原,糖鞘脂,gp36,HBV特异性抗原,HCV特异性抗原,HER1-HER2,HER2-HER3组合,HERV-K,高分子量黑素瘤相关抗原(HMW-MAA),HIV-1包膜糖蛋白gp41,HPV特异性抗原,人端粒酶逆转录酶,IGFI受体,IGF-II,IL-11Rα,IL-13R-a2,流感病毒特异性抗原;CD38,胰岛素生长因子(IGF1),肠羧基酯酶,κ链,LAGA-la,λ链,拉沙病毒特异性抗原,凝集素反应性AFP,谱系特异性或组织特异性抗原,例如CD3,MAGE,MAGE-A1,主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)分子,具有肿瘤特异性肽表位的主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)分子,M-CSF,黑素瘤相关抗原,间皮素,MN-CA IX,MUC-1,muthsp70-2,突变的p53,突变的p53,突变的ras,中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶,NKG2D,Nkp30,NY-ESO-1,p53,PAP,蛋白酶,前列腺特异性抗原(PSA),前列腺癌肿瘤抗原1(PCTA-1),前列腺特异性抗原蛋白,STEAP1,STEAP2,PSMA,RAGE-1,ROR1,RU1,RU2(AS),表面粘附分子,存活和端粒酶,TAG-72,纤连蛋白的额外结构域A(EDA)和额外结构域B和肌腱蛋白C的Al结构域(TnCAl),甲状腺球蛋白,肿瘤基质抗原,血管内皮生长因子受体2(VEGFR2),病毒特异性表面抗原如HIV特异性抗原(如HIV gpl20),以及这些表面标志物的任何衍生物或变体。
工程化改造的T细胞和应用
本公开的细胞可以通过获自受试者的T细胞获得。T细胞可以获自,例如外周血单核细胞、骨髓、淋巴结组织、脐带血、胸腺组织、来自感染部位的组织、腹水、胸腔积液、脾组织以及肿瘤。此外,T细胞可以衍生自本领域中可获得的一个或多个T细胞系。T细胞还可以使用本领域技术人员已知的许多技术(例如FICOLLTM分离和/或单采术(apheresis))从受试者收集的血液单位取得。在某些实施方案中,通过单采术收集的细胞经清洗以去除血浆部分,并且放置于适当的缓冲液或介质中以进行后续处理。在一些实施方案中,用PBS清洗细胞。可以理解的是,可以例如通过使用半自动无逆流离心机(例如CobeTM 2991细胞处理器,Baxter CytoMateTM等)来进行清洗步骤。在一些实施方案中,将经清洗的细胞重悬于一种或多种生物相容性缓冲液,或含有或不含有缓冲液的其他盐溶液中。在某些实施方案中,除去单采样品中不期望的成分。分离用于T细胞疗法的T细胞的其他方法公开于美国专利公开第2013/0287748号,其通过引用整体并入本文。
在一些实施方案中,通过溶解红细胞和消耗单核细胞(例如经由PERCOLLTM梯度,通过使用离心来分离)从PBMC分离T细胞。在一些实施方案中,可以通过本领域中已知的正或负分选技术进一步分离T细胞的特定亚群,例如CD4+、CD8+、CD28+、CD45RA+和CD45RO+T细胞。例如,可以使用针对负选择的细胞所特有的表面标志物的抗体组合来完成通过负选择进行的T细胞群富集。在一些实施方案中,可以使用细胞分选和/或经由负磁性免疫黏附或流式细胞术(其使用针对存在于经负选择的细胞上的细胞表面标志物的单克隆抗体混合物)进行分选。例如,为了通过负选择来富集CD4+细胞,单克隆抗体混合物通常包括针对CD8、CD11b、CD14、CD16、CD20和HLA-DR的抗体。在某些实施方案中,使用流式细胞术和细胞分选来分离用于本公开中的感兴趣的细胞群。
在一些实施方案中,PBMC直接用于使用如本文所述的方法的免疫细胞的遗传修饰(例如CAR)。在某些实施方案中,分离PBMC后,可以进一步分离出T淋巴细胞,并在遗传修饰和/或扩增前或后将细胞毒性和辅助性T淋巴细胞两者分选成初始T细胞、记忆T细胞和效应T细胞亚群。
在一些实施方案中,通过鉴别与CD8+细胞的初始细胞、中央记忆细胞和效应细胞类型中每种相关联的细胞表面抗原来将CD8+细胞进一步分选成初始细胞、中央记忆细胞及效应细胞。在一些实施方案中,中央记忆T细胞的表型标志物的表达包括CCR7、CD3、CD28、CD45RO、CD62L和CD127的表达并且为颗粒酶B阴性。在一些实施方案中,中央记忆T细胞为CD8+、CD45RO+和CD62L+T细胞。在一些实施方案中,效应T细胞为CCR7、CD28、CD62L和CD127阴性并且为颗粒酶B和穿孔素阳性。在某些实施方案中,将CD4+T细胞进一步分选成亚群。例如,可以通过鉴别具有细胞表面抗原的细胞群将CD4+T辅助性细胞分选为初始细胞、中央记忆细胞和效应细胞。
在一些实施方案中,免疫细胞例如T细胞在分离后使用已知的方法进行遗传修饰,或者免疫细胞在经遗传修饰前在体外活化和扩增(或者,在祖细胞的情况下分化)。在另一个实施方案中,免疫细胞例如T细胞以本文所述的嵌合抗原受体进行遗传修饰(例如用包含一个或多个编码CAR或TCR的核苷酸序列的病毒载体转导),并然后在体外活化和/或扩增。用于活化和扩增T细胞的方法为本领域所已知并描述于,例如美国专利第6,905,874号,第6,867,041号和第6,797,514号;以及PCT公开第WO 2012/079000号中,其内容在此通过引用整体并入。一般而言,此类方法包括将PBMC或分离的T细胞在具有适当细胞因子(例如IL-2)的培养基中与刺激剂和共刺激剂(例如抗CD3和抗CD28抗体,通常黏附在珠或其他表面)接触。黏附在相同珠上的抗CD3和抗CD28抗体充当“替代”抗原呈递细胞(APC)。一个实例为系统,用于生理活化人T细胞的CD3/CD28活化剂/刺激剂系统。在其他实施方案中,使用例如美国专利第6,040,177号和第5,827,642号以及PCT公开第WO 2012/129514号(其内容在此通过引用整体并入)中描述的方法,使用饲养细胞以及适当的抗体和细胞因子活化T细胞并刺激以增殖。
在某些实施方案中,T细胞获自供体受试者。在一些实施方案中,供体受试者为患有癌症或肿瘤的人类患者。在一些实施方案中,供体受试者为未患有癌症或肿瘤的人类患者。
在一些实施方案中,组合物包含药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂、增溶剂、乳化剂、防腐剂和/或佐剂。在一些实施方案中,组合物包含赋形剂。
在一些实施方案中,组合物被选择用于肠胃外递送,吸入或通过消化道递送,例如口服。这类药学上可接受的组合物的制备在本领域技术人员的能力范围内。在一些实施方案中,使用缓冲剂将组合物维持在生理pH或稍低的pH,通常在约5至约8的pH范围内。在一些实施方案中,当考虑肠胃外施用时,组合物为在药学上可接受的媒介物中包含本文所述组合物的无热原的肠胃外可接受的水溶液的形式,含有或不含其他治疗剂。在一些实施方案中,用于肠胃外注射的载体是无菌蒸馏水,其中将本文所述的组合物,含有或不含的至少一种其他治疗剂配制为无菌的等渗溶液,并适当保存。在一些实施方案中,制剂包含将所需分子与聚合化合物(例如聚乳酸或聚乙醇酸)、珠子或脂质体的配方,以提供产品的受控或持续释放,然后经由贮库型注射剂递送。在一些实施方案中,可植入药物输送装置用于引入所需分子。
在一些实施方案中,治疗有此需要的受试者中癌症的方法包括T细胞疗法。在一些实施方案中,本文公开的T细胞疗法为工程化自体细胞疗法(eACTTM)。根据该实施方案,方法可以包括从患者收集血细胞。然后,分离的血细胞(例如T细胞)可以经工程化改造以表达本文公开的CAR或TCR。在具体实施方案中,将CAR T细胞或TCR T细胞施用于患者。在一些实施方案中,CAR T细胞或TCR T细胞治疗患者中的肿瘤或癌症。在一些实施方案中,CAR T细胞或TCR T细胞缩小肿瘤或癌症的尺寸。
在一些实施方案中,用于T细胞疗法中的供体T细胞获自患者(例如用于自体T细胞疗法)。在其他实施方案中,用于T细胞疗法中的供体T细胞获自非患者的受试者。
在一些实施方案中,T细胞可以以治疗有效量施用。例如,T细胞的治疗有效量可以为至少约104个细胞、至少约105个细胞、至少约106个细胞、至少约107个细胞、至少约108个细胞、至少约109个细胞或至少约1010个细胞。在另一实施方案中,T细胞的治疗有效量为约104个细胞、约105个细胞、约106个细胞、约107个细胞或约108个细胞。在一些实施方案中,CAR T细胞的治疗有效量为约2×106个细胞/kg、约3×106个细胞/kg、约4×106个细胞/kg、约5×106个细胞/kg、约6×106个细胞/kg、约7×106个细胞/kg、约8×106个细胞/kg、约9×106个细胞/kg、约1×107个细胞/kg、约2×107个细胞/kg、约3×107个细胞/kg、约4×107个细胞/kg、约5×107个细胞/kg、约6×107个细胞/kg、约7×107个细胞/kg、约8×107个细胞/kg或约9×107个细胞/kg。
在一些实施方案中,CAR阳性活T细胞的治疗有效量为每kg体重约1×106个至约2×106个CAR阳性活T细胞,最大剂量为约1×108个CAR阳性活T细胞。
治疗的方法
本文公开的方法可以用于治疗受试者中的癌症、缩小肿瘤尺寸、杀死肿瘤细胞、防止肿瘤细胞增殖、防止肿瘤生长、从患者消除肿瘤、防止肿瘤复发、防止肿瘤转移、诱导患者缓解或其任何组合。在一些实施方案中,方法诱导完全响应。在其他实施方案中,方法诱导部分响应。
在一些实施方式中,本发明通过分析治疗之前的肿瘤微环境为T细胞疗法的临床疗效提供了预后工具。
本发明的方法也可以用于伴随测试,以告知在具有某些肿瘤微环境特征的受试者中组合或相继使用其它疗法是否将更有效。在一些实施方案中,其他疗法可以是细胞因子(例如IL-2、IL-15),刺激性抗体(例如抗41BB、OX-40),检查点阻断(例如CTLA4、PD-1)或天然免疫刺激物(例如TLR、STING激动剂)。在一些实施方案中,其他疗法可以是招募T细胞的趋化因子(例如CCL2、CCL1、CCL22、CCL17及其组合)和/或T细胞。在一些实施方案中,其他一种或多种疗法在全身或肿瘤内施用。
可以治疗的癌症包括未血管化、基本上尚未血管化或血管化的肿瘤。癌症也可以包括实体瘤或非实体瘤。在一些实施方案中,癌症为血液学癌症。在一些实施方案中,癌症为白细胞的癌症。在其他实施方案中,癌症为浆细胞的癌症。在一些实施方案中,癌症为白血病、淋巴瘤或骨髓瘤。在一些实施方案中,癌症为急性淋巴母细胞白血病(ALL)(包括非T细胞ALL)、急性淋巴样白血病(ALL)和噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症(HLH)、B细胞幼淋巴细胞白血病、B细胞急性淋巴样白血病(“BALL”)、母细胞性浆细胞样树突状细胞赘生物、伯基特淋巴瘤、慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL)、慢性髓细胞性白血病(CML)、慢性髓样白血病(CML)、慢性或急性肉芽肿病、慢性或急性白血病、弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤、弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)、滤泡性淋巴瘤、滤泡性淋巴瘤(FL)、毛细胞白血病、噬血细胞综合征(巨噬细胞活化综合征(MAS)、霍奇金病、大细胞肉芽肿、白细胞黏附缺陷、恶性淋巴增生性状况、MALT淋巴瘤、套细胞淋巴瘤、边缘区淋巴瘤、意义不明的单克隆丙种球蛋白病(MGUS)、多发性骨髓瘤、骨髓增生异常和骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)、髓样疾病包括但不限于急性髓样白血病(AML)、非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)、浆细胞增生性病症(例如无症状性骨髓瘤(郁积型多发性骨髓瘤或惰性骨髓瘤)、浆母细胞性淋巴瘤、浆细胞样树突状细胞赘生物、浆细胞瘤(例如浆细胞恶液质;单发性骨髓瘤;单发性浆细胞瘤;髓外浆细胞瘤;和多发性浆细胞瘤)、POEMS综合征(Crow-Fukase综合征;Takatsuki病;PEP综合征)、原发性纵隔大B细胞淋巴瘤(PMBC)、小细胞或大细胞滤泡性淋巴瘤、脾边缘区淋巴瘤(SMZL)、系统性淀粉样蛋白轻链淀粉样变性、T细胞急性淋巴样白血病(“TALL”)、T细胞淋巴瘤、转化滤泡性淋巴瘤或瓦氏巨球蛋白血症,或以上的组合。
在一些实施方案中,癌症为骨髓瘤。在一些实施方案中,癌症为多发性骨髓瘤。在一些实施方案中,癌症为白血病。在一些实施方案中,癌症为急性髓样白血病。
在一些实施方案中,方法进一步包括施用化疗剂。在一些实施方案中,选择的化疗剂是淋巴消减(预调理)化疗剂。有益的预调理治疗方案以及相关的有益生物标志物描述于美国临时专利申请第62/262,143号和第62/167,750号,其在此通过引用整体并入本文。这些描述了例如调理需要T细胞疗法的患者的方法,包括向患者施用指定的有益剂量的环磷酰胺(200mg/m2/天-2000mg/m2/天)和指定剂量的氟达拉滨(20mg/m2/天-900mg/m2/天)。一个此类剂量方案牵涉治疗患者,包括每天向患者施用约500mg/m2/天的环磷酰胺和约60mg/m2/天的氟达拉滨,持续3天,然后向患者施用治疗有效量的工程化改造的T细胞。
在一些实施方案中,抗原结合分子,转导的(或以其他方式工程化改造的)细胞(例如CAR或TCR)和化疗剂各自以有效治疗受试者中疾病或病症的量施用。
在某些实施方案中,包含本文所公开的表达CAR的免疫效应细胞的组合物可以与任何数目的化学治疗剂联合施用。化学治疗剂的实例包括烷化剂类(alkylating agents),如塞替派(thiotepa)和环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide)(CYTOXANTM);磺酸烷基酯类(alkylsulfonates),如白消安(busulfan)、英丙舒凡(improsulfan)和哌泊舒凡(piposulfan);氮丙啶类(aziridines),如苯佐替派(benzodepa)、卡波醌(carboquone)、美妥替派(meturedepa)和乌瑞替派(uredepa);乙撑亚胺类(ethylenimines)和甲基蜜胺类(methylamelamines),包括六甲蜜胺(altretamine)、三乙撑蜜胺(triethylenemelamine)、三乙撑磷酰胺(trietylenephosphoramide)、三乙撑硫代磷酰胺(triethylenethiophosphaoramide)和三羟甲蜜胺(trimethylolomelamine resume);氮芥类(nitrogen mustards),如苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil)、萘氮芥(chlornaphazine)、胆磷酰胺(cholophosphamide)、雌莫司汀(estramustine)、异环磷酰胺(ifosfamide)、双氯乙基甲胺(mechlorethamine)、盐酸氧氮芥(mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride)、美法仑(melphalan)、新氮芥(novembichin)、苯芥胆甾醇(phenesterine)、泼尼莫司汀(prednimustine)、曲磷胺(trofosfamide)、尿嘧啶氮芥(uracil mustard);亚硝脲类(nitrosoureas),如卡莫司汀(carmustine)、氯脲菌素(chlorozotocin)、福莫司汀(fotemustine)、洛莫司汀(lomustine)、尼莫司汀(nimustine)、雷莫司汀(ranimustine);抗生素类,如阿克拉霉素(aclacinomycin)、放线菌素(actinomycin)、氨茴霉素(anthramycin)、偶氮丝氨酸(azaserine)、博来霉素(bleomycin)、放线菌素C(cactinomycin)、加利车霉素(calicheamicin)、卡拉比星(carabicin)、洋红霉素(carminomycin)、嗜癌霉素(carzinophilin)、色霉素(chromomycin)、放线菌素D(dactinomycin)、柔红霉素(daunorubicin)、地托比星(detorubicin)、6-二氮-5-氧-L-正亮氨酸、多柔比星(doxorubicin)、表柔比星(epirubicin)、依索比星(esorubicin)、伊达比星(idarubicin)、麻西罗霉素(marcellomycin)、丝裂霉素类(mitomycins)、霉酚酸(mycophenolic acid)、诺拉霉素(nogalamycin)、橄榄霉素(olivomycin)、培洛霉素(peplomycin)、泊非霉素(potfiromycin)、嘌呤霉素(puromycin)、三铁阿霉素(quelamycin)、罗多比星(rodorubicin)、链黑菌素(streptonigrin)、链佐星(streptozocin)、杀结核菌素(tubercidin)、乌苯美司(ubenimex)、净司他丁(zinostatin)、佐柔比星(zorubicin);抗代谢物类,如甲氨蝶呤和5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU);叶酸类似物,如二甲叶酸(denopterin)、甲氨蝶呤、蝶酰三谷氨酸(pteropterin)、三甲曲沙(trimetrexate);嘌呤类似物,如氟达拉滨(fludarabine)、6-巯基嘌呤(mercaptopurine)、硫咪嘌呤(thiamiprine)、硫鸟嘌呤(thioguanine);嘧啶类似物,如安西他滨(ancitabine)、阿扎胞苷(azacitidine)、6-氮尿苷、卡莫氟(carmofur)、阿糖胞苷(cytarabine)、双脱氧尿苷(dideoxyuridine)、去氧氟尿苷(doxifluridine)、依诺他滨(enocitabine)、氟尿苷(floxuridine)、5-FU;雄激素类,如卡鲁睾酮(calusterone)、丙酸屈他雄酮(dromostanolone propionate)、表硫雄醇(epitiostanol)、美雄烷(mepitiostane)、睾内酯(testolactone);抗肾上腺类,如氨鲁米特(aminoglutethimide)、米托坦(mitotane)、曲洛司坦(trilostane);叶酸补充剂,如亚叶酸(folinic acid);醋葡醛内酯(aceglatone);醛磷酰胺糖苷(aldophosphamide glycoside);氨基乙酰丙酸(aminolevulinic acid);安吖啶(amsacrine);曲布赛(bestrabucil);比生群(bisantrene);依达曲沙(edatraxate);地磷酰胺(defosfamide);地美可辛(demecolcine);地吖醌(diaziquone);elfornithine;依利醋铵(elliptinium acetate);依托格鲁(etoglucid);硝酸镓;羟脲(hydroxyurea);香菇多糖(lentinan);氯尼达明(lonidamine);米托胍腙(mitoguazone);米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone);莫哌达醇(mopidamol);二胺硝吖啶(nitracrine);鬼臼酸(podophyllinic acid);蛋氨氮芥(phenamet);吡柔比星(pirarubicin);洛索蒽醌(losoxantrone);2-乙基酰肼(ethylhydrazide);丙卡巴肼(procarbazine);雷佐生(razoxane);西索菲兰(sizofiran);螺旋锗(spirogermanium);细交链孢菌酮酸(tenuazonic acid);三亚胺醌(triaziquone);2,2',2”-三氯三乙胺;乌拉坦(urethan);长春地辛(vindesine);达卡巴嗪(dacarbazine);甘露醇氮芥(mannomustine);二溴甘露醇(mitobronitol);二溴卫矛醇(mitolactol);哌泊溴烷(pipobroman);加西托辛(gacytosine);阿糖胞苷(arabinoside)(“Ara-C”);环磷酰胺;塞替派(thiotepa);类紫杉醇(taxoids),例如帕利他塞(paclitaxel)(TAXOLTM,Bristol-Myers Squibb)和多西他塞(doxetaxel)(Rhone-Poulenc Rorer);苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil);吉西他滨;6-硫鸟嘌呤(thioguanine);巯基嘌呤(mercaptopurine);甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate);铂类似物,如顺铂(cisplatin)和卡铂(carboplatin);长春碱(vinblastine);铂;依托泊苷(etoposide)(VP-16);异环磷酰胺(ifosfamide);丝裂霉素C;米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone);长春新碱;长春瑞滨;诺维本(navelbine);能灭瘤(novantrone);替尼泊苷(teniposide);道诺霉素(daunomycin);氨基蝶呤(aminopterin);xeloda;伊本膦酸盐(ibandronate);CPT-11;拓扑异构酶抑制剂RFS2000;二氟甲基鸟氨酸(DMFO);维甲酸衍生物,如TargretinTM(贝沙罗汀(bexarotene))、PanretinTM、(阿利维A酸(alitretinoin));ONTAKTM(地尼白介素(denileukindiftitox));埃斯培拉霉素(esperamicin);卡培他滨(capecitabine);和上述任何物质的药学上可接受的盐、酸或衍生物。在一些实施方案中,可以与抗激素剂联合施用包含CAR和/或TCR表达性免疫效应细胞的组合物,所述抗激素剂作用为调节或抑制激素对肿瘤的作用,如抗雌激素,包括例如他莫昔芬(tamoxifen)、雷洛昔芬(raloxifene)、芳香酶抑制性4(5)-咪唑、4-羟基他莫昔芬、曲沃昔芬(trioxifene)、奇沃昔芬(keoxifene)、LY117018、奥那司酮(onapristone)和托瑞米芬(toremifene)(Fareston);和抗雄激素如氟他胺(flutamide)、尼鲁米特(nilutamide)、比卡鲁胺(bicalutamide)、亮丙瑞林(leuprolide)和戈舍瑞林(goserelin);以及上述任何物质的药学上可接受的盐、酸或衍生物。在适当的情况下,也施用化学治疗剂的组合,包括但不限于CHOP,即环磷酰胺多柔比星(羟基多柔比星)、长春新碱和泼尼松。
在一些实施方案中,化学治疗剂在施用工程化细胞或核酸同时或之后一周内施用。在其他实施方案中,化学治疗剂在施用工程化细胞或核酸后1至4周或1周至1个月、1周至2个月、1周至3个月、1周至6个月、1周至9个月或1周至12个月施用。在一些实施方案中,化学治疗剂在施用细胞或核酸之前至少1个月施用。在一些实施方案中,该方法还包含施用两种或更多种化学治疗剂。
多种其他治疗剂可与本文所述的组合物结合使用。例如,潜在有用的其他治疗剂包括PD-1抑制剂,例如纳武单抗(nivolumab,),帕博利珠单抗(pembrolizumab,),帕博利珠单抗,pidilizumab(CureTech),以及阿特珠单抗(atezolizumab,Roche)。
适合于与本文公开的组合物和方法组合使用的另外的治疗剂包括但不限于伊布替尼(ibrutinib)奥法木单抗(ofatumumab)利妥昔单抗(rituximab)贝伐单抗(bevacizumab)曲妥珠单抗(trastuzumab)trastuzumabemtansine伊马替尼(imatinib)西妥昔单抗(cetuximab)帕尼单抗(panitumumab)卡妥索单抗(Catumaxomab)、替伊莫单抗(ibritumomab)、奥法木单抗、托西莫单抗(tositumomab)、本妥昔单抗(brentuximab)、阿仑单抗(alemtuzumab)、吉妥珠单抗(gemtuzumab)、厄洛替尼(erlotinib)、吉非替尼(gefitinib)、凡德他尼(vandetanib)、阿法替尼afatinib)、拉帕替尼(lapatinib)、来那替尼(neratinib)、阿昔替尼(axitinib)、马赛替尼(masitinib)、帕唑帕尼(pazopanib)、舒尼替尼(sunitinib)、索拉非尼(sorafenib)、toceranib、来他替尼(lestaurtinib)、阿昔替尼(axitinib)、西地尼布(cediranib)、乐伐替尼(lenvatinib)、尼达尼布(nintedanib)、帕唑帕尼(pazopanib)、瑞格非尼(regorafenib)、司马沙尼(semaxanib)、索拉非尼(sorafenib)、舒尼替尼(sunitinib)、替瓦沙尼(tivozanib)、托西雷尼(toceranib)、凡德他尼、恩曲替尼(entrectinib)、卡博替尼(cabozantinib)、伊马替尼(imatinib)、达沙替尼(dasatinib)、尼洛替尼(nilotinib)、帕纳替尼(ponatinib)、雷多替尼(radotinib)、博舒替尼(bosutinib)、来他替尼(lestaurtinib)、鲁索替尼(ruxolitinib)、帕利替尼(pacritinib)、考比替尼(cobimetinib)、司美替尼(selumetinib)、曲美替尼(trametinib)、必尼美替尼(binimetinib)、阿雷替尼(alectinib)、色瑞替尼(ceritinib)、克唑替尼(crizotinib)、阿柏西普(aflibercept)、阿迪波太(adipotide)、地尼白介素、mTOR抑制剂如依维莫司(Everolimus)和西罗莫司(Temsirolimus)、hedgehog抑制剂如索尼得吉(sonidegib)和维莫得告(vismodegib)、CDK抑制剂如CDK抑制剂(帕博西尼(palbociclib))。
在一些实施方案中,将包含CAR免疫细胞的组合物与抗炎剂一起施用。消炎剂或药物可以包括但不限于类固醇和糖皮质激素(包括倍他米松(betamethasone)、布地奈德(budesonide)、地塞米松(dexamethasone)、乙酸氢化可的松、氢化可的松、氢化可的松、甲基泼尼松龙(methylprednisolone)、泼尼松龙(prednisolone)、泼尼松(prednisone)、曲安西龙(triamcinolone))、非类固醇类消炎药(NSAIDS),包括阿司匹林(aspirin)、布洛芬(ibuprofen)、萘普生(naproxen)、甲氨蝶呤、柳氮磺胺吡啶、来氟米特(leflunomide)、抗TNF药物、环磷酰胺和麦考酚酯(mycophenolate)。示例性的NSAID包括布洛芬、萘普生、萘普生钠、Cox-2抑制剂和唾液酸化物(sialylate)。示例性镇痛剂包括扑热息痛(acetaminophen)、羟考酮(oxycodone)、曲马多或盐酸丙氧芬(tramadol ofproporxyphene hydrochloride)。示例性糖皮质激素包括可的松、地塞米松、氢化可的松、甲基泼尼松龙、泼尼松龙或泼尼松。示例性生物反应调节剂包括针对细胞表面标志物(例如CD4,CD5等)的分子、细胞因子抑制剂如TNF拮抗剂,(例如依那西普(etanercept)阿达木单抗(adalimumab)和英夫利昔单抗(infliximab)生物反应调节剂包括单克隆抗体以及重组形式的分子。示例性的DMARD包括硫唑嘌呤(azathioprine)、环磷酰胺、环孢菌素、甲氨蝶呤、青霉胺、来氟米特、柳氮磺胺吡啶、羟氯喹、Gold(口服(金诺芬(auranofin))和肌内)、以及米诺环素(minocycline)。
在一些实施方案中,本文所述的组合物与细胞因子联合施用。细胞因子的实例是淋巴因子、单核因子和传统的多肽激素。细胞因子中包括生长激素,如人生长激素,N-甲硫氨酰人生长激素和牛生长激素;甲状旁腺激素;甲状腺素;胰岛素;胰岛素原;松弛素;松弛素原;糖蛋白激素,如促卵泡激素(FSH)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)和黄体生成素(LH);肝生长因子(HGF);成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF);催乳素;胎盘催乳激素;缪勒管抑制物质(mullerian-inhibiting substance);小鼠促性腺激素相关肽;抑制素;激活素;血管内皮生长因子;整联蛋白;血小板生成素(TPO);神经生长因子(NGF)如NGF-β;血小板生长因子;转化生长因子(TGF)如TGF-α和TGF-β;胰岛素样生长因子-I和-II;促红细胞生成素(EPO,);骨诱导因子;干扰素如干扰素-α、β和-γ;集落刺激因子(CSF),如巨噬细胞-CSF(M-CSF);粒细胞-巨噬细胞-CSF(GM-CSF);和粒细胞-CSF(G-CSF);白细胞介素(IL),如IL-1、IL-1α、IL-2、IL-3、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-7、IL-8、IL-9、IL-10、IL-11、IL-12;IL-15,肿瘤坏死因子如TNF-α或TNF-β;和其他多肽因子,包括LIF和kit配体(KL)。如本文所用,术语细胞因子包括来自天然来源或来自重组细胞培养物的蛋白质,以及天然序列细胞因子的生物活性等同物。
施用
在一些实施方案中,本文所述的工程化改造的T细胞以以下方法用于治疗患者的恶性肿瘤:(a)获得多个包含一种或多种嵌合受体的T细胞;(b)向患者施用有效剂量的T细胞。
在一些实施方案中,T细胞可以以治疗有效量施用。例如,T细胞的治疗有效量可以是至少约104个细胞,至少约105个细胞,至少约106个细胞,至少约107个细胞,至少约108个细胞,至少约109个细胞,或至少约1010个细胞。在另一实施方案中,T细胞的治疗有效量为约104个细胞,约105个细胞,约106个细胞,约107个细胞或约108个细胞。在一些实施方案中,CART细胞的治疗有效量为约2×106个细胞/kg,约3×106个细胞/kg,约4×106个细胞/kg,约5×106个细胞/kg,约6×106个细胞/kg,约7×106个细胞/kg,约8×106个细胞/kg,约9×106个细胞/kg,约1×107个细胞/kg,约2×107个细胞/kg,约3×107个细胞/kg,约4×107个细胞/kg,约5×107个细胞/kg,约6×107个细胞/kg,约7×107个细胞/kg,约8×107个细胞/kg、或约9×107个细胞/kg。
在一些实施方案中,CAR阳性活T细胞的治疗有效量为每kg体重约1×106至约2×106个CAR阳性活T细胞,直至约1×108个CAR阳性活T细胞的最大剂量。
监测
在一些实施方案中,在经认证的医疗机构进行嵌合受体T细胞免疫疗法的施用。
在一些实施方案中,本文公开的方法包括在输注后施用嵌合受体T细胞免疫疗法(如axicabtagene ciloleucel(axi-cel))后,在经认证的医疗机构每天监测患者CRS和神经毒性的体征和症状,至少持续7天。在一些实施方案中,每天监测患者至少持续3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13或14天。
在一些实施方案中,指示患者在输注后停留在经认证的医疗机构附近至少4周。在一些实施方案中,指示患者在输注后停留在经认证的医疗机构附近至少1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9或10周。
临床试验
ZUMA-1(NCT02348216)是axicabtagene ciloleucel(axi-cel)在难治性侵袭性大B细胞淋巴瘤患者中的1/2期多中心关键性研究(图2)(Neelapu SN,Locke LF,et al.NEngl J Med.2017;377:2531-2544)。Axicabtagene ciloleucel(axi-cel)在15.4个月的中位随访时间保持了持续响应。在ZUMA-1中,用axicabtagene ciloleucel(axi-cel)治疗的108例难治性大B细胞淋巴瘤且具有15.4个月的中位随访时间的患者中,82%显示客观响应率(ORR),58%完全响应(CR),以及持续响应为42%,包括40%CR。细胞因子释放综合征(CRS)和神经系统事件(NE)是可逆的(13%≥3级CRS,28%≥3级NE:3个5级不良事件)。
严重不良反应的管理
在一些实施方案中,方法包括不良反应的管理。在一些实施方案中,不良反应选自以下:细胞因子释放综合征(CRS)、神经毒性、超敏反应、严重感染、血细胞减少和低丙种球蛋白血症。
在一些实施方案中,不良反应的体征和症状选自以下:发烧、低血压、心动过速、低氧和发冷,包括心律失常(包括心房颤动和室性心动过速)、心脏骤停、心力衰竭、肾功能不全、毛细血管渗漏综合征、低血压、低氧、器官毒性、噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生/巨噬细胞活化综合征(HLH/MAS)、癫痫发作、脑病、头痛、震颤、头晕、失语症、谵妄、失眠焦虑、过敏反应、发热性中性粒细胞减少、血小板减少、中性粒细胞减少和贫血。
细胞因子释放综合征
在一些实施方案中,方法包括基于临床表现来鉴别CRS。在一些实施方案中,方法包括评估和治疗发烧、低氧和低血压的其他原因。经历≥2级CRS的患者(例如低血压、对液体无反应或需要补充氧合的低氧)应当用连续心脏遥测和脉搏血氧定量法来监测。在一些实施方案中,对于经历严重CRS的患者,考虑进行超声心动图以评价心脏功能。对于严重或危及生命的CRS,可以考虑采用重症监护支持疗法。
在一些实施方案中,方法包括输注后在认证的医疗机构中每天监测患者CRS的体征和症状,至少持续7天。在一些实施方案中,方法包括在输注后4周监测患者的CRS的体征或症状。在一些实施方案中,方法包括:如果在任何时间出现CRS的体征或症状,则建议患者立即就医。在一些实施方案中,方法包括在CRS初次出现征兆时采用托珠单抗或托珠单抗和皮质类固醇进行支持治疗。
神经毒性
在一些实施方案中,方法包括监测患者神经毒性的体征和症状。在一些实施方案中,方法包括排除神经系统症状的其他原因。经历≥2级神经毒性的患者应当进行连续心脏遥测和脉搏血氧饱和度监测。为重度或危及生命的神经毒性提供重症监护支持疗法。
在一些实施方案中,方法包括输注后在经认证的医疗机构每天监测患者神经毒性的体征和症状,至少持续7天。在一些实施方案中,方法包括输注后4周内监测患者神经毒性的体征或症状。
继发性恶性肿瘤
在一些实施方案中,用CD19导向的基因修饰的自体T细胞免疫疗法治疗的患者可能发展为继发性恶性肿瘤。在一些实施方案中,方法包括终生监测继发性恶性肿瘤。
本说明书中提及的所有出版物、专利和专利申请均通过引用并入本文,其程度如同每个单独的出版物、专利或专利申请被具体和单独地指出通过引用并入。然而,本文引用的参考文献不应解释为承认此类参考文献是本发明的现有技术。在通过引用并入的参考文献中提供的任何定义或术语与本文提供的术语和讨论不同的程度上,以本发明的术语和定义为准。
其他实施方案
本公开一方面涉及治疗恶性肿瘤的方法,其包括在施用(例如至少一次输注)CAR-T细胞或表达外源TCR的T细胞之前,在恶性肿瘤的一个或多个位点(即,肿瘤微环境)测量免疫相关基因表达和/或T细胞密度。在一些实施方案中,所述测量在施用化学疗法调节和工程化改造的T细胞(例如CAR-T细胞)之前进行。
在一些实施方案中,所述测量包括基于免疫相关基因表达确定综合免疫评分,例如21或15评分。在一些实施方案中,所述测量包括基于T细胞包括CD3+和/或CD8+T细胞的肿瘤内密度确定免疫评分,例如在一些实施方案中,所述测量还包括基于受试者的免疫评分与预定阈值的比较来确定和指定相对评分,例如高或低。在一些实施方案中,确定或已确定这样的预定阈值对于用工程化改造的T细胞治疗恶性肿瘤具有预后价值。
在一些实施方案中,本文公开的方法还包括基于所述测量进行治疗优化的步骤。例如,在一些实施方案中,基于肿瘤微环境的免疫评分优化工程化改造的T细胞(例如,CAR-T细胞)施用的剂量和/或时间表。在示例性实施例中,与具有高免疫评分的受试者相比,向具有低免疫评分(例如低21免疫评分)的受试者施用更高剂量的CAR-T细胞。在一些实施方案中,与具有高免疫评分的受试者相比,具有低免疫评分的受试者施用的剂量约25%更高,或约50%更高,或约100%更高。
在其他和替代的示例性实施方案中,具有低免疫评分的受试者接受一种或多种其他CAR-T细胞输注。在一些实施方案中,向治疗前免疫评分低的受试者施用第一剂量的CAR-T细胞,评估治疗响应,并且若观察到不完全响应,则进行另外的TME免疫评分测量步骤。在一些实施方案中,若受试者的免疫评分在第一次施用后较高,则进行CAR-T细胞的另外施用。
在一些实施方案中,所公开的方法另外地或可替代地包括“预先治疗”步骤,其中低免疫评分的受试者在CAR-T施用之前以改善其免疫评分为目标来治疗。例如,在一些实施方案中,向低免疫评分的患者施用一种或多种免疫刺激剂,例如细胞因子,趋化因子或免疫检查点抑制剂。在一些实施方案中,在治疗之前进行免疫评分的额外测量。
在一些实施方案中,在评估治疗方案时,应考虑针对基于CAR-T疗法的完全响应的高免疫评分的预后价值。例如,在一些实施方式中,相比具有低免疫评分的受试者,具有高免疫评分的受试者接受CAR-T施用作为疗法的更早期路线。
通过以下实施例进一步说明本发明,所述实施例不应解释为进一步限制。本申请中引用的所有参考文献的内容通过引用明确地并入本文。
实施例
实施例1:基线TME免疫基因表达作为axi-cel响应的预后
Axicabtagene ciloleucel(axi-cel;)是目前已获得美国FDA和EMA批准的自体抗CD19嵌合抗原受体(CAR)T细胞疗法,可用于治疗在先经历2种或更多种系统疗法的复发性或难治性大B细胞淋巴瘤患者。图1示意性地描述了axi-cel CAR的结构。
ZUMA-1(NCT02348216)是axicabtagene ciloleucel(axi-cel)在难治性侵袭性大B细胞淋巴瘤患者中的1/2期多中心关键性研究(Neelapu SN,Locke LF,et al.,N Engl JMed.2017;377:2531-2544)。ZUMA-1期和群体大小在图2中进行了示意性描述。患者两期均接受2.0×106个CAR T细胞/kg。
ZUMA-1中,用axicabtagene ciloleucel(axi-cel)治疗的108例难治性大B细胞淋巴瘤患者,总响应率为82%,完全响应(CR)率为58%。细胞因子释放综合征(CRS)和神经系统事件(NE)大多是可逆的(11%≥3级CRS;32%≥3级NE;4个5级不良事件(包括2个非axi-cel相关事件)。在15.4个月的中位随访时间中,持续响应率为42%,包括40%CR。27.1个月的中位随访时间中,持续响应率为39%,包括37%CR。
ZUMA-1的2期事后分析,旨在探索治疗前肿瘤免疫微环境(TME)的关键特征的关联。分析了接受axicabtagene ciloleucel(axi-cel)治疗且至少随访9个月的25例患者基线活检。表1显示了患者和肿瘤基线特征和治疗结果。
表1.患者和肿瘤基线特征及治疗
这25例患者的客观响应率为80%,其中20例响应,5例不响应。在随后的数据截止(至少12个月随访)中,1名患者随后在第1个月从“无响应者”转换为“响应者”。
如图3所示,在基线和axicabtagene ciloleucel(axi-cel)施用后3周内进行肿瘤活检。基线的新鲜冷冻核心活检使用technology(NanoString),采用Clinical Research分析法以多重形式来测量多个免疫基因的基因表达水平。进一步开发测定法以利用来自新鲜冷冻或福尔马林固定的肿瘤组织的最小量RNA。将预先设定的生物信息学方法和截止值应用于免疫介导的肿瘤消退基因,以评估获得性免疫,包括T细胞细胞毒性,T细胞分化,T细胞吸引,T细胞粘附,以及免疫抑制,包括免疫定向,血管生成抑制,免疫共抑制,以及癌症干细胞(Figure 4;Galon J,etal.Immunity.2013;39:11-26;www.haliodx.com/clinical-research-services/immunosignr/)。生物信息学方法包括T细胞特异性(效应T细胞,T h1)基因,干扰素途径相关基因,趋化因子和免疫检查点。高/低 21评分截止值定义为样本中观察到分值的第25个百分点。高评分表示可能与肿瘤应答相关的免疫相关基因的表达。
使用表达分析和评分来检测TME特征与应答之间的关联。如表2所示,还使用了预先设定的基因集进行了更广泛的分析。预先设定的43个基因集包括15,21和其他基因,以及泛癌免疫谱分析组(PanCancer Immune ProfilingPanel)中的全部763个基因(nCounter PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel.https://www.nanostring.com/products/gene-expression-panels/hallmarks-cancer-gene-expression-panel-collection/pancancer-immune-profiling-panel)。使用Fisher的精确检验和Wilcoxon符号秩检验,并通过错误发现率(Benjamini-Hochberg)对多个检验进行校正。
表2.预先设定的基因集
肿瘤微环境(TME)预先存在的免疫特征与对axicabtagene ciloleucel(axi-cel)的响应有关。如图5A所示,评估了与无响应者相比,临床随访≥9个月的响应者在基线处的TME21评分(P=0.012)。85%(17/20)的响应者具有高21评分,而80%(4/5)的无响应者具有低21评分(图5B和图5C)。在包括12个月响应迟缓患者的敏感性分析中,21与响应之间的相关性具有P=.053。
响应者与无响应者相比,TME中基线处上调的与免疫有关的主要基因包括CTLA4、CD3g、CD3e、CD27、SH2B2和ICOSL。响应者与无响应者相比,TME中其他基因表达在基线处相对降低,包括MHC II类基因和癌-睾丸抗原PRAME,MAGE,SSX。鉴于弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤中MHC II类表达的阳性预后价值(Rimsza LM,et al.,Blood.2004;103:4251-4258),与MHCII类基因的相关性令人惊讶。表3中显示了响应者与无响应者相比,来自扩展的763基因泛癌免疫谱分析组的其他基因在TME中的差异表达。
表3响应者对比无响应者TME中差异表达的基因
实施例2:基线肿瘤内T细胞密度作为Axi-cel响应的预后
预调理的组织活检标本经过福尔马林固定和石蜡包埋(FFPE),以通过免疫组织化学分析CD3+和CD8+T细胞的密度(细胞/mm2)。使用XT工作站对2个连续FFPE切片(4μm)进行CD3和CD8染色。用专用数字病理软件确定阳性细胞染色密度。
分析测量切除或活检的癌症样品的CD8+细胞毒性T细胞和CD3+T细胞的密度,并且在福尔马林固定石蜡包埋的组织玻片上进行。通过免疫组织化学分析治疗前(化疗调理之前)的肿瘤组织活检标本中T细胞亚群(CD3+,CD8+)的密度(细胞/mm2)。使用XT工作站对2个连续FFPE切片(4μm)进行CD3和CD8染色。使用专用数字病理软件进行阳性细胞面积的测量。对于每位受试者,对25个基线活检样本的CD3和CD8免疫组织化学染色进行评分,并利用Galon等(J Pathol.232:199-209(2014))所述HalonDx算法和分析截止值将其转换为(T细胞密度的数值指数)。观察到的评分中位值定义为高和低阈值,其中高免疫评分代表相对增加的肿瘤内T细胞浸润。使用Welch’s t检验比较CR受试者相对于部分响应、疾病稳定和疾病进展受试者的CD3和CD8水平。
结果:具有较高密度的肿瘤内CD3+和CD8+T细胞且高(所有均为治疗前测定)的大多数患者,均能实现CR(图8A至图8C)。总体而言,治疗前较高的与实现CR有关(P=0.048;图8A和图8B)。治疗前CD3+和CD8+T细胞的肿瘤内密度与实现CR呈正相关(P分别为0.025和0.049;分别见图9A和图9B)。未实现CR的患者主要表现为肿瘤内CD3+和CD8+T细胞密度低,以及低(图8A和图8C)。
实施例3:肿瘤免疫微环境
对患者样品的进一步分析表明,CAR T细胞扩增发生在治疗2周内,并且伴随着免疫程序中细胞因子的升高。药效学分析显示,增殖标志物(IL-15和IL-2),炎性标志物(IL-6、CRP、SAA、IL-5、铁蛋白、IL-1Ra、IL-2Rα),免疫调节标志物(GM-CSF、IFN-γ、IL-10),趋化因子(IL-8、IP-10、MCP-1)和效应标志物(颗粒酶B)均超过基线迅速增加。基因表达分析表明,治疗前的T细胞相关基因(CD3ε、CD28和CTLA4),先天性免疫相关基因(MX1、ISG15和MYD88)和B细胞相关基因(CD19,CD79B,PAX5)可能与临床结果相关(图11)。
使用针对CAR T RNA的原位杂交(ISH)并且利用国际专利申请公开第WO2018/013563A1号和第WO2018/053790A1号中所述识别单独CAR表位的抗体的免疫组织化学(IHC),检测Zuma-1患者(治疗后7-21天)TME中的CAR T细胞。在具有治疗前肿瘤负荷降低的患者中,观察到1年时持续响应率增加。这些数据表明,与肿瘤负荷相应的CAR T细胞植入可以战胜大肿瘤。CAR T细胞治疗与TME的改变有关。预先设定的43个免疫基因组的转录本分析显示治疗后7-21天在肿瘤中上调。观察到对治疗响应中,免疫抑制检查点(PD-L1、CTLA4、LAG3、TNFRSF18、ICOS),IFN相关基因(IRF1、STAT1、STAT4、IFNγ)和趋化因子(CXCL9、CCL2、CCL5),效应物(CD8A、GNLY、GZMA、GZMM、GZMB、GZMH)和增殖标志物IL-15增加(图12)。Nanostring分析显示,在完全或部分响应的受试者中,IL-15和PD-L1基因表达升高(图13A和图13B)。
评估来自患有大细胞淋巴瘤和B细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病(B-ALL)的患者的活检标本的CD19和PD-L1表达。在Axi-cel后复发的受试者中,至少有1/3受试者具有CD19表达呈阴性的肿瘤。分析进展时B细胞和免疫相关分子,鉴别了具有CD19+或CD19-肿瘤细胞的复发。在基线处,可评估患者中94%(16/17)的患者为CD19+。来自21位可评估患者的进展后肿瘤活检显示,33%为CD19-占且62%为PD-L1。
序列表
<110> 凯德药业股份有限公司
<120> 使用肿瘤微环境的特征的嵌合受体T细胞治疗
<130> KPI-023WO
<150> 62/656,825
<151> 2018-04-12
<150> 62/827,770
<151> 2019-04-01
<150> 62/831,946
<151> 2019-04-10
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Claims (20)
1.治疗患者中的恶性肿瘤的方法,其包括:
(a)分析来自所述患者的肿瘤活检以表征肿瘤微环境;和
(b)向所述患者施用有效剂量的包含一种或多种嵌合受体的T细胞,其中使用所述肿瘤微环境的特征来确定所述有效剂量。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述肿瘤微环境使用基因表达谱分析,肿瘤内T细胞密度测量或其组合来表征。
3.权利要求2的方法,其中所述基因表达谱分析包括确定指定组的基因的表达水平。
4.前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其包括确定选自以下的一种或多种基因的表达水平:CD3G、STAT4、CD3E、CD3D、GZMK、GZMM、PRF1、CD8A、ICOS、CXCL10、STAT1、IL15、CCR2、CCL2、IRF1、TBX21、GZMA、CXCR3、GZMB、CD69、CXCL11,及其组合。
5.前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其包括确定选自以下的一种或多种基因的表达水平:CTLA4、GZMH、CD8A、PDCD1、CD3G、IRF1、CX3CL1、TNFRSF9、CD3E、GZMA、CXCL10、TSLP、REN、GZMB、TNFRSF18、CCL2、GZMK、CXCL11、CD69、CD247、CCL5、STAT4、CD274、GNLY、ITGAE、LAG3、IL15、LTK、PRF1、CD3D、PF4、TBX21、ICOS、CXCL9、IFNG、VEGFA、STAT1、GZMM、CXCL13、CXCR3、CCR2、IL17A、PROM1,及其组合。
6.前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其包括确定选自泛癌免疫谱分析组(PanCancerImmune Profiling Panel)的基因的表达水平。
7.前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其包括确定B细胞标志物的表达水平。
8.前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其包括确定T细胞标志物的表达水平。
9.前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其包括确定指定组的基因的表达水平,所述指定组的基因包括与先天性免疫应答相关的基因。
10.权利要求9的方法,其中所述指定组的基因包括细胞毒性细胞,树突状细胞,巨噬细胞或粒细胞的标志物。
11.前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其还包括基于基因表达谱和/或肿瘤内T细胞密度来确定免疫评分。
12.权利要求11所述的方法,其还包括使用免疫评分来调节总剂量。
13.前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其中所述有效剂量包括至少1×106个CAR阳性活T细胞每kg体重。
14.前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其中所述嵌合受体为嵌合抗原受体(CAR)。
15.前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其中所述嵌合受体为T细胞受体(TCR)。
16.前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其中所述恶性肿瘤为实体瘤,肉瘤,癌,淋巴瘤,多发性骨髓瘤,霍奇金病,非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL),原发性纵隔大B细胞淋巴瘤(PMBC),弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL),滤泡性淋巴瘤(FL),转化滤泡性淋巴瘤,脾边缘区淋巴瘤(SMZL),慢性或急性白血病,急性髓样白血病,慢性髓样白血病,急性淋巴母细胞白血病(ALL)(包括非T细胞ALL),慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL),T细胞淋巴瘤,B细胞急性淋巴样白血病(“BALL”),T细胞急性淋巴样白血病(“TALL”),急性淋巴样白血病(ALL),慢性髓细胞性白血病(CML),B细胞幼淋巴细胞白血病的一种或多种,母细胞性浆细胞样树突状细胞赘生物,伯基特淋巴瘤,弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤,滤泡性淋巴瘤,毛细胞白血病,小细胞或大细胞滤泡性淋巴瘤,恶性淋巴增生性状况,MALT淋巴瘤,套细胞淋巴瘤,边缘区淋巴瘤,骨髓增生异常和骨髓增生异常综合征,浆母细胞性淋巴瘤,浆细胞样树突状细胞赘生物,瓦氏巨球蛋白血症,浆细胞增生性病症(例如无症状性骨髓瘤(郁积型多发性骨髓瘤或惰性骨髓瘤),意义不明的单克隆丙种球蛋白病(MGUS),浆细胞瘤(例如浆细胞恶液质、单发性骨髓瘤、单发性浆细胞瘤、髓外浆细胞瘤和多发性浆细胞瘤),系统性淀粉样蛋白轻链淀粉样变性,POEMS综合征(又称为Crow-Fukase综合征,Takatsuki病和PEP综合征),或其组合。
17.前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其中优化所述有效剂量以增加所述患者对嵌合受体治疗响应的可能性。
18.确定患者是否将对嵌合受体治疗响应的方法,其包括:
(a)使用基因表达谱分析来自所述患者的肿瘤活检,以表征肿瘤微环境;
(b)基于所述基因表达谱确定免疫评分;以及
(c)基于所述免疫评分确定所述患者是否将对嵌合受体治疗响应。
19.确定患者是否将对嵌合受体治疗响应的方法,其包括:
(a)在治疗之前获得来自患者的肿瘤活检;
(b)分析所述肿瘤活检以表征肿瘤微环境;以及
(c)基于所述肿瘤微环境的特征确定所述患者是否将对嵌合受体治疗响应。
20.治疗患者中的恶性肿瘤的方法,其包括:
(a)在嵌合受体治疗之前分析来自患者的肿瘤活检,以表征肿瘤微环境;
(b)基于所述肿瘤微环境的特征确定所述患者是否将对嵌合受体治疗响应;以及
(c)向所述患者施用有效剂量的包含一种或多种嵌合受体的T细胞,其中使用所述肿瘤微环境的特征来确定所述有效剂量。
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