CN112182123B - Urban green land form dynamic three-dimensional database construction method - Google Patents
Urban green land form dynamic three-dimensional database construction method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for constructing a dynamic three-dimensional database of urban green land forms, which comprises the following steps: acquiring various green land form unit surface elements of an urban green land; establishing a plane attribute table of each green space form unit surface element; establishing a height attribute table of each green space form unit surface element; establishing a structure attribute table of each green space form unit surface element; calculating the crown volume index of each green space form unit surface element; calculating the leaf area index corresponding to each month of each green space form unit surface element; and constructing a visualized urban green land morphological dynamic three-dimensional database on an ArcScene platform. The method for constructing the urban green land form dynamic three-dimensional database can present the three-dimensional form of the urban green land, and the three-dimensional form can be dynamically changed along with time.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for constructing a three-dimensional shape database, in particular to a method for constructing a dynamic three-dimensional database of urban green land shapes.
Background
With the progress of global urbanization, 55% of the population worldwide lives in cities, which is expected to reach 68% in 2050. Although cities offer benefits and opportunities, they also face serious environmental problems such as urban heat islands, increased energy consumption, flooding, air pollution, reduced biodiversity, etc. The urban green land is an indispensable component of the city and is an important functional system for adjusting the urban environment and providing a habitability space for urban residents. The wide range of environmental benefits provided by urban greenhouses include carbon storage and elimination of air pollutants, reduction of noise pollution, rain management, regulation of ambient temperature, reduction of risk of heat related diseases and reduction of energy consumption. In addition, urban greenbelts also provide economic and social benefits, including providing a living environment for humans, vegetation and wildlife, producing food, increasing the appeal of urban life, work, investment and travel, and providing entertainment, aesthetic and social opportunities for citizens. The role of urban green space systems in cities depends on a number of factors, of which the morphology of urban green spaces is a key factor.
Most of the existing urban green space research data are acquired from a single remote sensing image, only two-dimensional form information can be acquired, three-dimensional features of the information are ignored, and a modeling method of the three-dimensional form features of the urban green space is lacked. Besides the two-dimensional characteristics, the key characteristics of the vegetation three-dimensional form also include plant height, crown volume, leaf area index and the like, and the three-dimensional characteristics have obvious influences on the retention efficiency of the plants on rainwater, the air flow rate around the plants, two cooling mechanisms (evaporation and shadow) of the vegetation, the influence of traffic pollutant diffusion and the building energy consumption. Although the three-dimensional characteristics of urban greenbelts have proven to be a key factor in the environment, absent methods for modeling urban areas greenbelts, such studies are limited to individual trees or stands, rarely involve macroscopic morphological analysis, and are more difficult to guide the practice of urban planning and design.
In addition to its three-dimensional form, the temporal variation of urban greenbelts is also not negligible. Deciduous trees are an important component of urban green land and account for a large part of the total amount of greening. Deciduous trees and evergreen trees in summer are very different from deciduous trees in winter in providing sun-shading and cooling effects, blocking or resisting wind, absorbing solar radiation, consuming carbon dioxide and generating oxygen, etc. The dynamic changes of the blades control the physical and biochemical processes of the urban canopy, greatly influencing the energy and mass exchange between the surface of the touchdown ball and the atmosphere. Therefore, in the study of the morphological characteristics of the urban green land and the influence thereof on the urban environment, the characteristics of the change of the urban green land morphology with time should be considered, and at present, only the morphological characteristics of the acquired green land at a certain moment are studied, and no method for establishing a dynamic model exists.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is as follows: the method for constructing the dynamic three-dimensional database of the urban green land form can present the three-dimensional form of the urban green land, and the three-dimensional form can be dynamically changed along with time.
The technical scheme is as follows: the invention relates to a method for constructing a dynamic three-dimensional database of urban green land forms, which comprises the following steps:
and 7, constructing a visual urban green land form dynamic three-dimensional database on the ArcScene platform according to the plane attribute table, the height attribute table, the structure attribute table, the crown volume index and the leaf area index of each green land form unit surface element.
Further, in step 1, the specific steps of acquiring the unit surface elements of the green land forms of the urban green land are as follows:
step 1.1, obtaining map data of an urban green land, wherein the map data of the urban green land is obtained by a Google Earth multi-time-phase high-definition satellite map;
step 1.2, drawing different green space form units in the map data into each green space form unit surface element by using a graph drawing tool of ArcMap.
Further, in step 2, when the plane attribute table of each green space form unit surface element is established, the specific steps are as follows:
step 2.1, measuring the crown width of each green space form unit surface element, establishing a plane attribute table, and correspondingly writing the measured crown width into the plane attribute table associated with each green space form unit surface element;
and 2.2, judging the dominant tree species of each green space form unit surface element, and correspondingly writing the judged dominant tree species into a plane attribute table associated with each green space form unit surface element.
Furthermore, in step 2.1, a measuring tool of ArcMap is used for measuring the crown width of the green space form unit surface element; and 2.2, when judging the dominant tree species of each unit surface element in the green land form, comprehensively judging by combining street view, field survey data and the vegetation colors of satellite maps in different seasons, wherein the satellite maps at least comprise three seasons of summer, autumn and winter.
Further, in step 2.2, when the dominant tree species of each green space form unit surface element is judged, the dominant tree species are common tree species of urban green spaces, and the total area of the dominant tree species is greater than or equal to 90% of the total area of the urban green spaces.
Further, in step 3, when the height attribute table of each green space form unit surface element is established, the specific steps are as follows:
step 3.1, acquiring dominant tree species and crown breadth of the green land form unit surface elements;
step 3.2, establishing a height attribute table of the green space form unit surface elements, and correspondingly writing crown height-crown width regression models and average crown height ratios of the dominant trees of the green space form unit surface elements into respective height attribute tables;
step 3.3, calculating the crown height of each green space form unit surface element according to the crown width of each green space form unit surface element by using the crown height-crown width regression model of each green space form unit surface element, and writing the crown height into a height attribute table;
step 3.4, calculating the tree height of each green space form unit surface element according to the crown height of each green space form unit surface element by using the average crown height ratio of each green space form unit surface element, and writing the tree height into a height attribute table;
and 3.5, calculating the height under the canopy of each green space form unit surface element according to the height of the canopy and the tree height of each green space form unit surface element, and writing the height attribute table.
Further, in step 4, when the structure attribute table of each green space form unit surface element is established, the specific steps are as follows:
step 4.1, obtaining pre-determined leaf area density values of each dominant tree species per month;
and 4.2, establishing a structure attribute table, correspondingly writing the dominant tree species, the time value and the leaf area density value into the structure attribute table associated with each green space form unit surface element, wherein the time value is used for marking each month.
Further, in step 5, when the crown volume index of the green space morphological unit is calculated, the specific steps are as follows:
step 5.1, constructing approximate crown geometric shapes of the single dominant tree species in the green land form unit surface elements according to the crown width, the crown height and the dominant tree species;
step 5.2, calculating the crown volume of the single dominant tree species in the green land form unit surface elements according to the approximate crown geometric shape by utilizing the field calculation function of ArcMap;
and 5.3, solving the volume index of the crown of the green land form unit surface element according to the following formula:
CVI＝V/S
in the formula, CVI is a crown volume index, V is the crown volume of the single dominant tree species, and S is the crown projection area of the single dominant tree species, which is approximately obtained by using a circle with crown width as the diameter.
Further, in step 6, the calculation formula of the leaf area index is as follows:
LAI＝LAD*CVI
in the formula, LAI is the leaf area index, LAD is the leaf area density value, and CVI is the crown volume index.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: (1) The open-source satellite remote sensing image and the street view are used as data sources, so that the data is easy to obtain and the application range is wide; (2) The method has the advantages that the connected urban greenbelts with tree species and crown width attributes are drawn into different urban greenbelt morphological units, so that the speed of building the urban greenbelt model is greatly optimized, and the method is suitable for large-scale urban or whole-city urban greenbelt rapid modeling; (3) Providing a morphological parameter of an average crown height ratio to predict the spatial position of the crown in the vertical direction; (4) Bringing the dynamic values of the leaf areas of the urban greenbelts in different months into an urban greenbelt database, inquiring and outputting the shape attribute values of the urban greenbelts in a specific month, and showing the dynamic change of the shapes of the urban greenbelts in one year; (5) The established three-dimensional urban green space model comprises multi-level morphological attributes, including two-dimensional and three-dimensional morphological attributes such as position, outline, crown width, crown height under crown, crown shape and the like, and crown structure attributes including crown volume and leaf area, wherein the attributes have non-negligible influence on the regulation benefit of the green space on the urban physical environment; (6) Inputting the canopy height and the under canopy height of the green space form unit through an ArcScene platform, and quickly and automatically establishing a large-range urban green space three-dimensional model; (7) The database is established based on an ArcGIS platform, has interactivity and operability, can realize visual roaming, query and output form units of a designated green space and count form attribute values of a designated area, realizes space form analysis, visual analysis and the like, and can also output form attribute values in a table form and output a green space model in a three-dimensional model form.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic overall flow diagram of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the crown height ratio distribution of different dominant tree species of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the annual monthly change of LAD exemplified by Pterocarya stenoptera according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the embodiments.
Example 1:
as shown in FIG. 1, the method for constructing the dynamic three-dimensional database of urban green land forms comprises the following steps:
and 7, constructing a visual urban green land form dynamic three-dimensional database on the ArcScene platform according to the plane attribute table, the height attribute table, the structure attribute table, the crown volume index and the leaf area index of each green land form unit surface element.
When the green space form unit surface elements are associated with the attribute tables, the attribute tables of characters are associated with geometric entities with space coordinates and space shapes in a one-to-one correspondence mode, the attribute tables are only characters and do not have space positions and graphic features, and after the association is carried out, when the green space form unit surface elements are opened one by one, a plane attribute table, a height attribute table and a structure attribute table behind the green space form unit surface elements can be directly seen. The tree crown projection of each city green space form unit is used as a green space form unit surface element, each green space form unit surface element is associated with a plane attribute table, a height attribute table and a structure attribute table, and the three attribute tables can be edited and operated, and can also be used for searching graphic elements, performing visual rendering on the green space form unit surface elements and the like.
Further, in step 1, the specific steps of acquiring the unit surface elements of the green land form of each urban green land are as follows:
step 1.1, map data of an urban green land are obtained, wherein the map data of the urban green land are obtained by a Google Earth multi-time-phase high-definition satellite map;
step 1.2, drawing different green space form units in the map data into each green space form unit surface element by using a graph drawing tool of ArcMap.
Further, in step 2, when the plane attribute table of each green space form unit surface element is established, the specific steps are as follows:
step 2.1, measuring the crown width of each green space form unit surface element, establishing a plane attribute table, and correspondingly writing the measured crown width into the plane attribute table associated with each green space form unit surface element;
and 2.2, judging the dominant tree species of each green space form unit surface element, and correspondingly writing the judged dominant tree species into a plane attribute table associated with each green space form unit surface element.
Furthermore, in step 2.1, a measuring tool of ArcMap is used for measuring the crown width of the green space form unit surface element; and 2.2, when judging the dominant tree species of each unit surface element in the green land form, comprehensively judging by combining street view, field survey data and the vegetation colors of satellite maps in different seasons, wherein the satellite maps at least comprise three seasons of summer, autumn and winter.
Further, in step 2.2, when the dominant tree species of each green space form unit surface element is judged, the dominant tree species are common tree species of urban green spaces, and the total area of the dominant tree species is greater than or equal to 90% of the total area of the urban green spaces.
Further, in step 3, when the height attribute table of each green space form unit surface element is established, the specific steps are as follows:
step 3.1, acquiring dominant tree species and crown breadth of the green land form unit surface elements;
step 3.2, establishing a height attribute table of the green space form unit surface elements, and correspondingly writing crown height-crown width regression models and average crown height ratios of the dominant trees of the green space form unit surface elements into respective height attribute tables;
step 3.3, calculating the crown height of each green space form unit surface element according to the crown width of each green space form unit surface element by using the crown height-crown width regression model of each green space form unit surface element, and writing the crown height into a height attribute table;
step 3.4, calculating the tree height of each green land form unit surface element according to the average crown height ratio of each green land form unit surface element and the crown height of each green land form unit surface element, and writing the tree height into a height attribute table;
and 3.5, calculating the height under the canopy of each green space form unit surface element according to the height of the canopy and the tree height of each green space form unit surface element, and writing the height attribute table.
Further, in step 4, when the structure attribute table of each green space form unit surface element is established, the specific steps are as follows:
step 4.1, obtaining pre-determined leaf area density values of each dominant tree species per month;
and 4.2, establishing a structure attribute table, correspondingly writing the dominant tree species, the time value and the leaf area density value into the structure attribute table associated with each green space form unit surface element, wherein the time value is used for marking each month.
Further, in step 5, when the crown volume index of the green space morphological unit is calculated, the specific steps are as follows:
step 5.1, constructing the approximate crown geometric shape of the single dominant tree species in the green space form unit surface elements according to the crown width, the crown height and the dominant tree species;
step 5.2, calculating the crown volume of the single dominant tree species in the green land form unit surface elements according to the approximate crown geometric shape by utilizing the field calculation function of ArcMap;
and 5.3, solving the volume index of the crown of the green land form unit surface element according to the following formula:
CVI＝V/S
in the formula, CVI is a crown volume index, V is the crown volume of the single dominant tree species, and S is the crown projection area of the single dominant tree species, which is approximately obtained by using a circle with crown width as the diameter.
Further, in step 6, the calculation formula of the leaf area index is as follows:
LAI＝LAD*CVI
in the formula, LAI is the leaf area index, LAD is the leaf area density value, and CVI is the crown volume index.
Further, in step 7, when constructing a visualized dynamic three-dimensional database of urban green land morphology on the ArcScene platform, the specific steps are as follows:
step 7.1, importing the urban green land, building and street map layers containing basic form attributes into the ArcScene platform;
step 7.2, opening a layer panel of the urban green land on the ArcScene platform, and selecting an elevation value in the use elements in the basic height, wherein an expression is the height under the canopy in the height attribute table;
step 7.3, in a stretching panel of the ArcScene platform, setting a stretching expression as the crown height in the height attribute table;
step 7.4, in the symbolic system-hierarchical color of the ArcScene platform, setting leaf area index values of different months in the structure attribute table as reference values;
step 7.5, starting time in a time tab of a layer of the ArcScene platform, setting a time value according to a structure attribute table, and setting a time step interval to be one month;
7.6, starting a time slider in a toolbar of the ArcScene platform;
7.7, selecting different static time points, and checking or outputting the morphological parameters of the morphological unit surface elements of the green lands of the city;
and 7.8, clicking a play button of the time slider to display the dynamic change animation of the urban green land form.
The construction method of the urban green land form dynamic three-dimensional database has the advantages that:
(1) The open-source satellite remote sensing image and the street view are used as data sources, so that the data is easy to obtain and the application range is wide; (2) The method has the advantages that the connected urban greenbelts with the tree species and crown width attributes are drawn into different urban greenbelt form units, so that the speed of building the urban greenbelt model is greatly optimized, and the method is suitable for large-scale urban or whole urban fast modeling of the urban greenbelts; (3) Providing a morphological parameter of an average crown height ratio to predict the spatial position of the crown in the vertical direction; (4) The dynamic values of the urban green land leaf areas in different months are brought into an urban green land database, the form attribute values of the urban green land in a specific month can be inquired and output, and the dynamic change of the form of the urban green land in one year can be shown; (5) The established three-dimensional urban green space form database comprises multi-level form attributes, including two-dimensional and three-dimensional form attributes such as position, contour, crown width, crown height, crown shape and the like, and crown structure attributes including the volume and leaf area of a crown, wherein the attributes have non-negligible influence on the regulation benefit of the green space on the urban physical environment; (6) Inputting the canopy height and the under canopy height of the green space form unit through an ArcScene platform, and quickly and automatically establishing a large-range urban green space three-dimensional model; (7) The database is established based on an ArcGIS platform, has interactivity and operability, can realize visual roaming, inquire and output form units of a specified green land, count form attribute values of a specified area, realize space form analysis, visual analysis and the like, can output form attribute values in a table form, and output a green land model in a three-dimensional model form.
As noted above, while the present invention has been shown and described with reference to certain preferred embodiments, it is not to be construed as limited thereto. Various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (9)
1. A method for constructing a dynamic three-dimensional database of urban green land forms is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, obtaining each green land form unit surface element of an urban green land;
step 2, establishing a plane attribute table of each green space form unit surface element, and associating each green space form unit surface element with each plane attribute table;
step 3, establishing a height attribute table of each green space form unit surface element, and associating each green space form unit surface element with each height attribute table;
step 4, establishing a structure attribute table of each green space form unit surface element, and associating each green space form unit surface element with the structure attribute table;
step 5, calculating the crown volume index of each green space form unit surface element according to the crown width, the crown height and the approximate crown geometric shape of the dominant tree species;
step 6, calculating the leaf area index corresponding to each month of the green space form unit surface elements by using the volume index of the crown and the leaf area density value corresponding to each month;
and 7, constructing a visual urban green land form dynamic three-dimensional database on the ArcScene platform according to the plane attribute table, the height attribute table, the structure attribute table, the crown volume index and the leaf area index of each green land form unit surface element.
2. The method for constructing the urban green space form dynamic three-dimensional database according to claim 1, wherein in step 1, the specific steps of acquiring each green space form unit surface element of the urban green space are as follows:
step 1.1, obtaining map data of an urban green land, wherein the map data of the urban green land is obtained by a Google Earth multi-time-phase high-definition satellite map;
step 1.2, drawing different green space form units in the map data into each green space form unit surface element by using a graph drawing tool of ArcMap.
3. The method for constructing the urban green space form dynamic three-dimensional database according to claim 1, wherein in the step 2, when the plane attribute table of each green space form unit surface element is established, the specific steps are as follows:
step 2.1, measuring the crown width of each green space form unit surface element, establishing a plane attribute table, and correspondingly writing the measured crown width into the plane attribute table associated with each green space form unit surface element;
and 2.2, judging the dominant tree species of each green space form unit surface element, and correspondingly writing the judged dominant tree species into a plane attribute table associated with each green space form unit surface element.
4. The method for constructing a dynamic three-dimensional urban green space morphological database according to claim 3, wherein in step 2.1, a measurement tool of ArcMap is used for measuring the crown width of the green space morphological cell surface elements; and 2.2, when dominant trees of the unit surface elements of the green land form are judged, comprehensively judging by combining street scenes, field survey data and satellite map vegetation colors in different seasons, wherein the satellite map at least comprises three seasons of summer, autumn and winter.
5. The method for constructing the urban green land form dynamic three-dimensional database according to claim 3, wherein in step 2.2, when the dominant tree species of each green land form unit surface element is judged, the dominant tree species are common tree species in the urban green land, and the total area of the dominant tree species is greater than or equal to 90% of the total area of the urban green land.
6. The method for constructing the urban green space form dynamic three-dimensional database according to claim 1, wherein in step 3, when the height attribute table of each green space form unit surface element is established, the specific steps are as follows:
step 3.1, acquiring dominant tree species and crown breadth of the green land form unit surface elements;
step 3.2, establishing a height attribute table of the green space form unit surface elements, and correspondingly writing crown height-crown width regression models and average crown height ratios of the dominant trees of the green space form unit surface elements into respective height attribute tables;
step 3.3, calculating the crown height of each green space form unit surface element according to the crown width of each green space form unit surface element by using the crown height-crown width regression model of each green space form unit surface element, and writing the crown height into a height attribute table;
step 3.4, calculating the tree height of each green space form unit surface element according to the crown height of each green space form unit surface element by using the average crown height ratio of each green space form unit surface element, and writing the tree height into a height attribute table;
and 3.5, calculating the height under the canopy of each green land form unit surface element according to the height of the canopy and the height of the tree of each green land form unit surface element, and writing the height into a height attribute table.
7. The method for constructing the urban green space form dynamic three-dimensional database according to claim 1, wherein in step 4, when the structure attribute table of each green space form unit surface element is established, the specific steps are as follows:
step 4.1, obtaining the pre-measured leaf area density value of each dominant tree species per month;
and 4.2, establishing a structure attribute table, correspondingly writing the dominant tree species, the time value and the leaf area density value into the structure attribute table associated with each green space form unit surface element, wherein the time value is used for marking each month.
8. The method for constructing the urban green land form dynamic three-dimensional database according to claim 1, wherein in the step 5, when the crown volume index of the green land form unit is calculated, the specific steps are as follows:
step 5.1, constructing the approximate crown geometric shape of the single dominant tree species in the green space form unit surface elements according to the crown width, the crown height and the dominant tree species;
step 5.2, calculating the crown volume of the single-plant dominant tree species in the green land form unit surface elements according to the approximate crown geometric shape by utilizing the field calculation function of ArcMap;
and 5.3, solving the volume index of the crown of the green land form unit surface element according to the following formula:
CVI＝V/S
in the formula, CVI is a crown volume index, V is the crown volume of the single dominant tree species, and S is the crown projection area of the single dominant tree species, which is approximately obtained by using a circle with crown breadth as the diameter.
9. The method for constructing the urban green land form dynamic three-dimensional database according to claim 1, wherein in step 6, the formula for calculating the leaf area index is as follows:
LAI＝LAD*CVI
in the formula, LAI is a leaf area index, LAD is a leaf area density value, and CVI is a crown volume index.
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