CN112182123B - Urban green land form dynamic three-dimensional database construction method - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种三维形态数据库构建方法，尤其是一种城市绿地形态动态三维数据库构建方法。The invention relates to a method for building a three-dimensional form database, in particular to a method for building a dynamic three-dimensional database for urban green space forms.
背景技术Background technique
随着全球城市化进程的推进，全球55％的人口生活在城市，预计2050年将达到68％。虽然城市为人们提供了好处和机会，但也面临着严重的环境问题，如城市热岛、能源消耗增加、洪水、空气污染、生物多样性减少等。城市绿地是城市不可或缺的组成部分，是调节城市环境、为城市居民提供宜居空间的重要功能系统。城市绿地提供的广泛环境效益包括储存碳和消除空气污染物，减少噪音污染，雨水管理，调节环境温度，降低患热相关疾病的风险以及降低能源消耗。此外，城市绿地还带来经济和社会效益，包括为人类、植被和野生动物提供生存环境，生产食品，提高城市生活、工作、投资和旅游的吸引力以及为公民提供娱乐、审美和社交的机会。城市绿地系统在城市中的作用取决于多种因素，其中城市绿地的形态是一个关键因素。With the advancement of global urbanization, 55% of the world's population lives in cities, and it is expected to reach 68% in 2050. Although cities provide benefits and opportunities for people, they also face serious environmental problems, such as urban heat islands, increased energy consumption, flooding, air pollution, loss of biodiversity, etc. Urban green space is an indispensable part of the city and an important functional system that regulates the urban environment and provides livable space for urban residents. The wide-ranging environmental benefits provided by urban green spaces include storing carbon and removing air pollutants, reducing noise pollution, stormwater management, regulating ambient temperature, reducing the risk of heat-related diseases, and reducing energy consumption. In addition, urban green space also brings economic and social benefits, including providing a living environment for humans, vegetation and wild animals, producing food, improving the attractiveness of urban life, work, investment and tourism, and providing citizens with opportunities for entertainment, aesthetics and social interaction . The function of urban green space system in a city depends on many factors, among which the form of urban green space is a key factor.
现有针对城市绿地研究数据大多获取于单一的遥感图像，只能获取二维形态的信息，忽视其三维特征，缺乏城市绿地形态三维形态特征的建模方法。除二维特征外，植被三维形态的关键特征还包括植物高度、树冠体积和叶面积指数等，其三维特征对植物对雨水的截留效率、植物周围空气流速、植被的两种冷却机制(蒸发和阴影)、交通污染物扩散的影响以及建筑能耗有显著的影响。尽管城市绿地的三维特征已被证明是影响环境的关键因素，但由于缺乏城市区域绿地建模的方法，此类研究仅限于单株树木或树丛，很少涉及宏观形态分析，更难以指导城市规划设计的实践。Most of the existing research data on urban green space is obtained from a single remote sensing image, which can only obtain two-dimensional information, ignoring its three-dimensional characteristics, and lacks a modeling method for the three-dimensional morphological characteristics of urban green space. In addition to the two-dimensional characteristics, the key characteristics of the three-dimensional vegetation morphology include plant height, canopy volume and leaf area index, etc., and its three-dimensional characteristics have a great influence on the interception efficiency of plants to rainwater, the air velocity around plants, and the two cooling mechanisms of vegetation (evaporation and shading), the impact of traffic pollutant dispersion, and building energy consumption have significant impacts. Although the three-dimensional characteristics of urban green space have been proved to be a key factor affecting the environment, due to the lack of methods for modeling green space in urban areas, such studies are limited to individual trees or clusters, rarely involve macroscopic morphological analysis, and are even more difficult to guide urban planning The practice of design.
除了其三维形态外，城市绿地的时间变化也不容忽视。落叶树是城市绿地的重要组成部分，占绿化总量的很大一部分。夏季落叶乔木与常绿乔木在提供遮阳和降温、阻挡或抗风、吸收太阳辐射、消耗二氧化碳和产生氧气等方面，与冬季的落叶树有很大不同。叶片的动态变化控制着城市冠层的物理和生化过程，极大地影响着地球表面与大气之间的能量和质量交换。因此，在研究城市绿地的形态特征及其对城市环境的影响时，应考虑城市绿地形态随时间变化的特征，目前研究仅获取的绿地在某一时刻的形态特征，尚未有建立动态模型的方法。In addition to its three-dimensional form, the temporal changes of urban green spaces cannot be ignored. Deciduous trees are an important part of urban green space, accounting for a large part of the total greening. Summer deciduous trees and evergreen trees are very different from winter deciduous trees in terms of providing shading and cooling, blocking or resisting wind, absorbing solar radiation, consuming carbon dioxide and producing oxygen. The dynamic changes of leaves control the physical and biochemical processes of the urban canopy, greatly affecting the exchange of energy and mass between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere. Therefore, when studying the morphological characteristics of urban green space and its impact on the urban environment, the characteristics of urban green space changes over time should be considered. Currently, only the morphological characteristics of green space at a certain moment are obtained in the current study, and there is no method for establishing a dynamic model. .
发明内容SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
发明目的：提供一种城市绿地形态动态三维数据库构建方法，能够呈现城市绿地的三维形态，且三维形态能够跟随时间动态变换。Purpose of the invention: To provide a method for constructing a dynamic three-dimensional database of urban green space, which can present the three-dimensional form of urban green space, and the three-dimensional form can change dynamically with time.
技术方案：本发明所述的城市绿地形态动态三维数据库构建方法，包括如下步骤：Technical solution: The method for constructing a dynamic three-dimensional database of urban green land forms according to the present invention includes the following steps:
步骤1，获取城市绿地的各个绿地形态单元面要素；
步骤2，建立各个绿地形态单元面要素的平面属性表，并将各个绿地形态单元面要素与各自的平面属性表相关联；
步骤3，建立各个绿地形态单元面要素的高度属性表，并将各个绿地形态单元面要素与各自的高度属性表相关联；
步骤4，建立各个绿地形态单元面要素的结构属性表，并将并将各个绿地形态单元面要素与结构属性表相关联；
步骤5，根据冠幅、冠高以及优势树种的近似树冠几何形状，计算出各个绿地形态单元面要素的树冠体积指数；
步骤6，利用树冠体积指数和各月对应的叶面积密度值计算出各个绿地形态单元面要素各月对应的叶面积指数；
步骤7，根据各个绿地形态单元面要素的平面属性表、高度属性表、结构属性表、树冠体积指数以及叶面积指数，在ArcScene平台上构建可视化的城市绿地形态动态三维数据库。
进一步的，步骤1中，获取城市绿地的各个绿地形态单元面要素的具体步骤为：Further, in
步骤1.1，获取城市绿地的地图数据，城市绿地的地图数据由Google Earth多时相高清卫星地图获得；Step 1.1, obtain the map data of urban green space, and the map data of urban green space is obtained by Google Earth multi-temporal high-definition satellite map;
步骤1.2，将地图数据中不同的绿地形态单元绘制为各个绿地形态单元面要素，利用的是ArcMap的图形绘制工具。In step 1.2, the different green space morphological units in the map data are drawn as surface elements of each green space morphological unit, using the graphics drawing tool of ArcMap.
进一步的，步骤2中，在建立各个绿地形态单元面要素的平面属性表时，具体步骤为：Further, in
步骤2.1，测量各个绿地形态单元面要素的冠幅，再建立平面属性表，将测量的冠幅对应写入各个绿地形态单元面要素关联的平面属性表中；Step 2.1, measure the crown width of each green space form unit surface element, then establish a plane attribute table, and write the measured crown width into the plane attribute table associated with each green space form unit surface element;
步骤2.2，判断各个绿地形态单元面要素的优势树种，并将判断的优势树种对应写入各个绿地形态单元面要素关联的平面属性表中。Step 2.2, determine the dominant tree species of each green space form unit surface element, and write the judged dominant tree species into the plane attribute table associated with each green space form unit surface element.
进一步的，步骤2.1中，在测量绿地形态单元面要素的冠幅时，利用的是ArcMap的测量工具；步骤2.2中，在判断各个绿地形态单元面要素的优势树种时，结合街景、现场调查数据以及不同季节的卫星图植被颜色进行综合判断，其中卫星图至少包括夏季、秋季和冬季这三个季节。Further, in step 2.1, when measuring the crown width of the green space form unit surface elements, the measurement tool of ArcMap is used; in step 2.2, when judging the dominant tree species of each green space form unit surface element, combined with street view and field survey data And the vegetation color of the satellite image in different seasons is comprehensively judged, and the satellite image includes at least three seasons of summer, autumn and winter.
进一步的，进一步的，步骤2.2中，在判断各个绿地形态单元面要素的优势树种时，优势树种为城市绿地常见树种，且优势树种总面积大于等于城市绿地总面积的90％。Further, further, in step 2.2, when judging the dominant tree species of each green space morphological unit surface element, the dominant tree species are common tree species in urban green spaces, and the total area of dominant tree species is greater than or equal to 90% of the total area of urban green spaces.
进一步的，步骤3中，在建立各个绿地形态单元面要素的高度属性表时，具体步骤为：Further, in
步骤3.1，获取绿地形态单元面要素的优势树种和冠幅；Step 3.1, obtain the dominant tree species and crown width of the green space form unit surface elements;
步骤3.2，建立绿地形态单元面要素的高度属性表，并将各个绿地形态单元面要素的优势树种的冠高-冠幅回归模型和平均冠高比对应写入各自的高度属性表中；Step 3.2, establish the height attribute table of the surface element of the green space form unit, and write the crown height-crown width regression model and the average crown height ratio of the dominant tree species of each green space form unit surface element into the respective height attribute table;
步骤3.3，利用各个绿地形态单元面要素的冠高-冠幅回归模型，再根据各个绿地形态单元面要素的冠幅计算出各个绿地形态单元面要素的冠高，并写入高度属性表；Step 3.3, using the crown height-canopy width regression model of each green space form unit surface element, then calculate the crown height of each green space form unit surface element according to the crown width of each green space form unit surface element, and write it into the height attribute table;
步骤3.4，利用各个绿地形态单元面要素的平均冠高比，再根据各个绿地形态单元面要素的冠高计算出各个绿地形态单元面要素的树高，并写入高度属性表；Step 3.4, using the average crown height ratio of each green space form unit surface element, then calculate the tree height of each green space form unit surface element according to the canopy height of each green space form unit surface element, and write it into the height attribute table;
步骤3.5，根据各个绿地形态单元面要素的冠高和树高，计算该绿地形态单元面要素的冠下高，并写入高度属性表。Step 3.5, according to the canopy height and tree height of each green space form unit surface element, calculate the canopy height of the green space form unit surface element, and write it into the height attribute table.
进一步的，步骤4中，在建立各个绿地形态单元面要素的结构属性表时，具体步骤为：Further, in
步骤4.1，获取预先测定的每月各个优势树种的叶面积密度值；Step 4.1, obtaining the leaf area density value of each dominant tree species measured in advance every month;
步骤4.2，建立结构属性表，将优势树种、时间值以及叶面积密度值对应写入各个绿地形态单元面要素关联的结构属性表中，时间值用于标记各个月份。Step 4.2, establish a structural attribute table, and write the dominant tree species, time value and leaf area density value into the structural attribute table associated with each green space form unit surface element, and the time value is used to mark each month.
进一步的，步骤5中，在计算绿地形态单元的树冠体积指数时，具体步骤为：Further, in
步骤5.1，根据冠幅、冠高以及优势树种构建绿地形态单元面要素中的单株优势树种的近似树冠几何形状；Step 5.1, according to the crown width, crown height and dominant tree species, construct the approximate crown geometry of the single dominant tree species in the green space form unit surface elements;
步骤5.2，利用ArcMap的字段计算功能，再根据近似树冠几何形状求得绿地形态单元面要素中的单株优势树种的树冠体积；Step 5.2, using the field calculation function of ArcMap to obtain the crown volume of the single dominant tree species in the green space form unit surface element according to the approximate crown geometry;
步骤5.3，根据下式求出绿地形态单元面要素的树冠体积指数为：Step 5.3, according to the following formula, calculate the canopy volume index of the surface element of the green space form unit as:
CVI＝V/SCVI=V/S
式中，CVI为树冠体积指数，V为单株优势树种的树冠体积，S为单株优势树种的树冠投影面积，是以冠幅为直径的圆近似求得。In the formula, CVI is the crown volume index, V is the crown volume of a single dominant tree species, and S is the projected crown area of a single dominant tree species, which is approximated by a circle with the crown width as its diameter.
进一步的，步骤6中，叶面积指数的计算公式为：Further, in
LAI＝LAD*CVILAI=LAD*CVI
式中，LAI为叶面积指数，LAD为叶面积密度值，CVI为树冠体积指数。In the formula, LAI is the leaf area index, LAD is the leaf area density value, and CVI is the crown volume index.
本发明与现有技术相比，其有益效果是：(1)利用开源的卫星遥感图像、街景作为数据来源，数据易于获取，应用范围广；(2)将具有树种和冠幅属性的相连的城市绿地绘制为不同的城市绿地形态单元，大大优化了城市绿地模型建立的速度，适合城市大范围或整个城市的城市绿地快速建模；(3)提出“平均冠高比”的形态参数，用以预测树冠在垂直方向上的空间位置；(4)将不同月份的城市绿地叶面积动态值纳入城市绿地数据库，可查询和输出城市绿地在特定月份的形态属性值，并可展示城市绿地在一年中形态的动态变化；(5)建立的三维城市绿地模型包括多层次的形态属性，不但包括位置、轮廓、冠幅、冠高、冠下高、树冠形状等二维、三维形态属性，还包括树冠体积、叶面积在内的树冠结构属性，这些属性对于绿地对城市物理环境的调节效益有着不可忽视的影响；(6)通过ArcScene平台，输入绿地形态单元的冠高和冠下高，可以快速、自动建立大范围城市绿地三维模型；(7)提出的数据库基于ArcGIS平台建立，具有交互性、可操作性，可实现可视化漫游，查询和输出指定绿地形态单元以及统计指定区域的形态属性值，实现空间形态分析、可视分析等，还能以表格形式输出形态属性值，以三维模型形式输出绿地模型。Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the beneficial effects of: (1) using open-source satellite remote sensing images and street views as data sources, the data is easy to obtain and has a wide range of applications; (2) connecting tree species and canopy attributes The urban green space is drawn as different urban green space morphological units, which greatly optimizes the speed of urban green space model establishment, and is suitable for rapid modeling of urban green space in a large city or the entire city; (3) The morphological parameter of "average canopy height ratio" is proposed, using To predict the spatial position of the tree crown in the vertical direction; (4) Incorporate the dynamic value of the urban green space leaf area in different months into the urban green space database, which can query and output the morphological attribute values of the urban green space in a specific month, and can display the urban green space in a (5) The established 3D urban green space model includes multi-level morphological attributes, including not only 2D and 3D morphological attributes such as position, contour, crown width, crown height, crown height, and tree crown shape, but also Tree crown structure attributes including tree crown volume and leaf area, these attributes have a non-negligible impact on the regulation benefits of green space to the urban physical environment; (6) Through the ArcScene platform, input the crown height and height under the crown of the green space form unit, you can Quickly and automatically establish a large-scale urban green space 3D model; (7) The proposed database is established based on the ArcGIS platform, which is interactive and operable, and can realize visual roaming, query and output of specified green space morphological units and statistics of morphological attribute values of specified areas , realize spatial form analysis, visual analysis, etc., and can also output form attribute values in the form of tables, and output green space models in the form of three-dimensional models.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明的整体流程示意图；Fig. 1 is the overall flow schematic diagram of the present invention;
图2为本发明的不同优势树种的冠高比分布示意图；Fig. 2 is the crown height ratio distribution schematic diagram of different dominant tree species of the present invention;
图3为本发明的以枫杨为例的LAD全年逐月变化示意图。Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the year-to-month change of LAD in the present invention, taking maple poplar as an example.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合附图对本发明技术方案进行详细说明，但是本发明的保护范围不局限于所述实施例。The technical solutions of the present invention will be described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the embodiments.
实施例1：Example 1:
如图1所示，本发明所述的城市绿地形态动态三维数据库构建方法，包括如下步骤：As shown in Figure 1, the method for constructing a dynamic three-dimensional database of urban green land forms according to the present invention comprises the following steps:
步骤1，获取城市绿地的各个绿地形态单元面要素；
步骤2，建立各个绿地形态单元面要素的平面属性表，并将各个绿地形态单元面要素与各自的平面属性表相关联；
步骤3，建立各个绿地形态单元面要素的高度属性表，并将各个绿地形态单元面要素与各自的高度属性表相关联；
步骤4，建立各个绿地形态单元面要素的结构属性表，并将并将各个绿地形态单元面要素与结构属性表相关联；
步骤5，根据冠幅、冠高以及优势树种的近似树冠几何形状，计算出各个绿地形态单元面要素的树冠体积指数；
步骤6，利用树冠体积指数和各月对应的叶面积密度值计算出各个绿地形态单元面要素各月对应的叶面积指数；
步骤7，根据各个绿地形态单元面要素的平面属性表、高度属性表、结构属性表、树冠体积指数以及叶面积指数，在ArcScene平台上构建可视化的城市绿地形态动态三维数据库。
绿地形态单元面要素与各个属性表进行关联时，就是将文字的属性表格与有空间坐标、空间形状的几何实体一一对应关联，属性表格仅为文字，不具有空间位置和图形特征，进行关联后，点开一个个绿地形态单元面要素时，能直接看到其背后的平面属性表、高度属性表、结构属性表。将每一个城市绿地形态单元的树冠投影作为一个绿地形态单元面要素，每个绿地形态单元面要素与平面属性表、高度属性表和结构属性表相关联，三个属性表可以编辑、运算，也可用于搜索图形要素、对绿地形态单元面要素进行可视化渲染等。When the surface elements of the green space form unit are associated with each attribute table, the attribute table of the text is associated with the geometric entities with spatial coordinates and spatial shapes one by one. The attribute table is only text and does not have spatial position and graphic features. Afterwards, when you click on each element of the green space form unit, you can directly see the plane attribute table, height attribute table, and structure attribute table behind it. The tree crown projection of each urban green space morphological unit is regarded as a green space morphological unit surface element, and each green space morphological unit surface element is associated with a plane attribute table, a height attribute table, and a structure attribute table. The three attribute tables can be edited, operated, or It can be used to search for graphic elements, visually render greenfield form unit area elements, etc.
进一步的，步骤1中，获取城市绿地的各个绿地形态单元面要素的具体步骤为：Further, in
步骤1.1，获取城市绿地的地图数据，城市绿地的地图数据由Google Earth多时相高清卫星地图获得；Step 1.1, obtain the map data of urban green space, and the map data of urban green space is obtained by Google Earth multi-temporal high-definition satellite map;
步骤1.2，将地图数据中不同的绿地形态单元绘制为各个绿地形态单元面要素，利用的是ArcMap的图形绘制工具。In step 1.2, the different green space morphological units in the map data are drawn as surface elements of each green space morphological unit, using the graphics drawing tool of ArcMap.
进一步的，步骤2中，在建立各个绿地形态单元面要素的平面属性表时，具体步骤为：Further, in
步骤2.1，测量各个绿地形态单元面要素的冠幅，再建立平面属性表，将测量的冠幅对应写入各个绿地形态单元面要素关联的平面属性表中；Step 2.1, measure the crown width of each green space form unit surface element, then establish a plane attribute table, and write the measured crown width into the plane attribute table associated with each green space form unit surface element;
步骤2.2，判断各个绿地形态单元面要素的优势树种，并将判断的优势树种对应写入各个绿地形态单元面要素关联的平面属性表中。Step 2.2, determine the dominant tree species of each green space form unit surface element, and write the judged dominant tree species into the plane attribute table associated with each green space form unit surface element.
进一步的，步骤2.1中，在测量绿地形态单元面要素的冠幅时，利用的是ArcMap的测量工具；步骤2.2中，在判断各个绿地形态单元面要素的优势树种时，结合街景、现场调查数据以及不同季节的卫星图植被颜色进行综合判断，其中卫星图至少包括夏季、秋季和冬季这三个季节。Further, in step 2.1, when measuring the crown width of the green space form unit surface elements, the measurement tool of ArcMap is used; in step 2.2, when judging the dominant tree species of each green space form unit surface element, combined with street view and field survey data And the vegetation color of the satellite image in different seasons is comprehensively judged, and the satellite image includes at least three seasons of summer, autumn and winter.
进一步的，步骤2.2中，在判断各个绿地形态单元面要素的优势树种时，优势树种为城市绿地常见树种，且优势树种总面积大于等于城市绿地总面积的90％。Further, in step 2.2, when judging the dominant tree species of each green space morphological unit surface element, the dominant tree species are common tree species in urban green spaces, and the total area of dominant tree species is greater than or equal to 90% of the total area of urban green spaces.
进一步的，步骤3中，在建立各个绿地形态单元面要素的高度属性表时，具体步骤为：Further, in
步骤3.1，获取绿地形态单元面要素的优势树种和冠幅；Step 3.1, obtain the dominant tree species and crown width of the green space form unit surface elements;
步骤3.2，建立绿地形态单元面要素的高度属性表，并将各个绿地形态单元面要素的优势树种的冠高-冠幅回归模型和平均冠高比对应写入各自的高度属性表中；Step 3.2, establish the height attribute table of the surface element of the green space form unit, and write the crown height-crown width regression model and the average crown height ratio of the dominant tree species of each green space form unit surface element into the respective height attribute table;
步骤3.3，利用各个绿地形态单元面要素的冠高-冠幅回归模型，再根据各个绿地形态单元面要素的冠幅计算出各个绿地形态单元面要素的冠高，并写入高度属性表；Step 3.3, using the crown height-canopy width regression model of each green space form unit surface element, then calculate the crown height of each green space form unit surface element according to the crown width of each green space form unit surface element, and write it into the height attribute table;
步骤3.4，利用各个绿地形态单元面要素的平均冠高比，再根据各个绿地形态单元面要素的冠高计算出各个绿地形态单元面要素的树高，并写入高度属性表；Step 3.4, using the average crown height ratio of each green space form unit surface element, then calculate the tree height of each green space form unit surface element according to the canopy height of each green space form unit surface element, and write it into the height attribute table;
步骤3.5，根据各个绿地形态单元面要素的冠高和树高，计算该绿地形态单元面要素的冠下高，并写入高度属性表。Step 3.5, according to the canopy height and tree height of each green space form unit surface element, calculate the canopy height of the green space form unit surface element, and write it into the height attribute table.
进一步的，步骤4中，在建立各个绿地形态单元面要素的结构属性表时，具体步骤为：Further, in
步骤4.1，获取预先测定的每月各个优势树种的叶面积密度值；Step 4.1, obtaining the leaf area density value of each dominant tree species measured in advance every month;
步骤4.2，建立结构属性表，将优势树种、时间值以及叶面积密度值对应写入各个绿地形态单元面要素关联的结构属性表中，时间值用于标记各个月份。Step 4.2, establish a structural attribute table, and write the dominant tree species, time value and leaf area density value into the structural attribute table associated with each green space form unit surface element, and the time value is used to mark each month.
进一步的，步骤5中，在计算绿地形态单元的树冠体积指数时，具体步骤为：Further, in
步骤5.1，根据冠幅、冠高以及优势树种构建绿地形态单元面要素中的单株优势树种的近似树冠几何形状；Step 5.1, according to the crown width, crown height and dominant tree species, construct the approximate crown geometry of the single dominant tree species in the green space form unit surface elements;
步骤5.2，利用ArcMap的字段计算功能，再根据近似树冠几何形状求得绿地形态单元面要素中的单株优势树种的树冠体积；Step 5.2, using the field calculation function of ArcMap to obtain the crown volume of the single dominant tree species in the green space form unit surface element according to the approximate crown geometry;
步骤5.3，根据下式求出绿地形态单元面要素的树冠体积指数为：Step 5.3, according to the following formula, calculate the canopy volume index of the surface element of the green space form unit as:
CVI＝V/SCVI=V/S
式中，CVI为树冠体积指数，V为单株优势树种的树冠体积，S为单株优势树种的树冠投影面积，是以冠幅为直径的圆近似求得。In the formula, CVI is the crown volume index, V is the crown volume of a single dominant tree species, and S is the projected crown area of a single dominant tree species, which is approximated by a circle with the crown width as its diameter.
进一步的，步骤6中，叶面积指数的计算公式为：Further, in
LAI＝LAD*CVILAI=LAD*CVI
式中，LAI为叶面积指数，LAD为叶面积密度值，CVI为树冠体积指数。In the formula, LAI is the leaf area index, LAD is the leaf area density value, and CVI is the crown volume index.
进一步的，步骤7中，在ArcScene平台上构建可视化的城市绿地形态动态三维数据库时，具体步骤为：Further, in
步骤7.1，向ArcScene平台导入包含基础形态属性的城市绿地、建筑以及街道图层；Step 7.1, import the urban green space, building and street layers containing the basic shape attributes to the ArcScene platform;
步骤7.2，在ArcScene平台上打开城市绿地的图层面板，在基本高度中，选取使用要素中的高程值，表达式为高度属性表中的冠下高；Step 7.2, open the layer panel of the urban green space on the ArcScene platform, in the basic height, select the elevation value in the element to be used, and the expression is the height under the canopy in the height attribute table;
步骤7.3，在ArcScene平台的拉伸面板中，将拉伸表达式设置为高度属性表中的冠高；Step 7.3, in the Stretch panel of the ArcScene platform, set the stretch expression as the crown height in the height attribute table;
步骤7.4，在ArcScene平台的符号系统-分级色彩中，将结构属性表中不同月的叶面积指数值设置为参考值；Step 7.4, in the symbology-graded color of the ArcScene platform, set the leaf area index values of different months in the structural attribute table as reference values;
步骤7.5，在ArcScene平台的图层的时间选项卡中开启时间，并根据结构属性表设置时间值，将时间步长间隔设置为一个月；Step 7.5, enable the time in the time tab of the layer on the ArcScene platform, and set the time value according to the structure attribute table, and set the time step interval to one month;
步骤7.6，在ArcScene平台的工具栏中开启时间滑块；Step 7.6, open the time slider in the toolbar of the ArcScene platform;
步骤7.7，选取不同的静态时间点，查看或输出城市绿地的各个绿地形态单元面要素的形态参数；Step 7.7, select different static time points, view or output the morphological parameters of each green space form unit surface element of the urban green space;
步骤7.8，点击时间滑块的播放按钮，展示城市绿地形态的动态变化动画。In step 7.8, click the play button of the time slider to display the dynamic change animation of the urban green space form.
本发明所述的城市绿地形态动态三维数据库构建方法的优势在于：The advantage of the method for constructing the dynamic three-dimensional database of urban green land form according to the present invention is:
(1)利用开源的卫星遥感图像、街景作为数据来源，数据易于获取，应用范围广；(2)将具有树种和冠幅属性的相连的城市绿地绘制为不同的城市绿地形态单元，大大优化了城市绿地模型建立的速度，适合城市大范围或整个城市的城市绿地快速建模；(3)提出“平均冠高比”的形态参数，用以预测树冠在垂直方向上的空间位置；(4)将不同月份的城市绿地叶面积动态值纳入城市绿地数据库，可查询和输出城市绿地在特定月份的形态属性值，并可展示城市绿地在一年中形态的动态变化；(5)建立的三维城市绿地形态数据库包括多层次的形态属性，不但包括位置、轮廓、冠幅、冠高、冠下高、树冠形状等二维、三维形态属性，还包括树冠体积、叶面积在内的树冠结构属性，这些属性对于绿地对城市物理环境的调节效益有着不可忽视的影响；(6)通过ArcScene平台，输入绿地形态单元的冠高和冠下高，可以快速、自动建立大范围城市绿地三维模型；(7)提出的数据库基于ArcGIS平台建立，具有交互性、可操作性，可实现可视化漫游，查询和输出指定绿地形态单元以及统计指定区域的形态属性值，实现空间形态分析、可视分析等，还能以表格形式输出形态属性值，以三维模型形式输出绿地模型。(1) Using open-source satellite remote sensing images and street views as data sources, the data is easy to obtain and has a wide range of applications; (2) Drawing connected urban green spaces with tree species and canopy attributes into different urban green space morphological units greatly optimizes the The speed of urban green space model establishment is suitable for rapid modeling of urban green space in a large city or the entire city; (3) The morphological parameter of "average canopy height ratio" is proposed to predict the spatial position of the tree canopy in the vertical direction; (4) Incorporate the dynamic value of urban green leaf area in different months into the urban green database, which can query and output the morphological attribute value of urban green in a specific month, and can display the dynamic changes in the shape of urban green in a year; (5) the established three-dimensional city The green land form database includes multi-level morphological attributes, including not only two-dimensional and three-dimensional morphological attributes such as position, outline, crown width, crown height, crown height, and crown shape, but also crown structure attributes such as crown volume and leaf area. These attributes have a non-negligible impact on the adjustment benefits of green space to the urban physical environment; (6) Through the ArcScene platform, the canopy height and the height under the canopy of the green space form unit can be input, and a large-scale urban green space 3D model can be quickly and automatically established; (7) ) is based on the ArcGIS platform, which is interactive and operable. It can realize visual roaming, query and output the specified green space morphological units and count the morphological attribute values of the specified areas, realize spatial morphological analysis, visual analysis, etc., and can also Output morphological attribute values in tabular form and greenfield model in 3D model form.
如上所述，尽管参照特定的优选实施例已经表示和表述了本发明，但其不得解释为对本发明自身的限制。在不脱离所附权利要求定义的本发明的精神和范围前提下，可对其在形式上和细节上作出各种变化。As stated above, while the invention has been shown and described with reference to certain preferred embodiments, this should not be construed as limiting the invention itself. Various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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