CN104463971B - A kind of green degree space configuration curve construction method for evaluating urban afforestation three-dimensional layout - Google Patents
A kind of green degree space configuration curve construction method for evaluating urban afforestation three-dimensional layout Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of green degree space configuration curve construction methods for evaluating urban afforestation three-dimensional layout, include the following steps：Step 1) extracts higher identification and canopy structure information；Step 2) is based on multispectral image inverting leaf area index, structure canopy space structure-ecological factor regression model；Step 3) is according to transpiration benefit diffusion process computation model, calculate separately the sum of benefited area of green radiation in the continuous height level of interval 0.5m, the green degree space curve of drawing three-dimensional, and green radiation peak, green radiation peak heights, green radiation range and green radiation are obtained based on curve and concentrate the multinomial evaluation parameters such as range of being benefited；Step 4) calculates and draws the three-dimensional building object configuration curve in the continuous height level of interval 0.5m；Three-dimensional green degree space curve and the three-dimensional building object Drawing of Curve for reflecting the sum of construction area in each height in same data frame, are obtained green degree space configuration curve, serve the green degree evaluation space in city by step 5).
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of green degree space configuration curve construction method for evaluating urban afforestation three-dimensional layout, this hairs
It is bright to quantify the configuration relation that building is adjacent green degree space from the three-dimensional perpendicular layout in the city spaces Lv Du,
The contact probability of accurate measurement resident and urban green space.
Background technology
Chinese Urbanization China is in Rapid-Urbanization process, with quickly propelling for Urbanization Construction, city ring
Border problem becomes increasingly conspicuous.Fast Urbanization results in air pollution sprawling, urban heat land effect aggravation, water environment degradation, biology
The a series of environmental problems such as Loss of diversity, while also causing urban core area shortage of land resource, functional areas structure conflict
Etc. social concerns, to maintain local area ecological balance and urban sustainable development cause great challenge.Along with urbanization process
Accelerate, Urban Ecological Problems become increasingly conspicuous in addition, and people have been becoming increasingly recognized that urban green space to urban ecological environment
With the important value of human settlement environment in city, city dweller is also higher and higher to urban life environmental quality requirement.
The difference on the probability of urban green space is contacted for accurate description urban green space spatial distribution and city dweller, some
Person attempts to establish the relational model between urban green space and city dweller.Ainura Nazarkulova are with reference to geographical modeling space point
Analysis method generates different vegetation indexs to type of green space weighting using grid method, and chooses the main residential area in city and do buffering area
Analysis calculates separately the greenery area size around the covering of all ring buffers of its ambient separation 200m, to be referred to
The vert space total amount that can be enjoyed is set in positioning.Li little Jiang is based on LiDAR data and multispectral data establishes each monomer
Building and the green contact model for spending space around it, build a series of green degree space index in cities and are ground for the city spaces Lv Du
Study carefully.
But traditional measure method is often limited to qualitatively to describe for the assessment of vert space ecological benefits, can not be accurate
The green degree space of description ecological benefits, effect of the urban green space in improving urban environment is also only rested on and perceptual is recognized
Knowledge level, for the ecological effect of urban green space, there are no the evaluation criterions of the quantization in macroscopic aspect.
In view of above, present invention proposition three-dimensional green degree space curve, green degree space and building three-dimensional configuration curve evaluation
Model.The probability that the configuration relation in green degree space contacts come appraiser with greenery patches, Yi Jijie are adjacent by City Building
Touch probability spatial distribution, to for environmental planning, urban afforestation, environmental protection and city fine-grained management provide with reference to according to
According to.
Invention content
The present invention proposes a kind of green degree space configuration curve construction method for evaluating urban afforestation three-dimensional layout, is used for
Objective quantitative building is adjacent the configuration relation in green degree space and the contact probability of resident and greenery patches.
The purpose of the present invention is realized by following technical step：
Step 1) is based on airborne laser radar data and aerial image, carries out higher identification and canopy knot
Structure information extraction, wherein canopy structure information include mainly treetop coordinate, tree height, crown mapping boundary, canopy maximum cross section
Product, crown diameter, crown height, Tree Crown Volume etc., and then draw the vegetation distributed in three dimensions information in city scope；
Step 2) is based on multispectral image inverting leaf area index, and combines Tree Crown Volume result of calculation obtained by step 1),
Related coefficient between analysis the two, structure canopy space structure-ecological factor regression model；
Step 3) obtains city green radiation by beneficial amounts distribution map, borrows according to transpiration benefit diffusion process computation model
Ecological benefits source construction method is helped, the sum of benefited area of green radiation in the continuous height level of interval 0.5m, warp are calculated separately
Be fitted by normal distribution curve, the green degree space curve of drawing three-dimensional, and based on curve obtain green radiation peak, green radiation peak heights,
Green radiation range and green radiation concentrate the multinomial evaluation parameters such as range of being benefited；
The parameters such as building average height, projected area and the volume that step 4) is generated using step 3), calculate separately simultaneously
The three-dimensional building object drawn in the continuous height level of interval 0.5m configures curve；
Step 5) is by three-dimensional green degree space curve and the three-dimensional building object curve for reflecting the sum of construction area in each height
It is drawn in same data frame, obtains three-dimensional configuration curve, by analyzing area and intersection point feelings under the form tendency of the curve, line
Condition obtains green radiation scarcity layer, green radiation zone of saturation, green radiation equalization point, green degree space and effectively services than multinomial evaluation parameter,
Serve the green degree evaluation space in city.
The specific method of step 1) described further is：
A) object oriented classification method is used, vegetation two-value mask image is generated；B) by two-dimentional vegetation distributed intelligence and number
Height model is superimposed, and builds height of tree crown model；C) on the basis of height of tree crown model, carry out treetop detection, crown mapping
The information extracting steps such as Boundary Recognition and Tree Crown Volume calculating.
The specific method of step 2) described further is：
A) sensitivity analysis is carried out to PROSAIL model parameters first；B) joined by sensitivity analysis result and vegetation
Number field survey determines the variable element and preset parameter of model, and then builds the look-up table of research area's vegetation leaf area inverting；
C) last use cost function minimization method search look-up table carries out vegetation leaf area index inverting；D) anti-to leaf area index
It drills result and carries out regression analysis with Tree Crown Volume result of calculation, obtain the regression equation of the two.
The specific method of step 3) described further is：
A) canopy space structure-ecological factor regression model obtained by step 2), structure vegetation ecological benefit source are based on；B) root
Diffusion according to transpiration effect and attenuation law, estimation vegetation level are evapotranspired gradient；C) use the number that step 1) obtains high
Model and vegetation mask image are spent, building three-dimensional coefficient extraction is carried out；D) it is based on above-mentioned steps parameters obtained, builds mould
Quasi- vegetation is evapotranspired the computation model of effect.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is three-dimensional green degree space curve；
Fig. 2 is green degree space and building three-dimensional configuration curve (residential quarter)；
Fig. 3 is green degree space and building three-dimensional configuration curve (shopping centre)；
Specific implementation mode
Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings to a kind of present invention " green degree space configuration curve structure for evaluating urban afforestation three-dimensional layout
Construction method " is described further.
(1) vegetation distributed in three dimensions information extraction
The data source carried out needed for vegetation three-dimensional structure information extraction is remotely-sensed data, and overall process can automate
It realizes.Steps are as follows for specific calculating：
1) non-vegetation information is filtered out on the basis of digital terrain model, is obtained vegetation two-value mask image, is superimposed
To Digital elevation mode, height of tree crown model is obtained；
2) the local maximum search method based on active window studies single plant within the scope of area from extraction in height of tree crown model
The treetop position of standing tree and its height；
3) it is to obtain the structural parameters such as tree height, canopy height, Tree Crown Volume, needs on treetop testing result basis
Upper progress crown mapping Boundary Recognition uses umbrella frame algorithm identification crown mapping boundary herein；
4) it finally, estimates elliposoidal Tree Crown Volume than information by tree crown the maximum cross-section area and crown height, obtains monomer tree
It is preced with volume distribution map.
(2) canopy space structure-ecological factor regression model
The coupling model PROSAIL inverting leaf area index for using canopy radiative transfer model SAIL first, pass through analysis
The correlation of leaf area index and Tree Crown Volume, structure canopy space structure-ecological factor regression model.Specific calculating process is such as
Under：
1) it is analyzed by the sensibility to model physiological biochemical parameter, so that it is determined that being influenced on canopy spectra reflectivity
More sensitive parameter；
2) variable parameter for influencing canopy spectra reflectivity includes leaf area index, average Leaf inclination, chlorophyll content, Hu
The change value of parameters and fixed value are updated to PROSAIL moulds by radish element cellulose content, equivalent water thickness and dry matter weight of leaf
Canopy spectra reflectivity is simulated in type, establishes canopy leaf area index look-up table；
3) according to the multispectral image reflectivity after atmospheric correction, corresponding canopy reflectance spectrum is obtained in a lookup table, and
The leaf area index that corresponding leaf area index is simulated as the pixel when using cost function minimum；
4) it utilizes leaf area inversion result to draw Tree Crown Volume and leaf area index scatter plot, and it is attempted a variety of linear
And nonlinear regression analysis, it is final to determine suitable canopy space structure-ecological factor regression model.
(3) three-dimensional green degree space curve
Three-dimensional green degree space curve is to be benefited to measure one that result of calculation derives for objective description city by green radiation
The curve of green space distribution.Wherein, green radiation is as follows by the calculating process of beneficial amounts：
1) the Tree Crown Volume value of higher is combined with LAI inverting amounts, using calculus theorem, builds vegetation ecological
Benefit source, for quantifying canopy leaf area vertical distribution quantity；
2) spaces city Lv Du are made of ecological benefits source and green radiation space two parts, and wherein green radiation space refers to life
It is that state benefit source is discharged to external radiation, to urban environment have actively impact environmental factor in three-dimensional regional space grid
Content and distribution scale mostly use instrumental measurement and obtain diffusion and the decay characteristics of transpiration effect, and then estimate and obtain
Vegetation level is evapotranspired gradient；
3) City Building has certain elevation, thus is easy to by elevation threshold value from the mask figure for filtering out vegetation information
Building is extracted as in, is calculated by related geometry, obtains the three-dimensional informations such as position, the volume of single building；
4) above-mentioned steps parameters obtained is substituted into transpiration benefit diffusion process computation model, generated a series of with 0.5m
For the benefited total amount of green radiation on the different height layer at interval.
The benefited total amount of green radiation on continuous height layer is plotted under two-dimensional coordinates, that is, it is bent to obtain three-dimensional green degree space
Line, as shown in Figure 1, wherein X-axis indicates that height, Y-axis indicate area.The greening pattern of different zones can generate different curved shapes
State, in view of the curve symmetry shaped like normal distribution curve, therefore it is fitted using normal distyribution function herein, is obtained
Fitting function is as follows：
In formula, a=5.327 × 105, μ=9.552, σ=4.303.
Normal distribution is uniquely determined by parameter μ and σ.Describing tracing pattern for specification makes to compare between its inside, spy's rule
Fixed following parameter：
1) green radiation peak：Refer to the maximum value that the benefited area of green radiation can reach, uses SmaxIt indicates, is mainly used for characterizing area
Domain integrally it is green degree space green radiation ability；
2) green radiation peak heights：The height face being located at when Maximum Area benefited up to green radiation is pointed to, is indicated with μ,
Value can embody regional space and concentrate the height and position for enjoying green radiation, the green radiation in remaining height face that will be opened from there by beneficial amounts
Beginning balance attenuation；
3) green radiation range：It refers to directly enjoy the vertical drop because of ecological benefits caused by urban afforestation,
It is indicated with Δ h, it is horizontal to embody actual influence of the city spaces Lv Du in height dimension.Calculation is Δ h=hmax-
hmin.Wherein, hminIndicate the starting altitude that green radiation occurs, hmaxIt indicates to terminate height；
4) green radiation concentrates range of being benefited：Finger is symmetrically distributed near green radiation peak heights, and green radiation is accumulative by beneficial amounts
The sum of reach total amount 68.27% altitude range, i.e., section [μ-σ, μ+σ], for emphasizing the green degree space radiation distribution probability in city
Concentrate or discrete characteristic.
Three-dimensional green degree space curve is emphatically for describing green radiation by beneficial amounts in quantity variance vertically upward.
(4) three-dimensional building object configures curve
The drawing process that three-dimensional building object configures curve is approximate with three-dimensional green degree space curve, is primarily based on building three-dimensional
Information generate it is a series of using 0.5m as the floor area of building summation on the different height layer at interval, then be plotted in X-axis expression
Highly, under the plane right-angle coordinate of Y-axis expression area, three-dimensional building object configuration curve is finally obtained；
(5) green degree space and building three-dimensional configuration curve
Building sides in each height by three-dimensional green degree space curve and is reflected in green degree space with building three-dimensional configuration curve
For the three-dimensional building object Drawing of Curve of the sum of product in same data frame, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 respectively represents the three-dimensional of residential quarter and shopping centre
Configure curve.The two-dimensional curve intersection of two non-close, will produce several intersection points (only discuss that intersection point is 0-2 possibility herein,
Most actual conditions are also such), vertical line is drawn downwards to it respectively, area under three-dimensional building object curve institute contour can be divided
At three regions.The present invention will assign these three regions, two intersection points different evaluation meanings respectively：
1) green radiation scarcity layer：I.e. dotted yellow line surrounds region in figure.Refer in this altitude range, green radiation space total amount
And the distribution total amount of not up to groups of building, still it is insufficient for requirement of the city dweller to comfortable living environment.Green radiation is deficient
Layer is likely to be present in the overall space in city, shows that the green percentage of this area is extremely low, afforestation effect is very poor；It may also exist only in
The respective high stage typically occurs in " near-earth low latitude " and " building high-altitude " because this at two height and position be vulnerable to trees life
The limitation of long situation or city planning management；
2) green radiation zone of saturation：Blue dotted line surrounds region i.e. in figure, indicates the building storey for being in this height section and its
The probability bigger in adjacent green degree space, resident can enjoy more sufficient green radiation, the space in green degree space and building
Proportioning is also more reasonable；
3) green radiation equalization point：Respectively with red and black circles mark.With the increase of height, it is empty to represent the green degree in city
Between parabola several intersection points can be generated with the building curve intersection for the trend of tapering off, present invention definition is less than green radiation peak height
The intersection point of degree is " green radiation growth equilibrium point ", is " green radiation decaying equalization point " higher than its intersection point.Green radiation equalization point is
The important parameter index of green radiation scarcity layer and zone of saturation is divided, in the case of intersection point there are 2, the two difference in height is bigger, table
Bright green radiation is benefited, and area is wider, and the probability which contacts green degree space is bigger, conversely, result is opposite；For
Only " green radiation growth equilibrium point " the case where, illustrate that the vertical distribution structure in the region spaces Lv Du can meet high level and build
The greening demand built；For no intersection point situation, it is meant that groups of building are entirely located in green radiation scarcity floor in area, it would be highly desirable to carry out city
The layout optimization measure in green degree space；
4) green degree space effectively services ratio：Refer under three-dimensional green degree space curve line below area and three-dimensional building object curve line
Long-pending overlapping area accounts for the ratio of the gross area under three-dimensional green degree space curve line, and value can reflect that city is green to a certain extent
Change the useful space utilization rate of vertical structure and its reasonability with groups of building level configurations, prevents from making because greening structure is single
At the wasting of resources.
Green degree space and the multidimensional information of building three-dimensional configuration curve show, can comprehensive quantitative assessment people connect with greenery patches
The spatial distribution of tactile probability and contact probability.
Claims (4)
1. a kind of green degree space configuration curve construction method for evaluating urban afforestation three-dimensional layout, the building process of the curve
Include the following steps：
Step 1) is based on airborne laser radar data and aerial image, carries out higher identification and believes with canopy structure
Breath extraction, wherein canopy structure information include treetop coordinate, tree height, crown mapping boundary, canopy the maximum cross-section area, crown diameter,
Crown height, Tree Crown Volume, and then draw the vegetation distributed in three dimensions information in city scope；
Step 2) is based on multispectral image inverting leaf area index, and combines Tree Crown Volume result of calculation obtained by step 1), analysis
Related coefficient between the two, structure canopy space structure-ecological factor regression model；
Step 3) obtains city green radiation by beneficial amounts distribution map, by life according to transpiration benefit diffusion process computation model
State benefit source construction method calculates separately the sum of benefited area of green radiation in the continuous height level of interval 0.5m, via just
State distribution curve is fitted, the green degree space curve of drawing three-dimensional, and obtains green radiation peak, green radiation peak heights, green spoke based on curve
It penetrates range and green radiation concentrates range of being benefited；Generate building average height, projected area and volume parameter；
Step 4) uses building average height, projected area and the volume parameter that step 3) generates, between calculating separately and drawing
Three-dimensional building object curve in the continuous height level of 0.5m；
Step 5) is by three-dimensional green degree space curve and the three-dimensional building object Drawing of Curve for reflecting the sum of construction area in each height
In in same data frame, three-dimensional configuration curve is obtained, by analyzing area and intersection point situation under the form tendency of the curve, line,
The effectively service of green radiation scarcity layer, green radiation zone of saturation, green radiation equalization point, green degree space is obtained than multinomial evaluation parameter, clothes
It is engaged in the green degree evaluation space in city.
2. the method as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the specific method of the step 1) is：
A) object oriented classification method is used, vegetation two-value mask image is generated；B) by two-dimentional vegetation distributed intelligence and digital height
Model is superimposed, and builds height of tree crown model；C) on the basis of height of tree crown model, carry out treetop detection, crown mapping boundary
Identification and Tree Crown Volume calculate information extracting step.
3. the method as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the specific method of the step 2) is：
A) sensitivity analysis is carried out to PROSAIL model parameters first；B) real by sensitivity analysis result and vegetation parameter
Ground measures the variable element and preset parameter for determining model, and then builds the look-up table of research area's vegetation leaf area inverting；C) most
Use cost function minimization method search look-up table carries out vegetation leaf area index inverting afterwards；D) to leaf area index inverting knot
Fruit carries out regression analysis with Tree Crown Volume result of calculation, obtains the regression equation of the two.
4. method as claimed in claim 2, which is characterized in that the specific method of the step 3) is：
A) canopy space structure-ecological factor regression model obtained by step 2), structure vegetation ecological benefit source are based on；B) according to plant
By the diffusion of transpiration and attenuation law, estimation vegetation level is evapotranspired gradient；C) the digital height mould for using step 1) to obtain
Type and vegetation two-value mask image, carry out building three-dimensional coefficient extraction；D) it is based on above-mentioned steps parameters obtained, builds mould
Quasi- vegetation is evapotranspired the computation model of effect.
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| CN109544481B (en) * | 2018-11-28 | 2021-07-13 | 张禾 | Aviation image dodging method and system based on machine learning |
| CN109919995B (en) * | 2019-01-31 | 2023-03-14 | 交通运输部天津水运工程科学研究所 | Visual auditing method for greening engineering quantity |
| CN109932338B (en) * | 2019-04-03 | 2021-06-04 | 北京环境特性研究所 | Method and device for measuring complex refractive index of sample based on terahertz frequency band |
| CN112182123B (en) * | 2020-08-27 | 2022-10-28 | 东南大学 | Urban green land form dynamic three-dimensional database construction method |
| CN113515798B (en) * | 2021-07-05 | 2022-08-12 | 中山大学 | Urban three-dimensional space expansion simulation method and device |
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