CN109919995B - Visual auditing method for greening engineering quantity - Google Patents
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- CN109919995B CN109919995B CN201910098089.2A CN201910098089A CN109919995B CN 109919995 B CN109919995 B CN 109919995B CN 201910098089 A CN201910098089 A CN 201910098089A CN 109919995 B CN109919995 B CN 109919995B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a visual auditing method for greening engineering quantity, which is realized by sequentially obtaining a high-resolution orthoimage by using aerial photogrammetry of an unmanned aerial vehicle, registering the unmanned aerial vehicle image with a design drawing and auditing different types of greening engineering, wherein a difference part in a greening range is outlined by adopting different outline delineating colors in a green land, and the area increment and decrement of the green land in an actual construction stage are calculated by respectively carrying out difference operation on the areas of the two parts; dividing the land parcels firstly, and marking the nursery stocks in different states in different colors in each land parcel in sequence, so as to count the increase and decrease of the number of the nursery stocks; the visual auditing method for the greening engineering quantity solves the problem of auditing the greening engineering quantity, and the whole process has evidence with high result reliability; in addition, because the auditing method only needs to identify and audit inconsistent parts between the unmanned aerial vehicle image and the design paper, the auditing efficiency can be greatly improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of underground operation of oil and gas fields, in particular to a visual auditing method for greening engineering quantity.
Background
The greening engineering mainly comprises a green land mainly comprising grass and nursery stocks planted on the green land. Greening has a feature that the cost of the plant material used is low but the area scale and the number scale are large. Therefore, a tiger-riding situation of the greening engineering quantity audit is caused, and the workload is too large and cannot be paid out if the audit is fine; if the audit is too coarse, the purpose of quantitative audit cannot be achieved at all. At present, the auditing of the greening engineering quantity is relatively extensive, the site qualitative observation is mainly performed by contrasting with a design drawing, the subjectivity of an auditing result is strong, the credibility is low, and disputes are easily caused between owners and construction units. With the continuous maturity of the aerial photogrammetry technology of unmanned aerial vehicles, the cost of obtaining a high-resolution image of a specific area by using an unmanned aerial vehicle is very civilized. Visual audit based on the unmanned aerial vehicle image is beneficial to solving the difficult problem of greening engineering quantity audit, and the whole process has evidence in a picture, so that the result reliability is high; in addition, because only need discern and audit unmanned aerial vehicle image and design drawing inconsistent part, efficiency can obtain very big promotion.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a visual auditing method for greening engineering quantity based on an unmanned aerial vehicle aerial photogrammetry technology.
Therefore, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a visual auditing method for greening engineering quantity comprises the following steps:
s1, an unmanned aerial vehicle carries out gridding flight in a greening engineering range, a plurality of aerial photos are obtained at equal time intervals by utilizing an airborne camera in a vertically downward shooting mode, and longitude and latitude coordinates of shooting time are recorded in each aerial photo correspondingly; the longitudinal overlapping rate of the aerial photos is more than or equal to 70%, the transverse overlapping rate of the aerial photos is more than or equal to 30%, and therefore the whole aerial photos can completely cover the whole greening engineering range;
s2, cutting and splicing all aerial photos obtained in the step S1 to obtain an aerial photo covering all greening engineering ranges, and determining at least three control points on the aerial photo;
s3, searching at least three control points which are completely consistent with the number and the positions of the control points determined on the aerial photo on the design drawing of the greening engineering, so that the control points on the aerial photo can be coincided with the control points on the design drawing one by one through translation, rotation and/or zooming operation, and the aerial photo and the design drawing form a registration;
in the step S3, the design drawing can be used as a reference, even if the design drawing makes the control points on the design drawing coincide with the control points on the aerial photo one by one through translation, rotation and zoom operations, so that the aerial photo and the design drawing form a registration;
s4, auditing the greening engineering:
when the greening project is a green land, manually outlining different partial outlines in a greening range on aerial photos which are integrated with design drawings, distinguishing the parts which are designed as greening parts but are not built and the parts which are designed as non-greening parts but are greening by adopting different outlining colors, and calculating the area increment and decrement of the green land in the actual construction stage by respectively carrying out difference operation on the areas of the two parts;
when the greening engineering is the seedling tree, firstly, an aerial photo which is in a sleeved mode with a design drawing is divided into a plurality of land blocks, and then, different-state seedlings are marked on each land block in a distinguishing mode by adopting marking points with different colors, such as a normal growth state, a lodging state, a death state, a missing planting state, other kinds of plant replacement planting states and the like, so that the increase and decrease amount and the growth condition of the number of the seedlings in each land block are counted.
Preferably, in step S1, the maximum flying height of the drone is according to the formula: h = f × GSD/a; wherein, H is flying height, and f is the focus of unmanned aerial vehicle machine-carried camera lens, and GSD is predetermined photo resolution, and a is the pixel size of machine-carried camera.
More preferably, when the pending greening project is a green land, the resolution of the photo is less than or equal to 20cm; when the greening project to be audited is a seedling tree, the resolution ratio of the photo is less than or equal to 5cm.
The visual auditing method for the greening engineering quantity solves the problem of auditing the greening engineering quantity, and the whole process has evidence with high result reliability; in addition, the auditing method only needs to identify and audit inconsistent parts between the unmanned aerial vehicle images and the design drawings, so that the auditing efficiency can be greatly improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a visualized auditing method for greening engineering quantity according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the effect of coverage of an aerial photo and a photo by an unmanned aerial vehicle according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the invention in which aerial images are registered with design drawings using control points;
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a residential quarter greenfield verification result in an embodiment of the invention;
fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a result of checking the nursery stock plant books of the residential quarter in a partition manner in the embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further described with reference to the following figures and specific examples, which are not intended to limit the invention in any way.
In this embodiment, the audit of the greening project of a certain residential area is taken as an example, and further the implementation process of the visualized auditing method for greening project quantity is described.
Step one, obtaining a high-resolution orthographic image by aerial survey of an unmanned aerial vehicle:
in order to ensure that the shot image has no deficiency, the residential area and the other two adjacent residential areas are aerial-shot together; the unmanned aerial vehicle adopts an electric fixed wing unmanned aerial vehicle, and a NIKON D810 camera is mounted on the unmanned aerial vehicle; specifically, the size of the photosensitive element of the camera is 35.9mm × 24mm, the pixel size is 4.89 μm, the pixel of the imaged picture is 7360 × 4912, and the focal length of the lens matched with the camera is 35mm;
the unmanned aerial vehicle shoots by adopting an aerial photogrammetry technology, specifically, the unmanned aerial vehicle carries out gridding flight in the area range of the residential district and the other two adjacent residential districts, and acquires a plurality of aerial photos at equal time intervals by utilizing an airborne camera in a vertically downward shooting mode, and records longitude and latitude coordinates of shooting time corresponding to each aerial photo; in order to ensure that all aerial photos can completely cover the whole greening engineering range, the unmanned aerial vehicle flies for two frames in total, each frame has 4 aerial zones, 1 aerial zone is overlapped between the two frames, and finally 200 aerial photos are obtained in total;
as shown in fig. 2, since the greening type in this embodiment includes green lands and nursery stock trees, and the photo resolution is set to be less than or equal to 5cm, the maximum flying height of the unmanned aerial vehicle =35mm × 5cm/4.89 μm =358m, the actually set flying height is 225m, and the corresponding photo resolution is 3cm; the flying speed is set to be 25m/s, the time interval corresponding to photo collection is set to be 2s, so that the horizontal spacing distance of the unmanned aerial vehicle in two adjacent times of photographing is 50m, and the aerial photos collected by the unmanned aerial vehicle meet the condition that the longitudinal overlapping rate is more than or equal to 70%; the interval between two adjacent flight bands is 80m, and the transverse overlapping rate is more than or equal to 30 percent.
Step two, as shown in fig. 3, cutting and splicing the 200 aerial photos obtained in the step one to obtain an aerial photo containing the whole residential community range; then, the aerial photo is imported into ArcGIS software, and since the residential district is approximately square in shape, the corner points at the four corners of the district enclosure are marked as control points, specifically, see the 8 control points marked in the aerial photo shown in fig. 3: x 1 、Y 1 、M 1 、N 1 、O 1 、P 1 And Q 1 ；
Step three, calling the design drawing of the cell, as shown in fig. 4, and importing the design drawing into ArcGIS software, because the enclosure of the cell is strictly constructed according to the design drawing, similarly, the inflection points at 4 corners of the enclosure of the cell are found on the design drawing and are used as control points for marking, specifically referring to the 8 control points marked in the design drawing as shown in fig. 3: x 2 、Y 2 、M 2 、N 2 、O 2 、P 2 And Q 2 ；
By utilizing a Georefferenging tool in ArcGIS software, the aerial photo is subjected to translation, rotation and zoom operations to enable coordinate systems of the aerial photo and eight control points X on the aerial photo 1 、Y 1 、M 1 、N 1 、O 1 、P 1 And Q 1 Is compared with eight control points X on the design drawing 2 、Y 2 、M 2 、N 2 、O 2 、P 2 And Q 2 The aerial photos are overlapped in a one-to-one correspondence mode, and the registration operation between the aerial photos and the design drawings is finished;
and step four, auditing the green land area in the residential district to be tested:
as shown in fig. 4, the aerial photographs registered with the design drawing are manually drawn to have different contour in the greening range, and different contour drawing colors are used to distinguish the non-greening part from the greening partHowever, the current situation is two types of differences of greening parts; it should be noted here that for the sake of clarity, fig. 5 shows different types of differences, so in fig. 5, the use of the method of the invention is made
Representing a part of the actual green space which is not different from the design green space, using
Representing parts designed as green parts but not built, using
Indicates a portion designed as a non-greening portion but greening in the present situation;
further, arcGIS software is used for calculating the areas of two different types of parts, and difference value operation is used for calculating the green land area increase and decrease in the actual construction stage; specifically, according to the calculation formula: s 1 = total number of pixels contained within outline of portion designed as green portion but lacking as not built x photo resolution 2 Calculating the area S of the part designed as greening part but not built 1 (ii) a By calculating the formula: s. the 2 = total number of pixels included in outline of portion designed to be non-greening portion but now greening portion × photo resolution 2 Calculating the area S of the non-greening part but the greening part 2 Correspondingly, the green space area increase and decrease amount Δ S = S at the actual construction stage 2 -S 1 (ii) a If Δ S > 0, it means that the actual green space area is increased from the design green space area, and if Δ S < 0, it means that the actual green space area is smaller than the design green space area.
Through calculation, the green audit conclusion of the residential community is as follows: in the greenfield in the residential district, the green area conforming to the design amounts to about 24180m 2 Reduced area 339m 2 Increase the area 1861m 2 Net increase area 1522m 2 Namely, the actual green area of the residential community is increased by 6.2 percent compared with the green area in the design drawing; specifically, designingThe bottom quotient of the northeast corner is not constructed, and the green land area 1454.5m is increased 2 (ii) a 2 substations on the south side are combined into 1 substation in the design, and the green land area is increased by 165m 2 (ii) a The area of 1 transformer substation on the north side is increased in the design, and the area of a green land is reduced by 67m 2 (ii) a The replacement of the bicycle shed on the south side of the No. 4 building causes the area of the green land on the spot to be increased and the area of the green land on the other places to be reduced, and a small corner 34m on the north side of the No. 6 building 2 And (4) greening is not performed.
Fifthly, auditing nursery stock plants and trees in the residential district to be tested:
as shown in fig. 5, an aerial photo which is integrated with a design drawing is divided into 12 plots a to L in total, and the nursery stocks are manually marked on each plot in the form of marking points in sequence, specifically, black marking points are used for indicating nursery stocks in a normal state, white marking points are used for indicating dead or missing nursery stocks, and then different color marking points are used for counting the increase and decrease of the number of nursery stocks in each plot.
Specific statistical results are shown in table 1 below.
Table 1:
according to the statistical results in table 1, the audit conclusion of the nursery stock plants in the residential district is as follows: the number of dead or missing seedlings is 272, the number of newly added seedlings is 37, 235 seedlings are reduced compared with the number of planned seedling trees in the design drawing, and the requirement of the initial planning is not met.
Claims (3)
1. A visual auditing method for greening engineering quantity is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, an unmanned aerial vehicle carries out gridding flight in a greening engineering range, a plurality of aerial photos are obtained at equal time intervals by utilizing an airborne camera in a vertically downward shooting mode, and longitude and latitude coordinates of shooting time are recorded in each aerial photo correspondingly; the longitudinal overlapping rate of the aerial photos is more than or equal to 70%, the transverse overlapping rate of the aerial photos is more than or equal to 30%, and therefore the whole aerial photos can completely cover the whole greening engineering range;
s2, cutting and splicing all aerial photos obtained in the step S1 to obtain an aerial photo covering all greening engineering ranges, and determining at least three control points on the aerial photo;
s3, searching at least three control points which are completely consistent with the number and the positions of the control points determined on the aerial photo on the design drawing of the greening engineering, so that the control points on the aerial photo can be coincided with the control points on the design drawing one by one through translation, rotation and scaling operations, and the aerial photo and the design drawing form a registration;
s4, auditing the greening engineering:
when the greening project is a green land, manually outlining different partial outlines in a greening range on aerial photos which are integrated with design drawings, and adopting different outlining colors to distinguish i) parts which are designed as greening parts but are not built and ii) parts which are designed as non-greening parts but are greening currently, and further calculating the area increment and decrement of the green land in the actual construction stage by performing difference operation on the areas of the two parts;
when the greening engineering is the seedling tree, firstly, the aerial photo which is in fit with the design drawing is divided into a plurality of plots, and then, the seedlings in different states are marked on each plot in sequence by adopting marking points with different colors, so that the increase and decrease of the number of the seedlings in each plot are counted.
2. The visual auditing method for greening engineering quantity according to claim 1, characterized in that in step S1, the maximum flying height of the unmanned aerial vehicle is according to the formula: h = f × GSD/a; wherein, H is flying height, and f is the focus of unmanned aerial vehicle machine-carried camera lens, and GSD is predetermined photo resolution, and a is the pixel size of machine-carried camera.
3. The visual greening project quantity auditing method according to claim 2, characterized in that when the greening project to be audited is a green land, the photo resolution is less than or equal to 20cm; when the greening project to be audited is a seedling tree, the resolution ratio of the photo is less than or equal to 5cm.
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