CN112159442B - 一种纳米樱桃花色苷制备方法 - Google Patents
一种纳米樱桃花色苷制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112159442B CN112159442B CN202011040688.8A CN202011040688A CN112159442B CN 112159442 B CN112159442 B CN 112159442B CN 202011040688 A CN202011040688 A CN 202011040688A CN 112159442 B CN112159442 B CN 112159442B
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- anthocyanin
- liposome
- cherry
- cherry anthocyanin
- sodium alginate
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种纳米樱桃花色苷的制备方法，属于食品制造领域，樱桃果实中富含多种活性物质，其中花色苷的含量较高，具有极高的保健功效。本发明首先将海藻酸钠与樱桃花色苷以一定比例混合，制备纳米脂质体的水相，目的是利用海藻酸钠保护花色苷的结构稳定；然后利用大豆卵磷脂和豆甾醇通过旋蒸制备脂质体的膜材，再通过薄膜水化法将樱桃花色苷‑海藻酸钠溶液包载入脂质体的水相中，进一步提高其稳定性；最后在纳米脂质体的表面修饰上壳聚糖以避免脂质体团聚和被体内快速清除，提高其生物利用度。整个制备过程使用的原料全部符合国家的食品法规。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于食品加工领域，具体涉及一种纳米樱桃花色苷制备方法。
背景技术
樱桃是营养和风味俱佳的果品，富含花色苷、槲皮素、褪黑激素、没食子酸、紫苏醇等重要的天然保健成分。樱桃果肉的红色来源于花色苷的类黄酮化合物，其中花色苷的抗氧化功效显著高于维生素C，是维生素E的4倍。在150余种植物来源的类黄酮化合物中,花色苷的抗氧化活性是最强的。花色苷对羟自由基、超氧自由基、DPPH等均有很好的清除作用，可防止大分子物质的氧化损伤，同时能激活抗氧化防御体系，对超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽酶等的活性有明显的促进作用。花色苷能使夜间视力增强，在弱光条件下使视力提早适应，可用于夜盲症和糖尿病视网膜症的治疗。同时，基于花色苷对毛细血管具有保护作用可用于健康人眼睛疲劳的改善作用。樱桃是花色苷最丰富的来源之一。深红色樱桃品种的花色苷含量一般在80～300mg/100g。花色苷溶于水，性质很不稳定，pH值、氧浓度、酶、金属离子、温度和光照等条件均会影响其活性。其颜色也随着pH的变化而改变，酸性条件下为红色，中性为紫色，在碱性条件下呈蓝色。加工也会使樱桃中的花色苷降解,冷冻贮藏6个月后花色苷损失50％以上。
由于花色苷的稳定性很差，极易被氧化，使得花色苷的开发和应用受到限制，同时大部分活性成分在体内的清除速度极快，大约99％的活性成分很快通过肾脏排出体外，导致其生物利用率很低。因此将樱桃花色苷进行保护和包载后可以保持其生物活性，还能够延长其在体内的循环时间，提高其利用率。目前急需开发一种新技术能够使樱桃花色苷稳定保存。研究发现纳米脂质体作为一种新剂型可以提高传统药物的治疗效果，实现药物缓释效果。然而制备纳米药物所用的原料并不适合于食品领域的要求。因此需要开发出在食品领域中可应用的纳米化新剂型。
发明内容及优点
本发明的目的在于提供一种使樱桃花色苷性质稳定、生物利用度高可长期保持其活性的新技术。为实现上述目的，本发明采用的技术方法为：
一种纳米樱桃花色苷的制备方法：包括以下步骤：
(1)制备樱桃花色苷-海藻酸钠水溶液：从大樱桃中提取得到樱桃花色苷粉，将海藻酸钠与提取到的樱桃花色苷粉溶于水溶液中；
(2)将大豆卵磷脂：植物甾醇：PEG2000按照质量比8～10:1～2:1的比例溶解于无水乙醇中，经旋转蒸发仪上减压蒸发，使梨形瓶上形成一层均匀的脂相薄膜；将樱桃花色苷-海藻酸钠水溶液加入到梨形瓶中，旋转水化，形成多室的脂质体悬液；冰浴下超声均质脂质体悬液，形成单室樱桃花色苷脂质体；
(3)壳聚糖修饰樱桃花色苷脂质体，将壳聚糖溶解在0.1～0.3％的醋酸溶液中，将制备的樱桃花色苷脂质体滴入壳聚糖溶液，樱桃花色苷脂质体与壳聚糖溶液体积比为1～3:1，温和搅拌，得到壳聚糖修饰的樱桃花色苷脂质体；
(4)低温保存待用。
本发明技术方案的进一步改进在于：步骤(4)将樱桃花色苷脂质体溶液在4～-20℃保存待用。
本发明技术方案的进一步改进在于：步骤(4)中将樱桃花色苷脂质体溶液通过低温干燥制得樱桃花色苷脂质体固体粉，4～-20℃保存待用。
本发明技术方案的进一步改进在于：步骤(1)中樱桃花色苷-海藻酸钠水溶液中海藻酸钠质量百分含量为0.2～1.0％，樱桃花色苷的浓度为8～15mg/ml；
本发明技术方案的进一步改进在于：步骤(2)中旋转蒸发仪上减压蒸发2～4h。
本发明技术方案的进一步改进在于：步骤(3)中搅拌时间1h。
由于采用了上述技术方案，本发明与现有技术相比具有如下优点：
传统的花色苷粉摄入体内后很容易被清除体外，同时花色苷在保存时极容易被氧化，使其失去本身的抗氧化性能。由于花色苷的不稳定性，为了避免在包载过程中的变性，在包载前先将其与海藻酸钠结合，制备成水相溶液，这样可以很好地保持花色苷的稳定性。
传统的纳米脂质体包载的活性物质所用的原料为胆固醇，这是国家食品法规中不允许使用的原料，本发明使用植物中提取的甾醇(例如豆甾醇)替代了胆固醇，实现了安全高效的包载效果。
利用壳聚糖进一步修饰所制备的花色苷脂质体，可以提高表面的正电荷量，进而避免了传统脂质体的团聚现象，提高了樱桃花色苷的生物利用度。
附图说明
图1为本发明乙醇浓度对樱桃花色苷提取的影响；
图2为本发明料液比对樱桃花色苷提取的影响；
图3为本发明乙醇浸提时间对樱桃花色苷提取量的影响；
图4为本发明壳聚糖修饰的樱桃花色苷纳米脂质体的粒径分布；
图5为本发明壳聚糖修饰樱桃花色苷纳米脂质体的透射电镜照片；
图6为本发明壳聚糖修饰樱桃花色苷纳米脂质体的原子力显微镜照片。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施方式为本发明的技术方案进行具体说明。
一种纳米樱桃花色苷制备方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)制备樱桃花色苷-海藻酸钠水溶液：从大樱桃中提取得到樱桃花色苷粉，将海藻酸钠与提取到的樱桃花色苷粉溶于水溶液中；
(2)将大豆卵磷脂：植物甾醇：PEG2000按照质量比8～10:1～2:1的比例溶解于无水乙醇中，经旋转蒸发仪上减压蒸发，使梨形瓶上形成一层均匀的脂相薄膜；将樱桃花色苷-海藻酸钠水溶液加入到梨形瓶中，旋转水化，形成多室的脂质体悬液；冰浴下超声均质脂质体悬液，形成单室樱桃花色苷脂质体；
(3)壳聚糖修饰樱桃花色苷脂质体，将壳聚糖溶解在0.1～0.3％的醋酸溶液中，将制备的樱桃花色苷脂质体滴入壳聚糖溶液，樱桃花色苷脂质体与壳聚糖溶液体积比为1～3:1，温和搅拌，得到壳聚糖修饰的樱桃花色苷脂质体；
(4)低温保存待用。
实施例1
(1)制备樱桃花色苷-海藻酸钠水溶液：将大樱桃去梗去核，榨成匀浆，取樱桃匀浆加到乙醇中浸提(柠檬酸调pH＝3)，料液比1：3，在25℃恒温水浴中浸提樱桃匀浆4h(也可超声辅助浸提)，过滤提取液；再以体积比3:1加入乙酸乙酯，静置30min，充分分离后，分液漏斗中上相即为含樱桃花色苷的水相。将上清液，在35℃水浴中旋转蒸发3h。将浓缩液放入冷冻机冻干，获得樱桃花色苷粉，将海藻酸钠与提取到的樱桃花色苷粉溶于水溶液中，制备8mg/ml樱桃花色苷-海藻酸钠水溶液，含有海藻酸钠0.2％。
(2)将大豆卵磷脂：植物甾醇：PEG2000按照8:1:1的质量比溶解于无水乙醇中，置于旋转蒸发仪上，减压蒸发4h，使其在梨形瓶上形成一层均匀的脂相薄膜；将8mg/ml樱桃花色苷-海藻酸钠水溶液加入到梨形瓶中，旋转水化，形成多室的脂质体悬液；在冰浴下，超声均质悬液，形成单室樱桃花色苷脂质体。
(3)壳聚糖修饰脂质体。将壳聚糖溶解在0.1％的醋酸溶液中，加热搅拌直至充分溶解，将制备的樱桃花色苷脂质体于1:1的体积比滴入壳聚糖溶液，温和搅拌1h，得到壳聚糖化樱桃花色苷脂质体。
(4)保存，将樱桃花色苷脂质体溶液通过冻干机冻干制得樱桃花色苷脂质体固体粉，-20℃保存待用。
实施例2
(1)制备樱桃花色苷-海藻酸钠水溶液：将大樱桃去梗去核，榨成匀浆。取樱桃匀浆加到乙醇中浸提(柠檬酸调pH＝4)，料液比1:6，在30℃恒温水浴中浸提樱桃匀浆2h(也可超声辅助浸提)，过滤提取液。再以体积比2:1加入乙酸乙酯，静置90min，充分分离后，分液漏斗中上相即为含樱桃花色苷的水相。将上清液，在40℃水浴中、旋转蒸发1h。将浓缩液放入冷冻机冻干，获得樱桃花色苷粉。将海藻酸钠与提取到的樱桃花色苷粉溶于水溶液中，制备15mg/ml樱桃花色苷-海藻酸钠水溶液，含有海藻酸钠1.0％。
(2)将大豆卵磷脂：植物甾醇：PEG2000按照10:1:1的质量比溶解于无水乙醇中，置于旋转蒸发仪上，减压蒸发4h，使其在梨形瓶上形成一层均匀的脂相薄膜；将15mg/ml樱桃花色苷-海藻酸钠水溶液加入到梨形瓶中，旋转水化，形成多室的脂质体悬液；冰浴下超声均质悬液，形成单室樱桃花色苷脂质体。
(3)壳聚糖修饰脂质体。将壳聚糖溶解在0.3％的醋酸溶液中，加热搅拌直至充分溶解，将制备的樱桃花色苷脂质体于3:1的体积比滴入壳聚糖溶液，温和搅拌1h，得到壳聚糖化樱桃花色苷脂质体。
(4)保存，将樱桃花色苷脂质体溶液通过冻干机冻干制得樱桃花色苷脂质体固体粉，4℃保存待用。
实施例3
(1)制备樱桃花色苷-海藻酸钠水溶液：将大樱桃去梗去核，榨成匀浆，取樱桃匀浆加到乙醇中浸提(柠檬酸调pH＝3)，料液比1：4，在28℃恒温水浴中浸提樱桃匀浆3h(也可超声辅助浸提)，过滤提取液。再以体积比2.5:1加入乙酸乙酯，静置60min，充分分离后，分液漏斗中上相即为含樱桃花色苷的水相。将上清液，在38℃水浴中、旋转蒸发2h。将浓缩液放入冷冻机冻干，获得樱桃花色苷粉。将海藻酸钠与提取到的樱桃花色苷粉溶于水溶液中，制备10mg/ml樱桃花色苷-海藻酸钠水溶液，含有海藻酸钠0.5％。
(2)将大豆卵磷脂：植物甾醇：PEG2000按照9:2:1的质量比溶解于无水乙醇中，置于旋转蒸发仪上，减压蒸发3h，使其在梨形瓶上形成一层均匀的脂相薄膜；将10mg/ml樱桃花色苷-海藻酸钠水溶液加入到梨形瓶中，旋转水化，形成多室的脂质体悬液；在冰浴下，超声均质悬液，形成单室樱桃花色苷脂质体。
(3)壳聚糖修饰脂质体。将壳聚糖溶解在0.2％的醋酸溶液中，加热搅拌直至充分溶解，将制备的樱桃花色苷脂质体于2:1的体积比滴入壳聚糖溶液，温和搅拌1h，得到壳聚糖化樱桃花色苷脂质体。
(4)保存，将樱桃花色苷脂质体溶液直接放在4℃保存待用。
图1-3是有关樱桃花色苷提取过程的条件优化过程，确定了乙醇用量、料液比和浸提时间三个提取条件。将实施例1-3中得到的樱桃花色苷脂质体样品进行结构表征，如图4所示为樱桃花色苷纳米脂质体的粒径分布，粒径绝大部分在90-160纳米范围内，还有很少量分布在200-400纳米范围内；如图5所示为樱桃花色苷纳米脂质体的透射电镜照片；如图6所示为樱桃花色苷纳米脂质体的原子力显微镜照片。由上述结构表征图中可以看出：樱桃花色苷脂质体形貌规整，脂质体膜结构清晰，脂质体之间分散性良好，粒径分布与激光粒度仪所测定的结果一致。表1是实施例1-3中制备的樱桃花色苷的Zeta电位，由于壳聚糖带有正电荷，经过壳聚糖的修饰，脂质体带有较强的正电荷，基于静电斥力，因此该样品具有很好的稳定性和分散性，这与电镜结果一致。
表1三个实施例获得樱桃花色苷的Zeta电位
在此基础上进一步对樱桃花色苷脂质体的载量随时间变化的情况进行分析，表2是在不同温度下、放置不同时间樱桃花色苷脂质体的含量变化，检测30℃、40℃、50℃，放置5天、10天和30天的包载量变化不大，该数值不存在显著差异，可见本发明所制备的樱桃花色苷脂质体的稳定性非常好。
表2不同温度下花色苷含量随时间的变化
本发明所采用植物甾醇中的豆甾醇为原料，其脂质体的稳定性与胆固醇所制备的脂质体的稳定性没有差别，然而胆固醇是国家食品法规明确禁止使用的原料，对心血管系统有一定的危害。而豆甾醇是国家食品法规中明确可以使用的原料，是维生素D3合成的底物，具有改善机体胆固醇代谢，降低血液总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量，且不影响高密度脂蛋白胆固醇或脂溶性维生素浓度等生物学功效。此外植物甾醇具有抗炎、抗感染以及抑制细菌和真菌繁殖等作用。在此基础上进一步对小鼠灌胃樱桃花色苷脂质体30天，观察各脏器的质量比，结果见表3，花色苷脂质体对小鼠脏器系数的影响的分析结果可见，它与正常鼠在心、肝、肾、脾、肺均没有差异，具有优越的生物安全性。
表3花色苷脂质体对小鼠脏器系数的影响(Mean±S.E.)
豆甾醇是从植物中提取的，具有高营养价值和强生理活性，已被我国批准可用于食品领域。本发明选用豆甾醇为原料对纳米脂质体包封和保存樱桃花色苷。在制备过程中为了提高樱桃花色苷的稳定性，经筛选确定制备海藻酸钠-樱桃花色苷水溶液，进一步用海藻酸钠保护花色苷，以避免其被氧化；再采用薄膜水化法包载樱桃花色苷-海藻酸钠溶液；传统制备的纳米脂质体常出现团聚现象，本发明进一步使用壳聚糖修饰纳米脂质体，使脂质体表面带正电荷，增加了静电斥力，进而提高了脂质体的稳定性，不易发生团聚，以此来实现樱桃花色苷在体内的有效运送和缓慢释放，延长其在体内的循环时间，提高其生物利用度。
本发明主要是采用三层保护作用提高樱桃花色苷的稳定性。首先，将海藻酸钠与樱桃花色苷以一定比例混合，制备纳米脂质体的水相，目的是利用海藻酸钠保护花色苷的结构稳定；然后利用大豆卵磷脂、植物甾醇和PEG2000通过旋蒸制备脂质体的膜材，再通过薄膜水化法将花色苷-海藻酸钠溶液包载入脂质体的水相中，进一步提高其稳定性；最后在纳米脂质体的表面修饰上壳聚糖以减少脂质体被体内免疫系统的识别和清除，提高其治疗效果和生物利用度。整个制备过程所使用的原料全部符合国家的食品法规。
Claims (5)
1.一种纳米樱桃花色苷制备方法，其特征在于：包括以下步骤：
（1）制备樱桃花色苷-海藻酸钠水溶液：从大樱桃中提取得到樱桃花色苷粉，将海藻酸钠与提取到的樱桃花色苷粉溶于水溶液中；樱桃花色苷-海藻酸钠水溶液中海藻酸钠质量百分含量为0.2~1.0%，樱桃花色苷的浓度为8~15mg/ml；
（2）将大豆卵磷脂：植物甾醇：PEG2000按照质量比8~10:1~2:1的比例溶解于无水乙醇中，经旋转蒸发仪上减压蒸发，使梨形瓶上形成一层均匀的脂相薄膜；将樱桃花色苷-海藻酸钠水溶液加入到梨形瓶中，旋转水化，形成多室的脂质体悬液；冰浴下超声均质脂质体悬液，形成单室樱桃花色苷脂质体；
（3）壳聚糖修饰樱桃花色苷脂质体，将壳聚糖溶解在0.1~0.3%的醋酸溶液中，将制备的樱桃花色苷脂质体滴入壳聚糖溶液，樱桃花色苷脂质体与壳聚糖溶液体积比为1~3:1，温和搅拌，得到壳聚糖修饰的樱桃花色苷脂质体；
（4）低温保存待用。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种纳米樱桃花色苷制备方法 ，其特征在于：步骤（4）将樱桃花色苷脂质体溶液在4~-20 ℃保存待用。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种纳米樱桃花色苷制备方法，其特征在于：步骤（4）中将樱桃花色苷脂质体溶液通过低温干燥制得樱桃花色苷脂质体固体粉，4~-20 ℃保存待用。
4. 根据权利要求1所述的一种纳米樱桃花色苷制备方法 ，其特征在于：步骤（2）中旋转蒸发仪上减压蒸发2~4h。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种纳米樱桃花色苷制备方法 ，其特征在于：步骤（3）中搅拌时间1h。
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