CN112099072A - High-flux anti-electromagnetic interference proton energy spectrum and intensity detector - Google Patents
High-flux anti-electromagnetic interference proton energy spectrum and intensity detector Download PDFInfo
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- G01T1/201—Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors using scintillating fibres
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
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- G—PHYSICS
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of radiation detection in physical experiments, and particularly relates to a high-flux anti-electromagnetic interference proton energy spectrum and intensity detector. The detector of the present invention comprises: the device comprises a scintillator, a fiber coupling cone, a transmission fiber, a fiber splitter, a gate-controlled photomultiplier, a digitizer and a data storage system. The physical process is as follows: generating scintillation light after the high-flux ions bombard the scintillator, and coupling the scintillation light to the optical fiber through the optical fiber coupling cone; then the scintillation light is transmitted to the far end through the optical fiber and is coupled to the gate-controlled photomultiplier; under the control of the gate signal, the gate-controlled photomultiplier can avoid high-intensity electromagnetic pulse at zero time and convert the optical signal into an electric pulse signal; the digitizer converts the electric pulse signal into digital signal and inputs the digital signal into a computer for recording and storing. The detector can be used in the occasions where strong electromagnetic pulses can cause blindness to a traditional detector system and in various complex electromagnetic environments to measure various high-flux ions, and has the characteristics of strong anti-electromagnetic interference performance, large received proton flux and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of radiation detection in physical experiments, and particularly relates to an anti-electromagnetic interference proton energy spectrum and intensity detector.
Background
The intensity and energy of protons are often detected in nuclear reactors and space satellite systems, and these scenarios are often accompanied by various kinds of strong electromagnetic radiation. Under these extreme environments, the electric field and the magnetic field may be unusually high, so that the semiconductor detector, the microchannel plate detector, the CCD detector, and the like may not work normally due to electromagnetic interference. This effect is known as the blinding effect of intense radiation. This blindness effect or the long term response of the detector deviates significantly from linearity, fails to respond, or even the detector is destroyed. The neutron spectrum of a typical reaction is measured by a recoil proton magnetic spectrometer. I.e., the neutrons strike a hydrogen-containing membrane (e.g., a polyethylene membrane), which produces recoil protons. By measuring the energy and flux (intensity) of the recoil proton, the neutron energy spectrum can be reversely deduced, and the purpose of measuring the neutron energy spectrum and the yield can be achieved. However, in some application scenarios, there are hundreds of tesla magnetic fields and photons of various frequency bands from radio frequency, X-ray, to gamma ray, and a large number of rays such as neutrons are generated at the same time, so that the detector nuclear electronics cannot normally operate. In addition to strong laser target fields, radiation detection in nuclear fission reactors and other environments suffers from the same problem. Therefore, the invention designs a gate-controlled optical fiber ion detector for solving the problem of ion detection in a severe radiation environment.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a set of high-flux anti-electromagnetic interference proton energy spectrum and intensity detector capable of measuring the energy spectrum and intensity of protons in a complex electromagnetic environment, and to realize the ion measurement function in a strong laser environment, a fusion nuclear reaction, a fission nuclear reaction and other severe electromagnetic environments.
The invention provides a high-flux anti-electromagnetic interference proton energy spectrum and intensity detector, which specifically comprises the following components in sequential arrangement: the device comprises a scintillator, an optical fiber coupling cone, a transmission optical fiber, an optical fiber splitter, a gate-controlled photomultiplier, a digitizer and a data storage system. The overall structure of the detector is schematically shown in FIG. 1; the scintillator is placed in an electromagnetic environment, high-flux ions bombard the scintillator, fluorescence (scintillation light) is generated by reflection in the scintillator, the fluorescence is coupled to a transmission optical fiber through an optical fiber coupling cone and then transmitted into an optical fiber light splitter, and the optical fiber light splitter sends the fluorescence with proper intensity into a gated photomultiplier. Wherein:
the scintillator adopts an organic plastic scintillator with good irradiation resistance and high photoresponse speed as a front end component of the ion detector, and has the function of resisting electromagnetic pulses, and the structure of the scintillator is shown in figure 2.
Liquid and gas scintillators are not considered due to inconvenient operation. For inorganic crystal scintillators, performance degrades faster than organic plastic scintillators due to the destructive effects of radiation on the crystal lattice. Therefore, the organic plastic scintillator (for example, EJ-232 is selected) is adopted in the invention, the wavelength center of the emission spectrum of the organic plastic scintillator is 370 nanometers, and the organic plastic scintillator can be well matched with the rear-end transmission optical fiber and the gate-controlled photomultiplier. The front end and the side surface of the scintillator are provided with reflecting layers (such as an aluminum layer with the thickness of about 15-25 microns, reflecting paint EJ-510 and the like) for shielding external radiation light and reflecting fluorescence in the scintillator; the scintillator size can be determined according to actual needs, such as: 1 cm long, 1 cm wide and 10 microns to 1 mm thick. These dimensions can be adjusted according to proton energy and intensity.
The optical fiber coupling cone is used for converging fluorescence in the scintillator and then inputting the fluorescence into the transmission optical fiber to realize organic coupling of the scintillator and the optical fiber.
The optical fiber coupling cone can be made of quartz glass or organic glass according to different flashing lights. The side surface (i.e. the conical surface) of the optical fiber coupling cone is also provided with a reflecting layer (such as an aluminum layer with the thickness of about 15-25 microns, a reflecting paint EJ-510 and the like) for shielding external radiation light; the fiber coupling taper structure is shown in fig. 2.
The transmission optical fiber is used for transmitting fluorescence caused by protons in a long distance. The length of the optical fiber is set according to the application environment, and can be several meters or can be transmitted to a length of 50 meters. The transmission fiber transmission spectrum must match the scintillator spectrum. The spectrum of the scintillator is concentrated in the ultraviolet band of 340 nm-460 nm, so quartz optical fiber is adopted.
For a square structure with a scintillator size of 1 cm, the fiber diameter may be 1 mm.
The optical fiber is a single mode optical fiber or a multimode optical fiber.
The optical fiber spectroscope is used for branching fluorescence in the scintillator transmitted from the optical fiber and sending the fluorescence with proper intensity meeting the working range of the photomultiplier into the gated photomultiplier.
The light intensity of each path split by the optical fiber splitter is different, so that a proper splitting proportion can be selected according to the proton energy and the proton intensity, and the normal work of the photomultiplier can be ensured under any intensity. The optical fiber light splitter can divide the fluorescence into two paths or more paths, and aims to properly reduce the intensity of the fluorescence and meet the working range of the photomultiplier. When the proton flux is high, several tens or even hundreds of protons hit the scintillator at the same time, thereby generating strong scintillation fluorescence. The fluorescence directly passes through the optical fiber and is input into the photomultiplier, so that the fluorescence is supersaturated, and the measurement is inaccurate. For example, in the two-path scheme, 1:9 light splitting can be adopted, when the proton flux is strong, 10% of fluorescence enters a photomultiplier to enable the photomultiplier to work normally, and when the proton intensity is weak, one path of fluorescence can obtain 90% of fluorescence, the corresponding photomultiplier can work normally, and the other path of fluorescence is rejected because the fluorescence is too weak.
The gate-controlled photomultiplier is used for converting the optical signal into an electrical signal. In order to overcome the strong electromagnetic interference in the nuclear reaction process, such as the interference formed by fusion-generated neutrons and neutrons scattered by surrounding substances on a scintillator, the strong electromagnetic interference and background neutron signal interference can be greatly reduced by adopting a gate-controlled detector and a time sequence control method.
The gated photomultiplier is characterized in that: under the action of control signals (gate signals), devices which only respond (or do not respond) to optical signals in a specific time period comprise photomultiplier tubes, silicon photomultiplier tubes and avalanche diodes; for example, Binchong H11526-110-NN (normally-open Gated photomultiplier Tube, gPMT) can be used.
And under the control of a gating signal, the gated photomultiplier selects the scintillation light entering in a specific time period, and the scintillation light is detected and recorded. For example, under the control of the gate rectangular signal, the time for turning off the photomultiplier tube is delayed by about 8 ns, that is, after the rising edge of the gate signal is 8 ns, the photomultiplier tube is switched from the operating state to the non-operating state; the time for starting the photomultiplier tube is delayed by about 180 nanoseconds, namely, the photomultiplier tube is switched from a non-working state to a working state after the rising edge of the gating signal is 180 nanoseconds. In view of the electromagnetic pulse and neutron signals, there is a time difference of around 110 nanoseconds at the detector location; the electromagnetic pulse is separated from the proton signal by a time difference of > 130 nanoseconds at the position of the detector. Therefore, H11526-110 may address electromagnetic interference from the timing characteristics.
The amplification of the photomultiplier tube can be controlled by voltage. For example, the amplification factor of the photomultiplier tube can be controlled to 6 × 10 by applying a voltage of 0.4-0.9V to the control pin3To 5X 106In the meantime. The range of adjustment of the amplification of the photomultiplier is within about 3 orders of magnitude.
The gain coefficient of the photomultiplier can be adjusted in a continuously adjustable manner by adopting a slide rheostat, and also can be adjusted in a non-continuous manner by adopting a fixed resistor with a plurality of gears.
The digitizer can adopt an oscilloscope and can also select an analog-digital converter. Used for displaying the signal output by the photomultiplier.
The data storage system converts the electric pulse signals output by the photomultiplier tube into digital signals, stores the digital signals, and finally records the digital signals in a computer or prints the digital signals through a printer.
In the invention, the proton passes through the reflecting layer of the scintillator and is absorbed by the scintillator, and the energy of the proton is completely converted into the fluorescence of the scintillator. The plastic scintillator EJ-232 has good fast time response properties. The attenuation constant of the fast response component of the high-speed response liquid crystal display is 1.6 nanoseconds, and accounts for 98 percent; the slow response component decay constant is 30 nanoseconds, accounting for 2%. The response to electrons is 8400ph/MeV, and the response to protons is reduced by about 40%, so that 10MeV protons can produce about 5X 104One photon. After the scintillation light emitted by the scintillator is reflected by the light reflecting layer, the scintillation light is transmitted to a measuring photomultiplier through an optical fiber with the length of about 50 meters. In this process, the scintillation light is affected by reflection loss, absorption loss of the optical fiber, and transmission interface loss. The above losses can be controlled to be very small, but this tends to increase the complexity of the system and the engineering costs. Assuming a rectangular pulse of 5 ns width, a path loss of 98.5% corresponds to a 7.5 × 10% loss with respect to the input of the photomultiplier tube-8Light energy input of W. The amplification factor of the photomultiplier is 2.2 x 105A/W, i.e., the output current was 0.015A. Can be effectively detected and recorded.
The large-caliber optical fiber coupling terminal is adopted, the reflectivity at 350-700 nm is less than 2%, the insertion light loss is less than 2.5 decibels, and the light loss is comprehensively considered to be about 15%. Because of the scintillator surface reflection layer, the scintillation light emitted to the ion incidence direction can be reflected, the light collection efficiency can be improved correspondingly, and the loss of the section can be easily controlled to be 50% through light guide coupling. The effective surface diameter of the photomultiplier is 8 mm, and the photomultiplier is coupled with an optical fiber with the diameter of 1 mm, and the optical coupling efficiency is at least 70%. The optical fiber transmission path has 3-4 coupling sections, and the coupling efficiency of each interface is 90%. The above factors are considered together: the photon energy and flux detection device has the advantages that the light guide efficiency is 5% (NA = 0.22), the optical fiber coupling terminal efficiency is 85%, the photomultiplier coupling efficiency is 70%, the optical fiber connection interface efficiency is 64%, 2% of light transmission can be finally achieved, and the electric pulse signals are generated after the electric pulse signals are input into the photomultiplier, so that the proton energy and flux detection is achieved.
The design adopts a scintillator to collect protons, and simultaneously utilizes optical fibers to transmit scintillation light signals to a gated photomultiplier tube under a shielding environment, so as to realize the detection of the protons. Aiming at the intensity range change of protons in the design, a light splitting mode is adopted to avoid the supersaturation of the photomultiplier. The proton energy and intensity accurate detection requirements of various scenes in a complex electromagnetic environment can be met. The main advantages are that:
1. by selecting a proper scintillator material, response interference of a super-strong electric field, a super-strong magnetic field and a radio-frequency signal to the ion detector is avoided, and the blind effect of strong electromagnetic pulses to the detector can be effectively overcome;
2. the optical fiber coupling transmission is adopted to transmit the scintillation light to a far end with less background interference or capable of being effectively shielded, so that the photoelectric conversion device works in a normal environment, and the measurement precision of the system is improved;
3. by selecting the photoelectric conversion devices such as the gate-controlled photomultiplier, the blinding effect of the super-strong optical signal on the photoelectric conversion devices is avoided, the anti-interference capability of the system is improved, and the effective detection time range is widened.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of the overall structure.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an optical fiber and a light cone.
FIG. 3 is a timing diagram of a gate photomultiplier tube.
Detailed Description
The invention relates to an anti-electromagnetic interference high-flux ion detector, which comprises: scintillators, fiber-coupled cones, scintillating light transmitting fibers, fiber-optic splitters, gated photomultiplier tubes (gpts), digitizers, and data storage systems. The general structure of the detector is schematically shown in figure 1.
The front end and the side surface of the plastic scintillator are wrapped by a 20-micron aluminum film and used for shielding visible light and reflecting fluorescence in the scintillator, and the schematic diagram is shown in figure 2. The high-energy ions penetrate through the aluminum film to enter the scintillator, energy is deposited in the scintillator, and the scintillator is excited to emit fluorescence with the central wavelength of 370 nanometers. The detector adopts an EJ-232 plastic scintillator, the fluorescence generation efficiency is about 8400ph/MeV, and 10MeV protons generate about 5 ten thousand photons considering that the fluorescence generation efficiency is slightly low. The fluorescence is reflected by the aluminum film and then is transmitted to the rear end optical fiber coupling cone.
The optical fiber coupling cone collects fluorescence in the scintillator and enables the fluorescence to be converged, so that the fluorescence in the large-area scintillator is guaranteed to be converged into the optical fiber with the diameter of 1 millimeter as much as possible. The material of the light cone itself needs to be transparent to the scintillation light. For ultraviolet fluorescence, quartz or organic glass materials can be used. The outer surface of the cone is coated with a reflective layer (e.g., EJ-510) that causes the scintillation light to be diffusely reflected back into the cone. The cone angle of the light cone is matched with the Numerical Aperture (NA) of the subsequent optical fiber so as to increase the proportion of photons which enter the optical fiber and can propagate in the optical fiber and increase the detection sensitivity of the optical fiber detector.
The fluorescence converged by the optical fiber coupling light cone is transmitted in the optical fiber, the transmission speed is about 4.5 nanoseconds per meter, and the transmission distance can be from several meters to 50 meters. After a certain distance of transmission, the pulse width of the fluorescence will have a certain spread, i.e. the transmission time is spread. Multiple reflections on the coating around the scintillator, the time dispersion of fluorescence after multiple reflections is about 1.5 nanoseconds. The fluorescence in the plastic scintillator is not a single wavelength but has a distribution whereby the wavelength distribution, i.e. the dispersion, causes a dispersion of the time of propagation in the fiber of about 1.6 nanoseconds. The total time dispersion in the fiber is about 2.1 nanoseconds. To ensure that the fluorescence is collected by the subsequent photomultiplier tube, the window of the corresponding photomultiplier tube needs to be appropriately widened, within the width of this window, the neutrons will also produce a signal in the detector. Compared with the time difference of flight of protons and neutrons, the background of neutrons introduced in 2.1 nanoseconds is in a controllable range, and proton detection is not influenced.
The fluorescence in the optical fiber is subjected to a light splitting process by a fiber splitter to change the intensity of the fluorescence. The light can be split into two paths or three paths according to the requirement, and the light intensity of each path is different, so that a proper light splitting proportion can be selected according to the proton energy and the proton intensity, and the normal work of the photomultiplier can be ensured under any intensity. The principle is that the dynamic range of fluorescence in the scintillator is also large due to the large dynamic range of proton energy and intensity. When two paths of light splitting are adopted, the intensity of one path can be set to be 10%, and the intensity of the other path is 90%. If the proton intensity is strong during actual measurement, 10% of photons can be enough to cause the photomultiplier to work; and 90% of all fluorescence is too strong, so that the photomultiplier is supersaturated and cannot normally output. But one output can accurately determine the energy and the intensity of the proton according to the proportional relation of 1: 9.
The fluorescence separated by the optical fiber spectroscope is input into a gate-controlled photomultiplier, and an optical signal is converted into an electric pulse signal through a photocathode. The invention selects a Hamamatsu H11526-110-NN normally open type gated photomultiplier. The photomultiplier is in a standby state, when a doorway signal is input, the photomultiplier needs 180 nanoseconds for response time, then the photomultiplier starts to enter a working state, the input fluorescence is converted into electrons through a photocathode, and the electrons are continuously amplified between the beating stages. The amplification is controlled by voltage. The amplification factor of the photomultiplier can be controlled to be 6 multiplied by 10 by applying a voltage of 0.4 to 0.9V to the control pin3To 5X 106In the meantime. The electron bunch formed by the electrons is collected by the anode and then input into a subsequent digitizer.
The digitizer adopts a commercial oscilloscope, has the bandwidth of 500 MHz, can record the pulse signal waveform formed by a complete electron beam group, and records the pulse signal waveform on a computer for subsequent analysis.
The fluorescence signal generated by proton plasma in plastic scintillator is transmitted by quartz fiber in long distance, and the fiber optical splitter, photomultiplier, digitizer and computer are placed in environment with good shielding. Thereby it can be ensured that the photomultiplier, the digitizer, etc. are not affected by electromagnetic interference. Therefore, the detector can be used for measuring various high-flux ions in various complex electromagnetic environments, and has the characteristics of strong anti-electromagnetic interference performance, large proton receiving flux and the like.
Claims (6)
1. A high-flux anti-electromagnetic interference proton energy spectrum and intensity detector is characterized by comprising the following components in sequential arrangement: the device comprises a scintillator, an optical fiber coupling cone, a transmission optical fiber, an optical fiber splitter, a gate control photomultiplier, a digitizer and a data storage system; the scintillator is placed in an electromagnetic environment, high-flux ions bombard the scintillator, fluorescence is generated by reflection in the scintillator, the fluorescence is coupled to a transmission optical fiber through an optical fiber coupling cone and then transmitted into an optical fiber light splitter, and the light splitter sends the fluorescence with proper intensity into a gate-controlled photomultiplier; wherein:
the scintillator adopts an organic plastic scintillator with good irradiation resistance and high photoresponse speed as a front end component of the ion detector, and has the function of resisting electromagnetic pulses;
the optical fiber coupling cone is used for converging fluorescence in the scintillator and then inputting the fluorescence into the transmission optical fiber to realize organic coupling of the scintillator and the optical fiber;
the transmission optical fiber is used for transmitting fluorescence caused by protons in a long distance; the specific length of the optical fiber is set according to the requirement of an application environment;
the optical fiber light splitter is used for splitting the fluorescence in the scintillator transmitted from the optical fiber and sending the fluorescence with proper intensity meeting the working range of the photomultiplier into the gated photomultiplier;
the gate-controlled photomultiplier is used for converting an optical signal into an electric signal; the gate-controlled photomultiplier greatly reduces strong electromagnetic interference and background neutron signal interference by a time sequence control method; the gated photomultiplier selects the scintillation light entering in a specific time period under the control of a gating signal, and the scintillation light is detected and recorded;
the digitizer adopts an oscilloscope or an analog-digital converter and is used for displaying signals output by the photomultiplier;
the data storage system converts the electric pulse signals output by the photomultiplier tube into digital signals, stores the digital signals, and finally records the digital signals in a computer or prints the digital signals through a printer.
2. The high throughput EMI proton spectra and intensity detector as claimed in claim 1, wherein said scintillator front and side faces are provided with reflective layers to shield external radiation while reflecting fluorescence inside the scintillator.
3. The high-throughput anti-electromagnetic interference proton energy spectrum and intensity detector as claimed in claim 1, wherein the material of the optical fiber coupling cone adopts quartz glass or organic glass according to the difference of the scintillation light; the side surface of the optical fiber coupling cone is provided with a reflecting layer for shielding external radiation light.
4. The high throughput anti-electromagnetic interference proton energy spectrum and intensity detector of claim 1, wherein said transmission fiber transmission spectrum and scintillator spectrum match; for the ultraviolet band with the spectrum of the scintillator concentrated in 340 nm-460 nm, quartz optical fiber is adopted as the transmission optical fiber.
5. The high throughput anti-electromagnetic interference proton energy spectrum and intensity detector of claim 1, wherein each path of light split by the optical fiber splitter has different intensity, so that a proper splitting ratio can be selected according to proton energy and intensity to ensure normal operation of the photomultiplier at any intensity.
6. The high throughput anti-electromagnetic interference proton energy spectrum and intensity detector of claim 1, wherein the magnification of said photomultiplier tube is controllable by voltage; the gain coefficient of the photomultiplier is adjusted in a mode of continuously adjusting a slide rheostat, or in a mode of adopting a fixed resistor with a plurality of gears, and the plurality of gears are adjusted discontinuously.
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| CN114924307A (en) * | 2022-04-29 | 2022-08-19 | 西北核技术研究所 | MCP neutron detection system and measurement method based on secondary electrons generated by charged particles |
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