CN114924307A - MCP neutron detection system and measurement method based on secondary electrons generated by charged particles - Google Patents
MCP neutron detection system and measurement method based on secondary electrons generated by charged particles Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides an MCP neutron detection system and a measurement method based on secondary electrons generated by charged particles, which aim to solve the technical problem that the conventional neutron detector is difficult to measure neutrons generated by electron targeting on an accelerator with serious field emission. The invention measures incident neutrons and neutrons by MCP 1 H、 10 The charged particles generated by the action of B generate secondary electrons on the surface of the coating, the secondary electrons are accelerated to hundreds of eV by an electric field to enter a magnetic field, then are deflected by the magnetic field to enter an MCP detector, and multiplied in the MCP detector to output a pulse current signal, so that the measurement of neutrons is realized. The invention provides a new thought and technical method for ultrafast pulse neutron detection, can make up for the defects of related detection methods, and has obvious advantages in certain specific application scenes compared with the existing method.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a neutron detector for measuring a neutron time spectrum in an ultrafast pulse neutron radiation field, in particular to an MCP ultrafast pulse neutron detection system and a measuring method based on secondary electrons generated by charged particles.
Background
The current research has completed the construction of 120MeV electron linear accelerators and output beams. The accelerator mainly comprises a laser, a photocathode microwave electron gun, an accelerating tube, a microwave power source, a magnet system, a beam measuring and monitoring system, a personal safety interlocking system and the like. It can generate electron beams with energy of 60-120 MeV, pulse width of 1-3 ps and beam spot diameter of 15 μm. The electron beam target can generate ultrafast white light neutrons, and has short duration (ns magnitude) and small neutron number (about 10) per pulse 8 Pulse), wide neutron energy range (thermal neutron to ultrahigh energy neutron), and the like. The measurement of parameters such as neutron energy spectrum of the source has very important significance for researching the ps electronic targeting characteristics.
The time-of-flight method is usually adopted to measure the energy spectrum of the white-light neutron source, which is the most direct and classical measuring method, and the accuracy and the application range of the measuring result greatly exceed those of other methods. The neutron energy resolution of the time-of-flight method is determined by the flight distance of neutrons, the pulse width, the time response of the detector and the resolution time of the time timer, and for a specific neutron source, the neutron pulse width of the target is a fixed value, and the time response of the detector is required to be improved as much as possible to improve the neutron energy resolution of the detector.
The number of neutrons generated by ps electron beam targeting is small (about 10) 8 /pulse), the detector requires close range measurements to improve neutron counting efficiency,however, when the neutron energy spectrum is measured in the near field, the energy resolution of neutrons is reduced, so that a neutron detector with ultra-fast time response needs to be developed to counteract the influence caused by the reduction of the flight distance, and the neutron pulse width is in ns order, so that the time response of the detector is at least in sub-ns order, and the energy resolution cannot be greatly influenced.
However, the time response of most neutron detectors is more than ns magnitude at present, and the time response of only a small part of neutron detectors reaches sub-ns. At present, a neutron detector with time response of sub ns magnitude mainly adopts a mode of an ultrafast organic scintillator BC422, EJ232 or an inorganic scintillator ZnO plus a photomultiplier. The time response of the neutron detector mainly depends on the time response of a photoelectric detector and the luminescence decay time of a scintillator, generally, the faster the scintillator emits light, the higher the proportion of a doped quencher is, the lower the luminescence efficiency is, and further the sensitivity of the detector is influenced, an incident window and a photocathode of a photomultiplier are sensitive to light, charged particles, rays and the temperature of the external environment, if the shielding is not good, the direct background and dark current signals of the detector are large, the neutron detector cannot have single particle measurement capability and strong anti-interference capability, meanwhile, the scintillation has high luminescence efficiency on electrons, so that the sensitivity of the detector to X or gamma rays is high, and the n/gamma resolution capability of the detector is difficult to improve. ps high-energy electron beam targeting can generate stronger X rays, and because an electron gun and an accelerating tube of the 120MeV linear accelerator work under a strong electric field of dozens of MV/m, field-induced electrons can be generated on the surfaces of the electron gun and the accelerating tube even if no incident laser exists, the electrons can be accelerated to high energy if in the accelerating phase of microwaves, and bremsstrahlung can be generated when the high-energy field-induced electrons impact on the wall of a vacuum tube, which can interfere measurement. Due to the limited field and the measuring distance, the photomultiplier cannot be well shielded, for example, even if the photomultiplier is placed at a position about 2m away from the target head and the periphery of the photomultiplier is covered by two lead bricks with the thickness of 5cm (as shown in fig. 1) in an experiment, strong field signal interference can still be seen (as shown in fig. 2). From the experimental results of fig. 2, it can be seen that the channel 2 is the output waveform of the photomultiplier, a peak (with an amplitude of about 4V) in the middle of the left side is an X-ray signal generated by electron beam targeting, and a small peak (with an amplitude of about several hundred mV) with dense hemp appears before and after the peak signal is a bremsstrahlung signal generated by field electrons, which will bring great interference to the neutron energy spectrum measured by the time-of-flight method.
Therefore, a measurement mode of an ultrafast scintillator and an ultrafast photomultiplier tube cannot be adopted on a 120MeV linear accelerator, and in order to measure neutrons generated by electron targeting in an accelerator hall with severe field emission, research and development of a novel detector with the characteristics of ultrafast time response, high neutron sensitivity, wide neutron energy spectrum response, insensitivity to X/gamma rays and the like are urgently needed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem that the conventional neutron detector is difficult to measure neutrons generated by electron targeting on an accelerator with serious field emission, and provides an MCP neutron detection system and a measurement method based on secondary electrons generated by charged particles.
The main working principle of the invention is as follows: in incident neutrons and polyethylene 1 Recoil proton and neutron generated by elastic collision of H and 10 alpha particles produced by the action of B and 7 the Li particles can generate secondary electrons when passing through the coating, the secondary electrons are accelerated to hundreds of eV by an electric field to enter a magnetic field, then are deflected by the magnetic field to enter the microchannel plate, and the pulsed current signals are multiplied and output in the microchannel plate, so that the measurement of neutrons is realized.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
an MCP neutron detection system based on secondary electron generation by charged particles is characterized in that: the device comprises a composite conversion target, a coating, a grid electrode plate, a two-pole deflection magnet, an MCP detector arranged at an exit port of the two-pole deflection magnet and an oscilloscope for recording output signals;
the composite conversion target is a polyethylene target, and the charged particle emergent surface of the polyethylene target is plated with 10 B；
The coating is a film with high secondary electron coefficient and is plated on 10 A charged particle emission surface of B;
the grid electrode plate is arranged between the charged particle emergent surface of the coating and the charged particle incident surface of the two-pole deflection magnet; the grid electrode plate comprises two grids which are respectively arranged on the charged particle exit surface of the coating and the charged particle entrance surface of the dipolar deflection magnet;
the two-pole deflection magnet is provided with a charged particle emergent through hole, and an emergent port of the emergent through hole is sealed by a beryllium window;
the grid electrode plate, the two-pole deflection magnet and the MCP detector are respectively powered by a power supply, a magnet power supply and a high-voltage power supply.
Furthermore, the grid electrode plate is a mesh woven by fine metallic nickel wires, the thickness of the grid is about 20 μm, the size of each mesh is about 80 μm multiplied by 80 μm, and the space between the meshes is about 100 μm;
the distance between two grids of the grid electrode plate is 1 cm.
Furthermore, the charged particle entrance port direction and the charged particle exit port direction of the dipole deflection magnet are arranged at an angle of 180 degrees.
Further, the voltage provided by the power supply is 500-1000V;
the beryllium window seals an exit port of the exit through hole through a knife edge or a rubber ring.
The invention also provides an MCP neutron measurement method based on secondary electrons generated by charged particles, which adopts the MCP neutron detection system based on secondary electrons generated by charged particles and is characterized by comprising the following steps:
【1】 The neutron to be measured is incident from one side of the polyethylene of the composite conversion target, and recoil proton, alpha particle and neutron are generated in the composite conversion target 7 Charged particles of Li particles, from 10 B, surface ejection;
【2】 Secondary electrons are generated when the charged particles exit from the coating;
【3】 Adjusting the voltage of a power supply to enable secondary electrons to enter a magnetic field of the dipolar deflection magnet after being accelerated to hundreds of eV by the grid electrode plate;
【4】 Secondary electrons are deflected by a magnetic field of the two-pole deflection magnet and enter the MCP detector, and a pulse current signal is multiplied and output in the MCP detector, so that measurement of neutrons is realized.
Further, in step 3, the charged particle entrance port direction and the charged particle exit port direction of the dipole deflection magnet are arranged at 180 degrees.
Further, in step 3, the grid electrode plate is a mesh woven by fine metallic nickel wires, the thickness of the grid is about 20 μm, the size of each mesh is about 80 μm × 80 μm, and the space between the meshes is about 100 μm;
the distance between two grids of the grid electrode plate is 1 cm.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial technical effects:
1. the invention provides an MCP neutron detection system for generating secondary electrons based on charged particles, which measures incident neutrons and secondary electrons through MCP 1 H、 10 The secondary electrons generated on the surface of the coating by the charged particles generated by the action B are applied to measuring neutrons in an ultrafast pulse neutron radiation field, so that the measurement of the neutrons is realized, and a new technical means is provided for the measurement of the ultrafast pulse neutrons.
2. The invention uses polyethylene and 10 the mode of combining the B targets ensures that the neutron detection range of the detector becomes wider, and improves the detection efficiency of low-energy neutrons.
3. In the invention, neutrons and polyethylene, 10 The ionization capacity of the heavy charged particles generated by the B reaction is larger than that of electrons, the emergent secondary electrons generated by the heavy charged particles in the material are more than that of the electrons, and the MCP has higher gain, so that the secondary electrons generated by the heavy charged particles on the coating are directly measured by the MCP, and the detector has single particle measurement capacity and strong neutron/gamma ray discrimination capacity.
4. The invention does not adopt the traditional measuring mode based on the ultrafast scintillator and the photomultiplier, but adopts the mode of directly measuring secondary electrons by the MCP to obtain the measurement of neutrons, so the ultrafast time characteristic of the detector is not limited by the luminescence decay time of the scintillator, and the MCP does not have a transmission window and a photocathode, thereby greatly reducing dark current and dark pulses and reducing the detection sensitivity of rays while having high gain.
5. The invention adopts a detection mode of deflecting secondary electrons by a magnetic field, can greatly reduce direct illumination signals and scattering interference generated by neutrons and rays on the MCP, and simultaneously ensures that the flight time dispersion of the secondary electrons meets the requirement.
6. The invention utilizes the developed MCP neutron detector which generates secondary electrons based on charged particles to measure the neutron energy spectrum generated by the target shooting of the ps electron beam, and has more accurate timing precision and time measurement precision.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a conventional ray experiment using a photomultiplier tube to measure 120MeV electron targeting.
FIG. 2 is an experimental waveform for measuring 120MeV electron targeting using a photomultiplier tube.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of an MCP neutron detection system based on charged particle generation of secondary electrons according to the present invention;
wherein the reference numbers:
the method comprises the following steps of 1-composite conversion target, 2-coating, 3-grid electrode plate, 4-power supply, 5-dipolar deflection magnet, 6-magnet power supply, 7-neutron emitting through hole, 8-beryllium window, 9-MCP detector, 10-high voltage power supply and 11-oscilloscope.
FIG. 4 is a graph of the unit flux of recoil protons generated by different thicknesses of polyethylene incident to different energies of neutrons via Monte Carlo simulation 10 After B target at 10nm Al 2 O 3 As a result of secondary electrons generated on the surface of the coating.
FIG. 5 is a comparison graph of the average flight time of recoil protons generated by different energy neutrons acting on polyethylene with different thicknesses flying out of the polyethylene coating layer, which is obtained by adopting Monte Carlo method simulation calculation.
FIG. 6 is a comparison graph of the maximum flight time dispersion of recoil protons from polyethylene flying out of the coating layer, which is generated by the action of neutrons with different energies on polyethylene with different thicknesses, obtained by Monte Carlo method simulation calculation.
FIG. 7 shows the difference obtained by simulation calculation using the Monte Carlo methodNeutron to 1mg/cm 2 10 Alpha particles produced by the reaction of B from 10 And B, maximum flight time dispersion graph of the target flying to the coating surface.
FIG. 8 shows the results of simulation calculation using Monte Carlo method for obtaining neutrons with different energies and 1mg/cm 2 10 Li particles generated by B reaction from 10 B maximum flight time dispersion diagram of the target flying to the coating surface.
FIG. 9 is a dispersion plot of the time of flight of the secondary electrons moving from the coating to the MCP detector at different accelerating voltages calculated when the magnetic induction is 50 Gs.
Detailed Description
To make the objects, advantages and features of the present invention more apparent, an MCP neutron detection system and a measurement method based on secondary electrons generated by charged particles according to the present invention are further described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that these embodiments are only for explaining the technical principle of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
As shown in FIG. 3, the MCP neutron detection system for generating secondary electrons based on charged particles comprises polyethylene and 10 b, a composite conversion target 1, a coating 2 plated on the composite conversion target 1, a dipolar deflection magnet 5, a grid electrode plate 3 between the outer side of the coating 2 and the inlet of the dipolar deflection magnet 5, a high-stability power supply 4, a magnet power supply 6, a neutron emitting through hole 7, a beryllium window 8, an MCP detector 9, a high-voltage power supply 10 and a high-resolution high-bandwidth oscilloscope 11.
The composite conversion target 1 is made of polyethylene and 10 b composition wherein 10 B is plated on the outer surface of the polyethylene target, and when neutrons enter from the polyethylene surface, recoil protons, alpha particles and water are generated in the composite conversion target 7 Charged particles such as Li particles, which are selected from 10 B surface is emitted out and is on the composite conversion target 10 B surface is plated with a thin film coating 2 with high secondary electron coefficient when charged particles are removed from the surface 10 Secondary electrons are generated when the coating on the surface B exits.
The grid electrode plate 3 is arranged between the charged particle emergent surface of the coating 2 and the charged particle incident surface of the two-pole deflection magnet 5, the grid electrode plate 3 is connected with the power supply 4 through a cable, the voltage provided by the power supply 4 is 500-1000V, and the voltage can be selected according to actual conditions. The grid electrode plate 3 comprises two grids which are respectively arranged on the charged particle emergent surface of the coating 2 and the charged particle incident surface of the two-pole deflection magnet 5. The grid electrode plate 3 is a grid which is woven by fine metallic nickel wires, the thickness of the grid is about 20 mu m, the size of each grid is about 80 mu m multiplied by 80 mu m, and the space between the grids is about 100 mu m; the distance between two grids of the grid electrode plate 3 is 1 cm.
The two-pole deflection magnet 5 is connected with a magnet power supply 6 through a cable, the magnet power supply 6 provides required current according to the magnetic field intensity of the two-pole deflection magnet 5, and the direction of an entrance port and the direction of an exit port of the two-pole deflection magnet 5 are arranged in an angle of 180 degrees. The dipolar deflection magnet 5 is provided with an exit through hole 7 for charged particles, the beryllium window 8 is arranged at an exit port of the exit through hole 7, and the neutron exit through hole 7 is sealed through a knife edge or a rubber ring. Neutrons which do not react with the composite conversion target are emitted out through the emitting through holes 7, so that the neutrons are prevented from directly acting on the magnetic field vacuum box to cause strong scattering; the beryllium window 8 is used for vacuum sealing the exit through hole 7, and the beryllium window has the advantages that the beryllium window can be made to be very thin (dozens of micrometers) and can well seal vacuum, so that the probability of the action of neutrons and gamma rays on the beryllium window is very low, and the scattering interference of the neutrons and the gamma rays can be reduced.
The MCP detector 9 is arranged at an exit port of the two-pole deflection magnet 5, and secondary electrons enter the two-pole deflection magnet 5 after being accelerated by the grid electrode plate 3 and enter the MCP detector after being deflected by the two-pole deflection magnet 5. The MCP detector 9 provides high voltage through a high voltage power supply 10, and an output signal of the MCP detector 9 is recorded through an oscilloscope 11.
The main working principle of the sub-detection system is as follows: in incident neutrons and polyethylene 1 Recoil proton and neutron generated by elastic collision of H and 10 alpha particles produced by the action of B and 7 the Li particles generate secondary electrons when passing through the coating, the secondary electrons are accelerated by an electric field to several hundred eV into a magnetic field, and then are deflected by the magnetic field to be incident on the MCP detector 9 (i.e., a microchannel plate), where they are in the microchannel plateAnd multiplying the output pulse current signal, thereby realizing the measurement of neutrons.
(1) 1 The action section of H and fast neutron is larger, 10 b has large cross section with low-energy neutrons, so that polyethylene and 10 the composite conversion target consisting of B can realize high detection efficiency from low-energy neutrons to high-energy neutrons;
(2) neutron and 1 H、 10 the charged particles generated by the reaction B can generate secondary electrons when passing through the coating, so that the measurement of the charged particles is converted into the measurement of the secondary electrons, the energy of the secondary electrons is almost consistent after the secondary electrons are accelerated, the flight time dispersion is small, and the time response of the system is favorably improved;
(3) the two-pole deflection magnet is utilized to deflect the accelerated secondary electrons and then the electrons are incident to the MCP detector, the output current signals are multiplied, and the effect of a deflection magnetic field is that the detector can shield scattering interference conveniently and the direct illumination influence of rays on the detector is reduced.
Based on the structural description of the measurement system, the energy spectrum measurement of neutrons generated by electron beam targeting is carried out by adopting the system, which specifically comprises the following steps:
when neutrons are incident from the polyethylene surface of the composite conversion target 1, recoil protons, alpha particles, and neutrons are generated in the composite conversion target 1 7 Charged particles such as Li particles, which are selected from 10 B surface emitting charged particles when charged 10 The coating 2 on the surface B can generate secondary electrons when emergent, the secondary electrons enter the grid electrode plate 3 and are accelerated to hundreds of eV, then enter the two-pole deflection magnet 5 and are deflected by 180 degrees to enter the MCP detector 9, the current multiplied by the MCP detector 9 is output and is recorded by the oscilloscope 11, and thus, the measurement of neutrons is realized.
FIG. 4 is a graph of the unit flux of recoil protons generated by different energy neutrons incident on polyethylene with different thicknesses and obtained through Monte Carlo method simulation calculation 10 After B target at 10nm Al 2 O 3 The secondary electrons generated on the surface of the coating.
As can be seen from the figure, the amount of secondary electrons generated depends on 10 Increase and decrease of B target thickness(ii) a For a certain thickness 10 B, the quantity of secondary electrons generated by the target is increased along with the increase of the thickness of the polyethylene target, and when the value reaches a certain value, the quantity of the secondary electrons is reduced along with the increase of the thickness of the polyethylene target.
As shown in fig. 5, the average flight time of recoil protons generated by the action of neutrons with different energies on polyethylenes with different thicknesses flying out of the coating from the polyethylene is obtained by adopting monte carlo method simulation calculation and is less than 30 ps.
As shown in fig. 6, the maximum flight time dispersion of recoil protons generated by the action of neutrons with different energies on polyethylenes with different thicknesses flying out of the coating from the polyethylene is obtained by adopting monte carlo method simulation calculation and is less than 100 ps.
As shown in FIG. 7, the Monte Carlo method is used to simulate and calculate neutrons with different energies and 1mg/cm 210 Alpha particles produced by the reaction of B from 10 And the maximum flight time dispersion of the B target flying to the coating surface is less than 7 ps.
As shown in FIG. 8, the Monte Carlo method is used to simulate and calculate neutrons with different energies and 1mg/cm 210 Li particles generated by B reaction from 10 And the maximum flight time dispersion of the B target flying to the coating surface is less than 3 ps.
As shown in fig. 9, when the magnetic induction is 50Gs, the time-of-flight dispersion of the secondary electrons moving from the coating to the MCP detector at different acceleration voltages is calculated.
As can be seen from the results of fig. 9, the time-of-flight dispersion decreases as the acceleration voltage increases, and the time-of-flight dispersion is less than 100ps when the acceleration voltage is above 500V.
Therefore, the MCP ultrafast pulse neutron detection system for generating the secondary electrons based on the charged particles measures the neutron energy spectrum generated by electron beam targeting, reduces direct illumination signals and scattering interference generated by neutrons and rays on the MCP, ensures that the flight time dispersion of the secondary electrons meets the requirement, and has more accurate timing precision and time measurement precision.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above examples are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, but not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; and such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. An MCP neutron detection system based on secondary electron generation by charged particles, which is characterized in that: the device comprises a composite conversion target (1), a coating (2), a grid electrode plate (3), a two-pole deflection magnet (5), an MCP detector (9) arranged at an exit port of the two-pole deflection magnet (5) and an oscilloscope (11) for recording output signals;
the composite conversion target (1) is a polyethylene target, and the charged particle exit surface of the polyethylene target is plated with 10 B；
The coating (2) is a film with high secondary electron coefficient and is plated on 10 A charged particle emission surface of B;
the grid electrode plate (3) is arranged between the charged particle emergent surface of the coating (2) and the charged particle incident surface of the two-pole deflection magnet (5); the grid electrode plate (3) comprises two grids which are respectively arranged on the charged particle exit surface of the coating (2) and the charged particle incident surface of the dipolar deflection magnet (5);
the two-pole deflection magnet (5) is provided with a charged particle exit through hole (7), and an exit port of the exit through hole (7) is sealed by a beryllium window (8);
the grid electrode plate (3), the two-pole deflection magnet (5) and the MCP detector (9) are powered by a power supply (4), a magnet power supply (6) and a high-voltage power supply (10) respectively.
2. An MCP neutron detection system based on charged particle generated secondary electrons of claim 1, wherein:
the grid electrode plate (3) is a mesh woven by fine metal nickel wires, the thickness of the grid is about 20 mu m, the size of each mesh is about 80 mu m multiplied by 80 mu m, and the space between the meshes is about 100 mu m;
the distance between two grids of the grid electrode plate (3) is 1 cm.
3. An MCP neutron detection system based on charged particle generated secondary electrons according to claim 2, characterized in that:
the charged particle entrance port direction and the charged particle exit port direction of the two-pole deflection magnet (5) are arranged in an angle of 180 degrees.
4. An MCP neutron detection system based on charged particle generated secondary electrons according to any of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that:
the voltage provided by the power supply (4) is 500-1000V;
the beryllium window (8) seals an exit port of the exit through hole (7) through a knife edge or a rubber ring.
5. An MCP neutron measurement method based on charged particle generation of secondary electrons, using the MCP neutron detection system based on charged particle generation of secondary electrons of claim 1, characterized by comprising the steps of:
【1】 The neutron to be measured is incident from the polyethylene surface of the composite conversion target (1) to generate recoil proton, alpha particle and 7 charged particles of Li particles, from 10 B, surface ejection;
【2】 Secondary electrons are generated when the charged particles exit from the coating (2);
【3】 Adjusting the voltage of a power supply (4) to accelerate secondary electrons to hundreds of eV through the grid electrode plate (3) and then enter the magnetic field of the two-pole deflection magnet (5);
【4】 The secondary electrons are deflected by the magnetic field of the two-pole deflection magnet (5) to be incident to the MCP detector (9), and a pulse current signal is multiplied and output in the MCP detector (9), so that the measurement of neutrons is realized.
6. An MCP neutron measurement method based on charged particle generated secondary electrons according to claim 5, characterized in that:
in the step 3, the charged particle entrance port direction and the charged particle exit port direction of the two-pole deflection magnet (5) are arranged in an angle of 180 degrees.
7. An MCP neutron measurement method based on charged particle generated secondary electrons according to claim 6, characterized in that:
in the step 3, the grid electrode plate (3) is a mesh woven by fine metal nickel wires, the thickness of the grid is about 20 μm, the size of each mesh is about 80 μm multiplied by 80 μm, and the space between the meshes is about 100 μm;
the distance between two grids of the grid electrode plate (3) is 1 cm.
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