CN112055742A - 在火花点火式内燃发动机中预防或减少低速早燃的组合物和方法 - Google Patents

在火花点火式内燃发动机中预防或减少低速早燃的组合物和方法 Download PDF

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CN112055742A
CN112055742A CN201980026598.2A CN201980026598A CN112055742A CN 112055742 A CN112055742 A CN 112055742A CN 201980026598 A CN201980026598 A CN 201980026598A CN 112055742 A CN112055742 A CN 112055742A
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additive
acid
fuel
lspi
composition
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R·E·切派克
A·G·玛丽亚
I·G·埃利奥特
T·L·古纳万
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Chevron USA Inc
Chevron Oronite Co LLC
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Chevron USA Inc
Chevron Oronite Co LLC
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Publication of CN112055742A publication Critical patent/CN112055742A/zh
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Abstract

提供了包含减少低速早燃(LSPI)主添加剂的燃料和润滑剂组合物，该添加剂包括(i)氨基添加剂，(ii)胺添加剂，(iii)三唑添加剂，(iv)苄脒鎓添加剂，(v)苯并噁唑添加剂或(vi)N＝C‑X改性添加剂。还提供了使用这些组合物来防止或减少火花点火式发动机中的低速早燃事件的方法。

Description

在火花点火式内燃发动机中预防或减少低速早燃的组合物和 方法
技术领域
本公开涉及用于火花点火发动机的燃料和润滑剂组合物，以及使用该组合物防止或减少低速早燃事件的方法。
背景
涡轮增压发动机或增压式发动机(即增压型或内燃发动机)可能出现称为随机早燃或低速早燃(或“LSPI”)的异常燃烧现象。LSPI是一种事件，其可以包括非常高的压力峰值、在不适当曲轴角度期间发生的早燃，以及爆震。所有这些，单独地以及以组合形式，均可能引起发动机劣化和/或严重受损。然而，因为LSPI事件仅以不可控方式偶然发生，所以难以鉴别这种现象的起因并且难以开发出遏制其的解决方案。
早燃是一种燃烧形式，导致燃烧室内的空气燃料混合物在期望的通过点火器将空气燃料混合物点燃之前发生燃烧。早燃典型地是发动机高负荷运行期间的问题，因为发动机运行产生的热会将一部分燃烧室加热至足以在接触时点燃空气燃料混合物的温度。这种类型的早燃有时称作热点早燃。
最近，已经在低速和中到高负荷的增压型内燃发动机中观察到间歇性异常燃烧。例如，在发动机以3，000rpm或更小、低负荷、至少10巴的制动平均有效压力(BMEP)运行的期间，低速早燃(LSPI)可能以一种无规且随机的方式出现。在低速发动机运行期间，压缩冲程时间最长。
先前研究显示，涡轮增压器的使用、发动机设计、发动机涂层、活塞形状、燃料选择、和/或机油添加剂可能造成LSPI事件的增加。因此，需要有效减少或消除LSPI的燃料和机油添加剂组分和/或组合。
概要
在一个方面，提供了一种燃料组合物，其包含：(1)大于50重量％的沸点在汽油或柴油范围内的烃燃料，和(2)少量的以下一种或多种物质：减少低速早燃(LSPI)的主添加剂，所述主添加剂包括(i)氨基添加剂，(ii)胺添加剂，(iii)三唑添加剂，(iv)苄脒鎓添加剂，(v)苯并噁唑添加剂，(vi)具有
Figure BDA0002729782230000021
结构的N＝C-X改性添加剂，其中X1和X2独立地为H、C、N、O或S；其中X1或X2独立地包括一个或多个C1-C20烷基或一个或多个芳族基团。
在另一方面，提供了一种燃料浓缩物，其包含：(1)90至30重量％的沸点为65℃至205℃的有机溶剂和(2)10至70重量％的选自以下一种或多种的添加剂组分：(i)氨基添加剂，(ii)胺添加剂，(iii)三唑添加剂，(iv)苄脒鎓添加剂，(v)苯并噁唑添加剂，(vi)具有
Figure BDA0002729782230000022
结构的N＝C-X改性添加剂，其中X1和X2独立地为H、C、N、O或S；其中X1或X2独立地包括一个或多个C1-C20烷基或一个或多个芳族基团。
另一方面，提供了一种润滑油组合物，其包含：(1)大于50重量％的基础油，和(2)0.01至15重量％的一种或多种选自以下的减少低速早燃(LSPI)的主添加剂，所述主添加剂包括(i)氨基添加剂，(ii)胺添加剂，(iii)三唑添加剂，(iv)苄脒鎓添加剂，(v)苯并噁唑添加剂，或(vi)具有
Figure BDA0002729782230000031
结构的N＝C-X改性添加剂，其中X1和X2独立地为H、C、N、O或S；其中X1或X2独立地包括一个或多个C1-C20烷基或一个或多个芳族基团。
详细说明
介绍
在本说明书中，如果使用以下词语和表达，则具有以下赋予的含义。
“汽油”或“汽油沸程组分”是指至少主要包含C4-C12烃的组合物。在一个实施方案中，汽油或汽油沸程范围组分进一步定义为是指至少包含主要为C4-C12烃并且沸程为约100°F(37.8℃)至约400°F(204℃)的组合物。在一个替代实施方案中，汽油或汽油沸程范围组分被定义为是指至少包含主要为C4-C12的烃的组合物，其沸程为约100°F(37.8℃)至约400°F(204℃)，并进一步定义符合ASTM D4814。
术语“柴油”是指至少主要包含C10-C25烃的中间馏分燃料。在一个实施方案中，柴油进一步定义为是指至少包含主要为C10-C25烃并且沸程为约165.6℃(330°F)至约371.1℃(700°F)的组合物。在一个替代实施方案中，柴油如上所定义，是指至少包含主要为C10-C25烃并且沸程为约165.6℃(330°F)至约371.1℃(700°F)的组合物，并且进一步定义符合ASTMD975。
术语“油溶性”是指对于给定的添加剂，可以通过将其溶解、分散或悬浮在具有润滑粘度的油中来掺入提供期望的活性或性能水平所需的量。通常，这意味着可以将至少0.001重量％的添加剂掺入润滑油组合物中。术语“燃料可溶”是溶解、分散或悬浮在燃料中的添加剂的类似表达。
术语“烷基”是指饱和烃基，其可以是直链、支链、环状或环状、直链和/或支链的组合。
“链烷醇”是本文所述的具有羟基取代基的烷基(即-OH基)。
“少量”是指小于组合物的50重量％，相对于所述添加剂和相对于所述组合物的总重量表示，被认为是所述添加剂的活性成分。
“类似物”是具有与另一种化合物相似的结构但在某些组分例如一个或多个原子、官能团、亚结构被另一原子、基团或亚结构取代的结构不同于该化合物的化合物。
“同系物”是属于通过重复单元彼此不同的一系列化合物的化合物。烷烃是同系物的例子。例如，乙烷和丙烷是同系物，因为它们仅在重复单元(-CH2-)的长度上不同。同源物可以被认为是特定类型的类似物。
“衍生物”是经由化学反应(例如，酸碱反应、氢化等)衍生自相似化合物的化合物。在取代基的上下文中，衍生物可以是一个或多个部分的组合。例如，苯酚部分可以被认为是芳基部分和羟基部分的衍生物。相关领域的普通技术人员将知道被认为是衍生的事物的界限。术语“取代的”是指化合物的一个或多个原子的取代或替换。作为说明性实例，“取代的烷基”尤其是指乙醇。
“发动机”或“燃烧发动机”是热力发动机，其中燃料的燃烧在燃烧室内发生。“内燃机”是在有限的空间(“燃烧室”)中发生燃料燃烧的热力发动机。“火花点火发动机”是一种热力发动机，其燃烧通常由火花塞通过火花点燃。这与“压缩点火发动机”(通常为柴油发动机)形成对比，在这种发动机中，压缩和燃料喷射一起产生的热量足以引发燃烧，而没有外部火花。
低速早燃(LSPI)
低速早燃(LSPI)最有可能在直喷、增压(涡轮增压或用增压器增压的)、火花点火(汽油)内燃机中发生，这些内燃机在运行时在1500至2500转/分钟(rpm)的发动机转速下(例如在1500至2000rpm的发动机转速下)会产生大于1000kPa(10bar)的制动平均有效压力。“制动平均有效压力”(BMEP)定义为在发动机循环期间完成的功除以发动机排出量，通过发动机排量标准化发动机扭矩。词“制动”表示在测功机上测得的发动机飞轮上可用的实际扭矩或功率。因此，BMEP是发动机有用能量输出的量度。
现已发现，本公开的燃料组合物或润滑油组合物特别适用于高压火花点火的内燃机，并且当用于高压火花点火的内燃机时，将防止或最小化发动机爆震和早燃问题。
减少LSPI的主添加剂
以下是可以用作燃料或润滑剂添加剂以减少LSPI活性的主添加剂的描述。减少LSPI的主添加剂可以用作独立的添加剂和/或与其他主添加剂和/或一种或多种减少LSPI的次添加剂(稍后描述)一起使用。当使用一种以上添加剂时，添加剂可以是盐形式。此外，当使用两种或更多种添加剂时，两种或更多种添加剂之间可能存在协同作用。通常，这些添加剂在达到期望的LSPI降低水平所需的浓度下是可溶于燃料或油的。表1总结了主添加剂类型。
表1
Figure BDA0002729782230000061
1.氨基添加剂
β-氨基链烷醇
本公开的燃料添加剂或润滑油添加剂可以是β-氨基链烷醇，取代的β-氨基链烷醇，其衍生物或其可接受的盐。有用的β-氨基链烷醇包括可以用以下通式表示的那些：
Figure BDA0002729782230000071
其中R1、R2、R3、和R4各自独立地选自氢和C1-C20烷基(例如，C1-C6烷基)；R1、R2、R3、和R4中的两个或更多个可任选地结合在一起以形成环结构(例如五元、六元或七元环)。在一些实施方案中，R1、R2、R3、和R4可独立地包括一个或多个芳环。
所述β-氨基链烷醇具有至少2个碳原子(例如4至30个碳原子、4至20个碳原子、4至16个碳原子、4至12个碳原子、5至30个碳原子、5至20个碳原子、5至16个碳原子或5至12个碳原子)。
合适的β-氨基链烷醇的代表性实例包括乙醇胺(式1A)、1-氨基-2-丙醇(式1B)、丙氨醇(式1C)、2-(甲基氨基)乙醇(式1D)、2-(乙氨基)乙醇(式1E)、2-氨基-2-甲基-1-丙醇(式1F)、2-氨基-1-丁醇(式1G)、2-氨基-1-戊醇(式1H)、缬氨醇(式1I)、2-氨基-1-己醇(式1J)、亮氨酸(式1K)、异亮酚(式1L)、环亮霉素(式1M)、环己基甘醇(式1N)、脯氨醇(式1O)、2-(羟甲基)哌啶(式1P)、2-氨基环戊醇(式1Q)和2-氨基环己醇(式1R)。
代表性的结构如下所示。
Figure BDA0002729782230000072
Figure BDA0002729782230000081
氨基酸
本公开的燃料添加剂或润滑油添加剂可以是脂族氨基酸、取代的脂族氨基酸或其衍生物或其可接受的盐。有用的氨基酸包括可以用以下通式表示的氨基酸：
Figure BDA0002729782230000091
其中R是“脂族”或“芳族”侧链。氨基酸侧链可大致分为芳族或脂族。芳族侧链包括芳环。具有芳族侧链的氨基酸的实例包括例如组氨酸(式2A)、苯丙氨酸(式2B)、酪氨酸(式2C)、色氨酸(式2D)等。非芳族侧链大致分为“脂肪族”，包括例如丙氨酸(式2E)、甘氨酸(式2F)、半胱氨酸(式2G)等。
氨基酸可以是天然和/或非天然的α-氨基酸。天然氨基酸是由遗传密码编码的氨基酸，以及由其衍生的氨基酸。这些包括例如羟脯氨酸(式2H)、γ-羧基谷氨酸盐(式2I)和瓜氨酸(式2J)。在本说明书中，术语“氨基酸”还包括氨基酸类似物和模拟物。类似物是具有与天然氨基酸相同的通式结构的化合物，除了R基团不是天然氨基酸中的一个。
天然氨基酸类似物的代表性实例包括高丝氨酸(式2K)、正亮氨酸(式2L)、高脯氨酸(式2M)和脯氨酸(式2N)。氨基酸模拟物是具有与α-氨基酸的通式化学结构不同的结构但以与一种相似的方式起作用的化合物。氨基酸可以是L-或D-氨基酸。代表性的结构如下所示。
Figure BDA0002729782230000092
Figure BDA0002729782230000101
氨基酯
本公开的燃料添加剂或润滑油添加剂可以是氨基酯、取代的氨基酯或其衍生物，或其可接受的盐。氨基酯可以衍生自氨基酸(如上所述)和醇。氨基酸酯和氨基酸可以认为是彼此的衍生物。有用的氨基酯包括可以由以下通式表示的那些：
Figure BDA0002729782230000111
其中R是脂族侧链，R1是长度为1至20个碳原子的碳链，优选为1至4个碳原子，特别是甲醇或乙醇，优选为甲醇。
氨基酯可包括芳族或脂族侧链。氨基酯的代表性实例包括丙氨酸甲酯(式3A)、丙氨酸乙酯(式3B)、甘氨酸甲酯(式3C)和甘氨酸乙酯(式3D)。代表性的结构如下所示。
Figure BDA0002729782230000112
2.N＝C-X改性添加剂
本公开的燃料添加剂或润滑油添加剂可以具有N＝C-X改性，如以下通式结构所示
Figure BDA0002729782230000113
Figure BDA0002729782230000121
其中R是H、一价有机基团或一价杂有机基团(在下文中有更详细的描述)，X1和X2独立地是H、C、N、O或S，并且其中X1或X2独立地包括一个或多个C1-C20烷基基团(例如，C1-C6烷基)或一个或多个芳环。在一些实施方案中，X1和X2可包括环状结构(例如五元，六元或七元环)。环状结构可以是芳族的或非芳族的，以及在完全饱和至完全不饱和的范围内变化。与式4相容的添加剂的合适实例包括脒、胍、咪唑、苄脒、苯并咪唑和氨基苯并咪唑。
脒
本公开的燃料添加剂或润滑油添加剂可以是脒，取代的脒或其衍生物或它们的可接受的盐。有用的脒包括可以用以下通式表示的那些：
Figure BDA0002729782230000122
其中R5、R6、R7和R8各自独立地选自氢、一价有机基团、一价杂有机基团(例如，包括氮、氧、硫或磷，其形式为通过碳原子键合的基团或部分并且不包含酸官能团例如羧酸或磺酸)及其组合；且其中R5、R6、R7和R8中的任何两个或更多个可任选地结合在一起以形成环状结构(例如五元、六元或七元环)。环状结构可以是芳族或非芳族的，以及在完全饱和至完全不饱和的范围内变化。有机和杂有机基团可具有1至10个碳原子(例如1至6个碳原子)。
合适的脒的代表性实例包括1,4,5,6-四氢嘧啶(式5A)、1,2-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氢嘧啶(式5B)、1,2-二乙基-1,4,5,6-四氢嘧啶(式5C)、1,5-二氮杂双环[4.3.0]壬-5-烯(DBN；式5D)，1,8-二氮杂双环[5.4.0]–十一碳-7-烯(DBU；式5E)，苄脒(式5F)，苯并咪唑(式5G)和2-苯基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑(式5M)。代表性的结构如下所示。
Figure BDA0002729782230000131
胍
本公开的燃料添加剂或润滑油添加剂可以是胍、取代的胍或其衍生物或其可接受的盐。有用的胍包括可以由以下通式表示的那些：
Figure BDA0002729782230000132
其中R9、R10、R11、R12和R13各自独立地选自氢、一价有机基团、一价杂有机基团(例如，包括氮、氧、硫或磷，其形式为通过碳原子键合的基团或部分并且不包含酸官能团例如羧酸或磺酸)及其组合；且其中R9、R10、R11、R12和R13中的任何两个或更多个可任选地结合在一起以形成环状结构(例如五元、六元或七元环)。环状结构可以是芳族或非芳族的，以及在完全饱和至完全不饱和的范围内变化。有机和杂有机基团可具有1至10个碳原子(例如1至6个碳原子)。
合适的胍的代表性实例包括1,1,3,3-四甲基胍(TMG；式6A)、2-叔丁基-1,1,3,3-四甲基胍(BTMG；式6B)，1,5，7-三氮杂双环[4.4.0]十二碳-5-烯(TBD；式6C)，7-甲基-1,5,7-三氮杂双环[4.4.0]十二碳-5-烯(MTBD；式6D)和1，2-二苯基胍(式6I)。代表性结构如下所示。
Figure BDA0002729782230000141
Figure BDA0002729782230000151
咪唑
本公开的燃料添加剂或润滑油添加剂可以是咪唑、取代的咪唑或其衍生物或其可接受的盐。合适的咪唑包括咪唑(式7A)、1-甲基咪唑(式7B)、1-乙基咪唑(式7D)、1-丙基咪唑(式7E)、1-正丁基咪唑(式7F)、1-癸基咪唑、1-十二烷基咪唑、2-甲基咪唑(式7G)、2-乙基咪唑、2-异丙基咪唑(式7H)、4-甲基咪唑(式7I)、1,2-二甲基咪唑(式7J)、2-乙基-4(5)-甲基咪唑(式7K)和1-乙烯基咪唑(式7L)。代表性的结构如下所示。
Figure BDA0002729782230000152
Figure BDA0002729782230000161
3.三唑添加剂
本公开的燃料添加剂或润滑油添加剂可以是三唑、取代的三唑或其衍生物或其可接受的盐。合适的三唑包括1、2、3-三唑(式8A)，5，6-二甲基苯并三唑(式8B)和1、2、4-三唑(式8C)。代表性的结构如下所示。
Figure BDA0002729782230000162
4.苄脒鎓添加剂
本公开的燃料添加剂或润滑油添加剂可以是苄脒鎓，取代的苄脒鎓或其衍生物或其可接受的盐。有用的苄脒鎓添加剂包括可以由以下通式9表示的那些，其中R1、R2、和R3独立地为C1-C20烷基。
Figure BDA0002729782230000163
Figure BDA0002729782230000171
合适的苄脒鎓包括N，N-二甲基-N-辛基苄脒鎓-2-氧化物(式9A)。代表性的结构如下所示。
Figure BDA0002729782230000172
5.苯并噁唑添加剂
本公开的燃料添加剂或润滑油添加剂可以是苯并噁唑，取代的苯并噁唑或其衍生物或其可接受的盐。合适的苯并噁唑包括苯并噁唑(式10A)和2-氨基苯并噁唑(式10B)。代表性的结构如下所示。
Figure BDA0002729782230000173
6.胺添加剂
芳香胺
本公开的燃料添加剂或润滑油添加剂可以是芳族胺、取代的芳族胺或其衍生物或其可接受的盐。芳香胺添加剂可以具有通式11-1或11-2中所示的一般结构，
Figure BDA0002729782230000181
其中R独立地是一个或多个H或C1-C20烷基，X是N(例如，R-N-R)或O-。
合适的芳族胺包括2-甲基喹啉-8-胺(式11A)。代表性的结构如下所示。
Figure BDA0002729782230000182
脂肪胺
合适的脂族胺如下所示。
Figure BDA0002729782230000191
减少LSPI的次添加剂
以下是可以用作燃料或润滑添加剂以减少LSPI活性的减少LSPI的次添加剂的描述。通常，将减少LSPI的次添加剂，取代的减少LSPI的次添加剂或其衍生物以其盐的形式并与主添加剂组合使用以减少LSPI活性。例如，可以将β-氨基链烷醇(主添加剂)和脂肪酸(次添加剂)组合并用作LSPI添加剂。表2列出了次添加剂类型。一些添加剂可以充当主添加剂和/或次添加剂。
表2
Figure BDA0002729782230000192
Figure BDA0002729782230000201
7.酸添加剂
脂肪酸
脂族酸是非芳族羧酸。合适的脂族酸包括具有以下结构的一元羧酸
Figure BDA0002729782230000202
其中R是具有2至20个碳原子的脂族基团。脂族基团可以是直链或支链的并且可以包含杂原子。
合适的脂族酸包括己酸(式13A)、庚酸(式13B)、辛酸(式13C)、壬酸(式13D)、癸酸(式13E)、十一烷酸、月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、花生酸(C20)、山嵛酸(C22)、2-乙基丁酸(式13F)、3,3-二甲基丁酸、2-甲基戊酸(C6)、2-甲基己酸(C7)、4-甲基己酸(C7)、5-甲基己酸(C7)、2,2-二甲基戊酸(C7)、2-丙基戊酸(C8)、2-乙基己酸(式13G)，2-甲基庚酸(C8)，异辛酸(C8)，3,5,5-三甲基己酸(C9)，4-甲基辛酸(C9)，4-甲基壬酸，(C10)，异癸酸(C10)，2-丁基辛酸(C12)，异十三烷酸(C13)，2-己基癸酸(C16)，异棕榈酸(C16)，异硬脂酸(式13H)，3-环己基丙酸，4-环己基丁酸(式13I)和环己烷戊酸。代表性的结构如下所示。
Figure BDA0002729782230000211
Figure BDA0002729782230000221
不饱和酸
合适的不饱和酸包括任何含有双或三碳-碳键的有机酸。代表性的不饱和酸包括马来酸(式14A)、富马酸(式14B)、以及不饱和脂肪酸，例如棕榈油酸(式14C)和油酸(式14D)。代表性的结构如下所示。
Figure BDA0002729782230000222
Figure BDA0002729782230000231
烷基芳酸
合适的烷基芳酸包括一元羧酸和二元羧酸。烷基羧酸可具有6个或更多个碳原子(例如6至24个碳原子、6至20个碳原子、8至24个碳原子、8至20个碳原子、或甚至8至18个碳原子)。烷基部分可以任选地被一个或多个取代基例如羟基、烷氧基和羰基(例如，醛基或酮基)取代。烷基芳酸的合适实例包括甲基苯甲酸(式15A)和乙基苯甲酸(式15B)。代表性的结构如下所示。
Figure BDA0002729782230000232
芳酸
合适的芳酸包括一元羧酸和二元羧酸。烷基羧酸可具有6个或更多个碳原子(例如6至24个碳原子、6至20个碳原子、8至24个碳原子、8至20个碳原子、或甚至8至18个碳原子)。烷基部分可以任选地被一个或多个取代基例如羟基，烷氧基和羰基(例如，醛基或酮基)取代。合适的芳酸包括苯甲酸(式16A)、羟基苯甲酸(式16B)和四氢萘甲酸(式16C)。代表性的结构如下所示。
Figure BDA0002729782230000241
羟基酸
合适的羟基酸包括可以由以下通式表示的那些：
Figure BDA0002729782230000242
其中n＝1-3。羟基酸的合适实例包括乙醇酸(式17A)、乳酸(式17B)、苹果酸(式17C)、酒石酸(式17D)和柠檬酸(式17E)。
代表性的结构如下所示。
Figure BDA0002729782230000243
氨基酸
氨基酸可用作主和/或次添加剂。合适的氨基酸如前所述。
8.酚添加剂
酚
合适的酚包括百里香酚(式18A)、丁子香酚(式18B)、对苯二酚(式18C)、间苯二酚(式18D)、甲酚(式18E)和2-甲基喹啉-8-醇(式18G)。代表性的结构如下所示。
Figure BDA0002729782230000251
9.1,3二羰基添加剂
1,3二酮
1，3-二酮化合物的合适实例包括乙酰丙酮(式19A)和姜黄素(式19B)。代表性的结构如下所示。
Figure BDA0002729782230000252
Figure BDA0002729782230000261
1,3酮酸酯
合适的1，3-酮酸酯如下所示。
Figure BDA0002729782230000262
10.羟酰胺添加剂
羟酰胺是酰胺的羟基衍生物。有用的羟酰胺包括可以由以下通式表示的那些：
Figure BDA0002729782230000263
其中R1和R2各自独立地选自氢或C1-C20(例如C3-C12)烷基。合适的羟酰胺包括羟基甲基乙酰胺(式21A)。代表性的结构如下所示。
Figure BDA0002729782230000264
11.抗氧化剂
合适的抗氧化剂包括一元羧酸和二元羧酸。烷基羧酸可具有6个或更多个碳原子(例如6至24个碳原子、6至20个碳原子、8至24个碳原子、8至20个碳原子、或甚至8至18个碳原子)。烷基部分可以任选地被一个或多个取代基例如羟基、烷氧基和羰基(例如，醛基或酮基)取代。合适的抗氧化剂包括以下。
Figure BDA0002729782230000271
12.水杨酸添加剂
水杨酸
合适的水杨酸包括2-羟基-5-(二十四碳-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,21,23-十二烷基-1-基)苯甲酸-二氢(式23E)。合适的水杨酸如下所示。
Figure BDA0002729782230000272
Figure BDA0002729782230000281
盐类
本公开的盐可以通过常规方式制备，例如通过在非质子溶剂中将主添加剂与合适的次添加剂混合。一种添加剂添加到另一种添加剂的顺序并不重要。通常将主添加剂和次添加剂以大约等摩尔的比率混合在一起。可以使用过量的主或次添加剂组分。例如，碱相对于烷基羧酸的摩尔比可为约1.05∶1至2∶1(例如1.1∶1至1.5∶1)。代表性的盐如下所示。
Figure BDA0002729782230000282
Figure BDA0002729782230000291
Figure BDA0002729782230000301
Figure BDA0002729782230000311
Figure BDA0002729782230000321
Figure BDA0002729782230000331
燃料组合物
本公开的化合物可用作烃燃料中的添加剂，以防止或减少火花点火式内燃机中的发动机爆震或早燃事件。
本发明化合物在烃燃料中的浓度按重量计可以为百万分之25至5000(ppm)(例如50至1000ppm)。
可以使用在65℃至205℃范围内沸腾的惰性稳定的亲油性(即，可溶于烃燃料中)有机溶剂将本公开的化合物配制成浓缩物。可以使用脂族或芳族烃溶剂，例如苯、甲苯、二甲苯或更高沸点的芳族化合物或芳族稀释剂。含有2至8个碳原子的脂族醇，例如乙醇、异丙醇、甲基异丁基甲醇、正丁醇等，与烃类溶剂结合，也适合与本发明的添加剂一起使用。在浓缩物中，添加剂的量可以为10至70重量％(例如20至40重量％)。
在汽油燃料中，可以使用其他公知的添加剂，包括含氧化合物(例如乙醇、甲基叔丁基醚)，其他抗爆剂和清净剂/分散剂(例如烃基胺，烃基聚氧化烯)胺、琥珀酰亚胺、曼尼希反应产物、聚烷基苯氧基烷醇的芳族酯或聚烷基苯氧基氨基烷烃)。另外，可以存在摩擦改进剂、抗氧化剂、金属减活剂和破乳剂。
在柴油燃料中，可以使用其他公知的添加剂，例如降凝剂、流动改进剂、十六烷值改进剂等。
燃料可溶的、非挥发性的载液或油也可以与本公开的化合物一起使用。载流体是化学惰性的烃溶性液体媒介物，其实质上增加了燃料添加剂组合物的非挥发性残余物(NVR)或无溶剂的液体部分，而不会明显地导致辛烷需求的增加。载流体可以是天然或合成油，例如矿物油、精制石油、合成聚烷烃和烯烃，包括氢化和未氢化的聚α-烯烃，合成聚氧化烯衍生的油，例如美国专利3,756,793；4,191,537；5,004,478中所述；以及欧洲专利申请公开Nos.356,726和382,159。
载流体可以以烃燃料的重量的35至5000ppm(例如，燃料的50至3000ppm)的范围内的量使用。当用于燃料浓缩物中时，载流体可以以20至60重量％(例如30至50重量％)的量存在。
润滑油组合物
本发明的化合物可用作润滑油中的添加剂，以防止或减少火花点火式内燃机中的发动机爆震或早燃事件。
基于润滑油组合物的总重量，本发明化合物在润滑油组合物中的浓度可以为0.01-15重量％(例如0.5-5重量％)。
具有润滑粘度的油(有时称为“基础油料”或“基础油”)是润滑剂的主要液体成分，在其中掺入了添加剂和可能的其他油，例如可制成最终润滑剂(或润滑剂成分)。可用于制备浓缩物以及由其制备润滑油组合物的基础油可选自天然(植物、动物或矿物)和合成润滑油及其混合物。
本公开中基础油料和基础油的定义与美国石油学会(API)出版物1509附件E(“APIBase Oil Interchangeability Guidelines for Passenger Car Motor Oils andDiesel Engine Oils,”2016年12月)中的定义相同。使用表E-1中指定的测试方法，I类基础油料中的饱和物含量小于90％和/或硫含量大于0.03％，粘度指数大于或等于80且小于120。使用表E-1中指定的测试方法，II类基础油料中的饱和物含量大于或等于90％，硫含量小于或等于0.03％，粘度指数大于或等于80且小于120。使用表E-1中指定的测试方法，III类基础油料中的饱和物含量大于或等于90％，硫含量小于或等于0.03％，粘度指数大于或等于120。第IV类基础油料是聚α烯烃(PAO)。第V类基础油料包括第I、II、III或IV类未包括的所有其他基础油料。
天然油包括动物油、植物油(例如，蓖麻油和猪油)和矿物油。可以使用具有良好的热氧化稳定性的动植物油。在天然油中，优选矿物油。矿物油的原油来源差异很大，例如，它们是链烷烃、环烷烃或混合链烷烃-环烷烃。衍生自煤或页岩的油也是有用的。天然油的生产和纯化方法也有所不同，例如，其馏程以及是直馏还是裂化、加氢精制或溶剂萃取。
合成油包括烃油。烃油包括诸如聚合和共聚的烯烃(例如，聚丁烯、聚丙烯、丙烯异丁烯共聚物，乙烯-烯烃共聚物和乙烯-α-烯烃共聚物)的油。聚α烯烃(PAO)油基础油料是常用的合成烃油。举例来说，可以使用衍生自C8至C14烯烃的PAOs，例如C8、C10、C12、C14烯烃或其混合物。
用作基础油的其他有用的流体包括已经加工，优选催化或合成以提供高性能特征的非常规基础油。
非常规基础油料/基础油包括一种或多种衍生自以下的基础油混合物：一种或多种气至液(GTL)材料以及异构/异构脱蜡基础油，所述异构/异构脱蜡基础油衍生自天然蜡或蜡状进料、矿物和/或非矿物油蜡状进料(例如松蜡、天然蜡)和蜡状原料，例如粗柴油，蜡状燃料加氢裂化底部馏分、蜡状提余液、加氢裂化物、热裂化物或其他矿物，矿物油，甚至非石油衍生的蜡状材料，例如从煤液化或页岩油中获得的蜡状材料，以及这些基础油料的混合物。
用于本公开的润滑油组合物中的基础油是对应于API第I类、第II类、第III类、第IV类和第V类的各种油中的任何一种，及其混合物，优选API第II、III、IV、V类油，以及它们的混合物，由于它们具有出色的挥发性、稳定性、粘度和清洁度特性，因此更优选的是第III至V类基础油。
通常，基础油在100℃(ASTM D445)下的运动粘度为2.5至20mm2/s(例如3至12mm2/s、4至10mm2/s或4.5至8mm2/s)。
本发明的润滑油组合物还可包含常规的润滑剂添加剂，以赋予辅助功能，以得到成品润滑油组合物，其中这些添加剂被分散或溶解。例如，可以将润滑油组合物与抗氧化剂、无灰分散剂、抗磨剂、清净剂如金属清净剂、防锈剂、除雾剂、破乳剂、摩擦改性剂、金属减活剂、降凝剂、粘度改进剂、消泡剂、助溶剂，包装增容剂、缓蚀剂、染料、极压剂等及其混合物混合。多种添加剂是已知的并且可商购。可以通过常规的混合方法使用这些添加剂或其类似化合物制备本发明的润滑油组合物。
当使用时，以功能有效量使用每种前述添加剂以赋予润滑剂所需的性能。因此，例如，如果添加剂是无灰的分散剂，则该无灰的分散剂的功能有效量将是足以赋予润滑剂所需的分散性的量。通常，除非另有说明，否则这些添加剂中的每一种的浓度可以在约0.001至约20重量％，例如约0.01至约10重量％的范围内。
实施例
以下说明性示例旨在是非限制性的。
实施例1-45
将测试化合物掺混在汽油或润滑油中，并使用下述测试方法测定其减少LSPI事件的能力。
使用GM 2.0L LHU 4缸汽油涡轮增压直喷发动机进行LSPI测试。每个气缸都装有燃烧压力传感器。
使用六段测试程序来确定在发动机转速为2000rpm和负荷为275Nm的条件下发生的LSPI事件的数量。LSPI测试条件运行28分钟，每个段之间有一个空闲时间间隔。第一段用于调节机油，不计算LSPI事件的数量。每段都被略微截短以消除瞬态部分。每个截短的段通常具有大约100,000个燃烧循环(每个气缸25,000个燃烧循环)。总的来说，计算LSPI事件的五个截短段大约有500,000个燃烧循环(每个气缸125,000个燃烧循环)。如果发动机无法完成所有六个部分，则可能会缩短测试时间。
通过监测峰值气缸压力(PP)和5％总放热下的曲柄角(AI5)来确定LSPI影响的燃烧循环。LSPI影响的燃烧循环定义为(1)PP大于给定气缸和截短段的平均PP五个标准偏差，以及(2)AI5大于给定气缸和截短段的平均值五个标准偏差以下。
LSPI频率报道为每百万燃烧循环中受LSPI影响的燃烧循环数，其计算方法如下：
LSPI频率＝[(五个截短段中LSPI影响的燃烧循环总数)/(五个截短段中的燃烧循环总数)]×1,000,000
当与对应的基准燃料和/或基准润滑剂相比时，与减少LSPI频率的测试燃料和/或测试润滑剂相关的添加剂被认为是减轻LSPI频率的添加剂。为了在此进行测试，基准燃料是不含任何沉积物控制添加剂的常规49-州优质无铅汽油燃料，并且基准润滑剂是满足ILSAC GF-5和API SN规范的常规发动机油的代表。在某些测试中，将四氢萘加入汽油中以促进LSPI。测试结果列于表2。
表2
Figure BDA0002729782230000391
Figure BDA0002729782230000401

Claims (39)

1.一种燃料组合物，其包含：(1)大于50重量％的沸点在汽油或柴油范围内的烃燃料和(2)少量的以下一种或多种物质：
减少低速早燃(LSPI)的主添加剂，所述主添加剂包括(i)氨基添加剂，(ii)胺添加剂，(iii)三唑添加剂，(iv)苄脒鎓添加剂，(v)苯并噁唑添加剂，(vi)具有
Figure FDA0002729782220000011
结构的N＝C-X改性添加剂，其中X1和X2独立地为H、C、N、O或S；以及其中X1或X2独立地包括一个或多个C1-C20烷基或一个或多个芳族基团。
2.根据权利要求1所述的燃料组合物，其中所述氨基添加剂是β-氨基链烷醇、氨基酸或氨基酯。
3.根据权利要求1所述的燃料组合物，其中所述胺添加剂是芳族胺或脂族胺。
4.根据权利要求1所述的燃料组合物，其中所述三唑添加剂是5，6-二甲基苯并三唑。
5.根据权利要求1所述的燃料组合物，其中所述减少LSPI的主添加剂是脯氨醇、aliquat、morphguam、2-氨基苯并咪唑、AHPD、N，N-二甲基-N-辛基苄脒鎓-2-氧化物、苯并噁唑、2-甲基喹啉-8-胺或2-氨基苯并噁唑。
6.根据权利要求1所述的燃料组合物，其中所述N＝C-X改性添加剂是脒、胍、咪唑、苄脒、苯并咪唑或氨基苯并咪唑。
7.根据权利要求6所述的燃料组合物，其中所述脒是1,4,5,6-四氢嘧啶、1,2-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氢嘧啶、1,2-二乙基-1,4,5,6-四氢嘧啶、1,5-二氮杂双环[4.3.0]壬-5-烯(DBN)、2-苯基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑、或1,8-二氮杂双环[5.4.0]–十一碳-7-烯(DBU)。
8.根据权利要求6所述的燃料组合物，其中所述胍是1,1,3,3-四甲基胍(TMG)、2-叔丁基-1,1,3,3-四甲基胍(BTMG)、1,5,7-三氮杂双环[4.4.0]十二碳-5-烯(TBD)、1,2-二苯基胍、或7-甲基-1,5,7-三氮杂双环[4.4.0]十二碳-5-烯(MTBD)。
9.根据权利要求1所述的燃料组合物，进一步包括：
减少LSPI的次添加剂，包括酸添加剂、苯酚添加剂、1,3二羰基添加剂、羟酰胺添加剂、抗氧化剂添加剂或水杨酸添加剂。
10.根据权利要求9所述的燃料组合物，其特征在于所述减少LSPI的主添加剂和所述减少LSPI的次添加剂形成盐。
11.根据权利要求9所述的燃料组合物，其中所述酸添加剂是脂族酸、不饱和酸、烷基芳族酸、芳族酸、羟基酸或氨基酸。
12.根据权利要求9所述的燃料组合物，其中所述减少LSPI的次添加剂为2-乙基己酸酯、异戊酸酯、脯氨酸、二酮、油酸酯、甲苯、四氢化萘羧酸酯、酚盐、酚羧酸酯、羟基酸、2-羟基-5-(二十四碳-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,21,23-十二烷基-1-基)苯甲酸-二氢或酮酸酯。
13.一种燃料浓缩物，其包含：(1)90至30重量％的沸点为65℃至205℃的有机溶剂和(2)10至70重量％的选自以下一种或多种添加剂的组分：
(i)氨基添加剂，(ii)胺添加剂，(iii)三唑添加剂，(iv)苄脒鎓添加剂，(v)苯并噁唑添加剂，或(vi)具有
Figure FDA0002729782220000031
结构的N＝C-X改性添加剂，
其中X1和X2独立地为H、C、N、O或S；以及
其中X1或X2独立地包括一个或多个C1-C20烷基或一个或多个芳族基团。
14.根据权利要求13所述的燃料浓缩物，其中所述氨基添加剂是β-氨基链烷醇、氨基酸或氨基酯。
15.根据权利要求13所述的燃料浓缩物，其中所述胺添加剂是芳族胺或脂族胺。
16.根据权利要求13所述的燃料浓缩物，其中所述三唑添加剂是5，6-二甲基苯并三唑。
17.根据权利要求13所述的燃料浓缩物，其中所述减少LSPI的主添加剂是脯氨醇、aliquat、morphguam、2-氨基苯并咪唑、AHPD、N，N-二甲基-N-辛基苄脒鎓-2-氧化物、苯并噁唑、2-甲基喹啉-8-胺或2-氨基苯并噁唑。
18.根据权利要求13所述的燃料浓缩物，其中所述N＝C-X改性添加剂是脒、胍、咪唑、苄脒、苯并咪唑或氨基苯并咪唑。
19.根据权利要求18所述的燃料浓缩物，其中所述脒是1,4,5,6-四氢嘧啶、1,2-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氢嘧啶、1,2-二乙基-1,4,5,6-四氢嘧啶、1,5-二氮杂双环[4.3.0]壬-5-烯(DBN)、2-苯基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑、或1,8-二氮杂双环[5.4.0]–十一碳-7-烯(DBU)。
20.根据权利要求18所述的燃料浓缩物，其中所述胍是1,1,3,3-四甲基胍(TMG)、2-叔丁基-1,1,3,3-四甲基胍(BTMG)、1,5,7-三氮杂双环[4.4.0]十二碳-5-烯(TBD)、1,2-二苯基胍、或7-甲基-1,5,7-三氮杂双环[4.4.0]十二碳-5-烯(MTBD)
21.根据权利要求13所述的燃料浓缩物，进一步包括
减少LSPI的次添加剂，包括酸添加剂、苯酚添加剂、1,3二羰基添加剂、羟酰胺添加剂、抗氧化剂添加剂或水杨酸添加剂。
22.根据权利要求21所述的燃料浓缩物，其中所述酸添加剂是脂族酸、不饱和酸、烷基芳族酸、芳族酸、羟基酸或氨基酸。
23.根据权利要求21所述的燃料浓缩物，其中所述减少LSPI的次添加剂为2-乙基己酸酯、异戊酸酯、脯氨酸、二酮、油酸酯、甲苯、四氢化萘羧酸酯、酚盐、酚羧酸酯、羟基酸、或酮酸酯。
24.一种润滑油组合物，其包含：(1)大于50重量％的基础油，和(2)0.01至15重量％的选自以下一种或多种的组分：
减少低速早燃(LSPI)的主添加剂，所述主添加剂包括(i)氨基添加剂，(ii)胺添加剂，(iii)三唑添加剂，(iv)苄脒鎓添加剂，(v)苯并噁唑添加剂，或(vi)具有
Figure FDA0002729782220000051
结构的N＝C-X改性添加剂，
其中X1和X2独立地为H、C、N、O或S；以及
其中X1或X2独立地包括一个或多个C1-C20烷基或一个或多个芳族基团。
25.根据权利要求24所述的润滑油组合物，其中所述氨基添加剂是β-氨基链烷醇、氨基酸或氨基酯。
26.根据权利要求24所述的润滑油组合物，其中所述胺添加剂是芳族胺或脂族胺。
27.根据权利要求24所述的润滑油组合物，其中所述三唑添加剂是5，6-二甲基苯并三唑。
28.根据权利要求24所述的润滑油组合物，其中所述减少LSPI的主添加剂是脯氨醇、aliquat、morphguam、2-氨基苯并咪唑、AHPD、N，N-二甲基-N-辛基苄脒鎓-2-氧化物、苯并噁唑、2-甲基喹啉-8-胺或2-氨基苯并噁唑。
29.根据权利要求24所述的润滑油组合物，其中所述N＝C-X改性添加剂是脒、胍、咪唑、苄脒、苯并咪唑或氨基苯并咪唑。
30.根据权利要求29所述的润滑油组合物，其中所述脒是1,4,5,6-四氢嘧啶、1,2-二甲基-1,4,5,6-四氢嘧啶、1,2-二乙基-1,4,5,6-四氢嘧啶、1,5-二氮杂双环[4.3.0]壬-5-烯(DBN)、2-苯基-1H-苯并[d]咪唑、或1,8-二氮杂双环[5.4.0]–十一碳-7-烯(DBU)。
31.根据权利要求29所述的润滑油组合物，其中所述胍是1,1,3,3-四甲基胍(TMG)、2-叔丁基-1,1,3,3-四甲基胍(BTMG)、1,5,7-三氮杂双环[4.4.0]十二碳-5-烯(TBD)、1,2-二苯基胍、或7-甲基-1,5,7-三氮杂双环[4.4.0]十二碳-5-烯(MTBD)。
32.根据权利要求24所述的润滑油组合物，进一步包括
减少LSPI的次添加剂，包括酸添加剂、苯酚添加剂、1,3二羰基添加剂、羟酰胺添加剂、抗氧化剂添加剂或水杨酸添加剂。
33.根据权利要求32所述的润滑油组合物，其中所述减少LSPI的次添加剂为2-乙基己酸酯、异戊酸酯、脯氨酸、二酮、油酸酯、甲苯、四氢化萘羧酸酯、酚盐、酚羧酸酯、羟基酸、或酮酸酯。
34.一种用于防止或减少火花点火式内燃机中的低速早燃事件的方法，所述方法包括向所述发动机供应包括权利要求24所述的润滑油组合物。
35.根据权利要求34所述的方法，其中所述火花点火式内燃发动机以小于3000rpm的速度运转。
36.根据权利要求34所述的方法，其中所述火花点火式内燃发动机在制动平均有效压力为至少10bar(1MPa)的负载下运行。
37.一种用于防止或减少火花点火式内燃机中的低速早燃事件的方法，所述方法包括向所述发动机供应包括权利要求1所述的燃料组合物。
38.根据权利要求37所述的方法，其中所述火花点火式内燃发动机以小于3000rpm的速度运转。
39.根据权利要求37所述的方法，其中所述火花点火式内燃发动机在制动平均有效压力为至少10bar(1MPa)的负载下运行。
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