CN112028562A - Inorganic coating anti-freezing concrete and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Inorganic coating anti-freezing concrete and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN112028562A CN112028562A CN202010703163.1A CN202010703163A CN112028562A CN 112028562 A CN112028562 A CN 112028562A CN 202010703163 A CN202010703163 A CN 202010703163A CN 112028562 A CN112028562 A CN 112028562A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- concrete
- sand
- portions
- water
- inorganic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
- C04B28/04—Portland cements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/009—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone characterised by the material treated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
- C04B41/52—Multiple coating or impregnating multiple coating or impregnating with the same composition or with compositions only differing in the concentration of the constituents, is classified as single coating or impregnation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/60—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only artificial stone
- C04B41/61—Coating or impregnation
- C04B41/70—Coating or impregnation for obtaining at least two superposed coatings having different compositions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2201/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values
- C04B2201/50—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for the mechanical strength
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Aftertreatments Of Artificial And Natural Stones (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses an inorganic coating anti-freezing concrete and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the technical field of concrete. The inorganic coating anti-freezing concrete comprises the following components in parts by weight: 400 portions of cement, 750 portions of sand, 800 portions of pebble, 900 portions of stone, 4-4.5 portions of water reducing agent and 150 portions of water; the concrete surface is coated with a coating. The invention has simple formula and good freezing resistance and durability, and is suitable for various engineering projects in alpine regions.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an inorganic coating anti-freezing concrete and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the technical field of concrete.
Background
Most areas in China belong to severe cold regions, and the requirement on the frost resistance of buildings is high. Under the conditions of severe cold and extreme temperature difference, the internal and external contraction of the conventional concrete is inconsistent, so that the internal stress of the concrete is increased, and cracks are generated. In order to improve the frost resistance of concrete, an inorganic coating is usually added to the concrete, and the bonding property and the waterproof property of the concrete are enhanced depending on the performance of the inorganic coating.
However, in the later stage of concrete curing, fine cracks still can be generated inside concrete due to large temperature difference between the inside and the outside in severe cold areas, and the internal cracks gradually increase along with continuous freezing and melting, so that the strength of the whole concrete construction building is influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide the antifreeze concrete with the inorganic coating and the preparation method thereof, wherein the inorganic coating is sprayed on the surface of the concrete, so that the waterproof and bonding properties of the concrete are improved, and the antifreeze durability of the concrete is improved.
The above object of the present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions: an inorganic coating anti-freezing concrete comprises the following components in parts by weight:
cement 400-450 parts
750 portions of sand and 800 portions of sand
900 portions of stone
4-4.5 parts of water reducing agent
150 portions of water and 200 portions of water;
the concrete surface is coated with a coating.
The coating is formed by mixing an XT-HPA environment-friendly high-permeability inorganic crystalline waterproofing agent and an XT-SS environment-friendly surface sealing agent.
The water reducing agent is a polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent.
The stones are continuously graded with a particle size of 5-25 mm.
The sand uses natural medium sand in the II area.
A preparation method of inorganic coating anti-freeze concrete comprises the following steps:
1) introducing sand and stones into respective raw material bins for pre-homogenization;
2) placing the pre-homogenized sand and gravel in a forced stirrer, and stirring for 1-5 min;
3) adding cement and a water reducing agent into the forced stirrer, stirring for 5-15min, adding water, and uniformly mixing and stirring to obtain a concrete test block;
4) the concrete test block is cured in water for 28 days and then sprayed with a coating.
A preparation method of inorganic coating anti-freeze concrete comprises the following steps:
1) cleaning impurities on the surface of the cured concrete test block, and naturally airing for 24 hours;
2) wetting the surface of the concrete test block by using a pneumatic watering can filled with clear water, spraying the XT-HPS environment-friendly high-permeability reinforcing sealant on the whole concrete surface for 5-10min, spraying the XT-HPS environment-friendly high-permeability reinforcing sealant after the surface layer is dried, and drying to obtain the concrete test block.
By adopting the technical scheme, the sand and the stones are used as basic lapping frameworks of the concrete, the quantity of the stones is large, and the sand is filled in gaps among the stones and forms the basic lapping frameworks of the concrete with the stones. Cement and a water reducing agent are dissolved in water to form viscous slurry, and the slurry is wrapped on the outside of the lap joint frameworks to enhance the bonding effect between the lap joint frameworks, so that the strength of the concrete basic framework is improved.
In addition, the additive is a polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent. The polycarboxylate superplasticizer added into the concrete can further reduce the water consumption and increase the bonding strength between the lap-jointed frameworks.
By adopting the technical scheme, after the surface impurities are taken out from water and cleaned and naturally dried for 24 hours, the concrete surface is wetted by using a pneumatic watering can filled with clear water, the surface can not be exposed to bright water, the XT-HPA environment-friendly high-permeability inorganic crystalline waterproofing agent is sprayed on the whole concrete surface, and the surface layer is dried in the air after a few minutes and then sprayed again. And after 24 hours, cleaning the surface by using clean water, and spraying the XT-SS environment-friendly surface sealant once after the surface layer is dried in the air for a few minutes. The XT-HPA environment-friendly high-permeability inorganic crystalline waterproofing agent and the XT-SS environment-friendly surface sealant can improve the overall bonding strength of concrete, can block crack expansion and water intrusion in the freeze-thaw process of the concrete, and prevent the concrete from segregation and delamination.
The stones are continuously graded with a particle size of 5-25 mm.
The sand uses natural medium sand in the II area.
By adopting the technical scheme, the stones with 5-25mm continuous gradation are used as basic lapping frameworks, the sizes of the stones are different, the stones with smaller particles are filled among the stones with larger particle sizes, and the concrete frameworks with different lapping levels are integrally formed. The natural medium sand in the area II has smaller grain diameter and is filled in gaps among stones, so that the strength of the lapped framework is further enhanced.
The concrete prepared by the formula has good compression resistance, and the strength loss is small after multiple freeze-thaw cycles.
By adopting the technical scheme, after the sand and the stones are pre-homogenized, the surfaces of the sand and the stones are mutually rubbed to form a new tangent plane, so that the sand and the stones are easily mixed with the slurry, and the adhesion is strong.
When the concrete is prepared, sand and stones for constructing the concrete framework are uniformly stirred in advance, and then the sand and the stones are mixed with cement and a water reducing agent to form a uniformly dispersed concrete system.
By adopting the technical scheme, the XT-HPA environment-friendly high-permeability inorganic crystalline waterproofing agent and the XT-SS environment-friendly surface sealant are uniformly sprayed on the surface of the concrete, so that an inorganic waterproof layer is formed on the surface of the concrete, and the bonding and waterproof effects are better.
In conclusion, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the continuous graded stones and sands are mutually filled and overlapped to form a stable concrete framework, so that the compressive strength of the concrete is increased.
2. The XT-HPA environment-friendly high-permeability inorganic crystal waterproof agent and the XT-SS environment-friendly surface sealant are sprayed on the surface of the concrete, so that an inorganic waterproof layer is formed on the surface of the concrete, and the bonding and waterproof performance of the concrete is improved.
3. The water reducing agent is a polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent, so that the bonding strength of the lap joint framework and the gel substance in the concrete is further improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the preparation process of the inorganic coating antifreeze concrete.
Detailed Description
An inorganic coating anti-freezing concrete comprises the following components in parts by weight:
cement 400-450 parts
750 portions of sand and 800 portions of sand
900 portions of stone
4-4.5 parts of water reducing agent
150 portions of water and 200 portions of water;
the concrete surface is coated with a coating.
The coating is formed by mixing an XT-HPA environment-friendly high-permeability inorganic crystalline waterproofing agent and an XT-SS environment-friendly surface sealing agent.
The water reducing agent is a polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent.
The stones are continuously graded with a particle size of 5-25 mm.
The sand uses natural medium sand in the II area.
A preparation method of inorganic coating anti-freeze concrete comprises the following steps:
1) introducing sand and stones into respective raw material bins for pre-homogenization;
2) placing the pre-homogenized sand and gravel in a forced stirrer, and stirring for 1-5 min;
3) adding cement and a water reducing agent into the forced stirrer, stirring for 5-15min, adding water, and uniformly mixing and stirring to obtain a concrete test block;
4) the concrete test block is cured in water for 28 days and then sprayed with a coating.
A preparation method of inorganic coating anti-freeze concrete comprises the following steps:
1) cleaning impurities on the surface of the cured concrete test block, and naturally airing for 24 hours;
2) wetting the surface of the concrete test block by using a pneumatic watering can filled with clear water, spraying the XT-HPS environment-friendly high-permeability reinforcing sealant on the whole concrete surface for 5-10min, spraying the XT-HPS environment-friendly high-permeability reinforcing sealant after the surface layer is dried, and drying to obtain the concrete test block.
Example 1
The present invention is described in further detail below with reference to fig. 1.
The raw materials related to the invention are all commercially available, and the specific specifications and manufacturers are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 specification and manufacturer of raw materials used in the examples
A method for preparing inorganic coated frost resistant concrete comprising the steps of:
the method comprises the following steps: 785kg of sand and 999kg of pebbles are introduced into respective raw material bins for pre-homogenization;
step two: 785kg of sand and 999kg of stones are put in a forced stirrer to be stirred for 2 min;
step three: adding 440kg of cement and 4.4kg of water reducing agent into a forced stirrer, and stirring for 10 min;
step four: and curing the concrete test piece and the test block in water for 28 days, and spraying an XT-HPA environment-friendly high-permeability inorganic crystalline waterproofing agent and an XT-SS environment-friendly surface sealing agent.
The XT-HPA penetration type and XT-SS sealing type spraying method comprises the following steps:
s1, taking out the concrete test block and the test piece from the water, cleaning the surface impurities and naturally airing for 24 hours;
s2, spraying an XT-HPA environment-friendly high-permeability inorganic crystalline waterproofing agent on the whole concrete surface for a plurality of minutes, and spraying again after the surface layer is dried;
and S3, cleaning the surface by using clear water after 24 hours, and spraying XT-SS environment-friendly surface sealant once after the surface layer is dried in the air after a few minutes.
The water reducing agent is a polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent.
The freeze-thaw cycle test of the inorganic coating anti-freezing concrete prepared by the mixture ratio is carried out according to the fast freeze-thaw test regulation in the test method for the long-term durability and the durability of common concrete (GBJ82-85), and the dynamic elastic modulus and the quality of the test are tested; the compressive strength is in accordance with GB/T50081-2002 Standard of mechanical Properties test methods of ordinary concrete.
The frost resistance of the inorganic coating concrete is tested as follows: placing the concrete test block and the test piece which are maintained in the water saturation state for 28 days into a rubber barrel, placing the rubber barrel into a rapid freeze-thaw circulating machine for freeze-thaw circulating test, wherein the water surface is 2cm higher than that of the concrete test block and the test block, the concrete test block and the test block are in the water saturation state in the freeze-thaw process, and the compression strength, the dynamic elastic modulus and the quality are tested every 50 times of freeze-thaw circulation. The freezing resistance coefficient, the relative dynamic elastic modulus and the mass loss are respectively obtained for 300 times, and the three types of test data are specifically shown in table 2.
Table 2 shows three types of test data of the inorganic coating anti-freeze concrete
From the above data, the initial compressive strength, the dynamic elastic modulus and the mass of the concrete prepared by the above formulation are 51.778MPa, 50.22GPa and 9.7374kg respectively, and the concrete can bear enough strength. After 300 times of circulating freeze thawing, the freeze resistance coefficient, the relative dynamic elastic modulus and the mass loss rate are 98.40%, 97.33% and 0.60% respectively, wherein the relative dynamic elastic modulus is far higher than 60%, and the mass loss rate is far lower than 5%, so that the national standard of testing method of long-term durability and durability of common concrete (GBJ82-85) is met, meanwhile, the mass loss rate of the concrete is extremely low due to the spraying of the inorganic coating, the compressive strength of the concrete is far higher than that of C40 concrete, no crack is generated on the surface of the concrete after 300 times of circulating freeze thawing, the strength is reduced slightly, and the concrete has good freeze resistance.
The XT-HPA environment-friendly high-permeability inorganic crystalline waterproofing agent and the XT-SS environment-friendly surface sealant are sprayed on the surface of the concrete, so that an inorganic waterproof layer is formed on the surface of the concrete, the bonding and waterproof performance of the concrete is improved, and the frost resistance of the concrete is further improved.
The present embodiment is only for explaining the present invention, and it is not limited to the present invention, and those skilled in the art can make modifications of the present embodiment without inventive contribution as needed after reading the present specification, but all of them are protected by patent law within the scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. The inorganic coating anti-freezing concrete is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by weight:
cement 400-450 parts
750 portions of sand and 800 portions of sand
900 portions of stone
4-4.5 parts of water reducing agent
150 portions of water and 200 portions of water;
the concrete surface is coated with a coating.
2. The inorganic coated frost resistant concrete of claim 1, wherein: the coating is formed by mixing an XT-HPA environment-friendly high-permeability inorganic crystalline waterproofing agent and an XT-SS environment-friendly surface sealing agent.
3. The inorganic coated frost resistant concrete of claim 1, wherein: the water reducing agent is a polycarboxylic acid water reducing agent.
4. The inorganic coated frost resistant concrete of claim 1, wherein: the stones are continuously graded with a particle size of 5-25 mm.
5. The inorganic coated frost resistant concrete of claim 1, wherein: the sand uses natural medium sand in the II area.
6. A preparation method of the inorganic coating anti-freezing concrete is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) introducing sand and stones into respective raw material bins for pre-homogenization;
2) placing the pre-homogenized sand and gravel in a forced stirrer, and stirring for 1-5 min;
3) adding cement and a water reducing agent into the forced stirrer, stirring for 5-15min, adding water, and uniformly mixing and stirring to obtain a concrete test block;
4) the concrete test block is cured in water for 28 days and then sprayed with a coating.
7. The method for preparing the antifreeze concrete with the inorganic coating according to claim 6, wherein the spraying coating process comprises the following steps:
1) cleaning impurities on the surface of the cured concrete test block, and naturally airing for 24 hours;
2) wetting the surface of the concrete test block by using a pneumatic watering can filled with clear water, spraying the XT-HPS environment-friendly high-permeability reinforcing sealant on the whole concrete surface for 5-10min, spraying the XT-HPS environment-friendly high-permeability reinforcing sealant after the surface layer is dried, and drying to obtain the concrete test block.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010703163.1A CN112028562A (en) | 2020-07-21 | 2020-07-21 | Inorganic coating anti-freezing concrete and preparation method thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010703163.1A CN112028562A (en) | 2020-07-21 | 2020-07-21 | Inorganic coating anti-freezing concrete and preparation method thereof |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN112028562A true CN112028562A (en) | 2020-12-04 |
Family
ID=73579824
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010703163.1A Pending CN112028562A (en) | 2020-07-21 | 2020-07-21 | Inorganic coating anti-freezing concrete and preparation method thereof |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN112028562A (en) |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102425305A (en) * | 2011-12-28 | 2012-04-25 | 广州市恒盛建设工程有限公司 | Concrete penetration and sealing composite waterproof construction method |
| CN104058678A (en) * | 2013-04-15 | 2014-09-24 | 上海建工材料工程有限公司 | Highly-antifreezing highly-slump retaining self-compacting C40 concrete |
| CN108033744A (en) * | 2017-11-20 | 2018-05-15 | 马鞍山豹龙新型建材有限公司 | A kind of production method of the powder ash air-entrained concrete building block of surface spraying waterproofing agent |
| CN108623246A (en) * | 2017-03-24 | 2018-10-09 | 北京市小红门混凝土有限责任公司 | Frost-resistant concrete and preparation method thereof |
| CN109704664A (en) * | 2019-03-13 | 2019-05-03 | 北京琦正德科技有限责任公司 | A method of improving cured concrete antifreezing grade |
-
2020
- 2020-07-21 CN CN202010703163.1A patent/CN112028562A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102425305A (en) * | 2011-12-28 | 2012-04-25 | 广州市恒盛建设工程有限公司 | Concrete penetration and sealing composite waterproof construction method |
| CN104058678A (en) * | 2013-04-15 | 2014-09-24 | 上海建工材料工程有限公司 | Highly-antifreezing highly-slump retaining self-compacting C40 concrete |
| CN108623246A (en) * | 2017-03-24 | 2018-10-09 | 北京市小红门混凝土有限责任公司 | Frost-resistant concrete and preparation method thereof |
| CN108033744A (en) * | 2017-11-20 | 2018-05-15 | 马鞍山豹龙新型建材有限公司 | A kind of production method of the powder ash air-entrained concrete building block of surface spraying waterproofing agent |
| CN109704664A (en) * | 2019-03-13 | 2019-05-03 | 北京琦正德科技有限责任公司 | A method of improving cured concrete antifreezing grade |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN110105022B (en) | High-strength super-frost-resistant dry-hard concrete material and preparation method thereof | |
| CN108623246B (en) | Frost-resistant concrete and preparation method thereof | |
| CN108328977B (en) | Concrete repairing material | |
| CN104926223A (en) | Formula of salt-frost-resistant gravel concrete curb and preparation method of curb | |
| CN113698170B (en) | High-performance pervious concrete rapid repairing material and preparation method and application thereof | |
| CN104926222A (en) | Formula of salt-frost-resistant crushed stone aggregate concrete curb and preparation method of curb | |
| CN109095835B (en) | Frost crack resistant concrete and preparation method thereof | |
| CN106630819A (en) | Anti-efflorescence sea water coral aggregate concrete block | |
| CN110792209B (en) | Facing fair-faced concrete wall and construction process thereof | |
| CN112047670A (en) | C40 polypropylene fiber-doped anti-freezing concrete and preparation method thereof | |
| CN112110693A (en) | Anti-freezing concrete suitable for alpine and high-altitude areas | |
| WO2020015508A1 (en) | Method for treating concrete hole or rebar exposure | |
| CN112049445A (en) | Seasonal construction and maintenance process for concrete | |
| CN112979241A (en) | Anti-freezing concrete and preparation method thereof | |
| CN112028562A (en) | Inorganic coating anti-freezing concrete and preparation method thereof | |
| CN117263623A (en) | Cement-based phase change material and preparation method thereof | |
| CN108569872B (en) | Protective material and application of protective material as building surface protective layer and repairing building corrosion part | |
| CN112624681A (en) | Preparation method of C30 anti-freezing concrete and inorganic coating spraying process thereof | |
| CN112047672A (en) | Preparation method and spraying process of C40 inorganic coating anti-freezing concrete | |
| CN112047671A (en) | Inorganic coating anti-freezing composite concrete and preparation method thereof | |
| CN112441790A (en) | Double-component back adhesive composition for stone and preparation method thereof | |
| CN105110734A (en) | Low temperature sensitive road-use modified cement | |
| CN112028561A (en) | Preparation method and surface spraying process of C40 inorganic coating anti-freeze concrete | |
| CN112028550A (en) | Preparation method of C40 anti-freezing concrete and inorganic coating spraying process | |
| CN110065278A (en) | A kind of concrete product of normal temperature cure and its preparation method and application |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication |
Application publication date: 20201204 |
|
| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication |