CN112012164A - Ecological riverway restoration system in northwest desert area based on branch of a river infiltrating wheel irrigation and construction method - Google Patents
Ecological riverway restoration system in northwest desert area based on branch of a river infiltrating wheel irrigation and construction method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
A riverway ecological restoration system in northwest desert regions based on branch of a river infiltrating wheel irrigation comprises an ecological engineering system and a branch of a river infiltrating wheel irrigation system; step 1, constructing branch of a river infiltration rotation irrigation system; step 2, constructing an ecological restoration system test area; step 3, correcting the ecological restoration system through branch of a river infiltration rotation irrigation effect feedback; the ecological engineering measures of 'gate-dike-dam-pump' in the drainage basin are combined with the surface water conveying modes of natural channels and branch rivers, the novel irrigation concept and irrigation mode of vegetation are innovatively provided, water resources are used for protective vegetation to the maximum extent, and the ecological restoration effect of the river channel in the northwest desert area is greatly improved; the method has the characteristics of vivid originality, advanced theoretical technology, remarkable practical effect and great popularization value.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of riverway ecological restoration in northwest desert regions, and particularly relates to a riverway ecological restoration system in the northwest desert regions based on branch of a river infiltrating irrigation and a construction method. A new concept, a new technology, a new degree and a construction method of an ecological restoration system thereof for the infiltration and rotation irrigation of protective vegetation branch of a river in the continental rivers and the river channels in the arid and arid desert regions.
Background
The inland rivers in the northwest arid region of China are the ecological fragile regions which are key to be protected in China and the core region for building the economic zone of silk roads in China, the precipitation is rare, the evaporation is strong, and the annual average evaporation capacity of places such as Tarim, Hexi corridors and the like is more than 1800 mm. In the last 50 years, under the action of high-strength human economy and social activities which take water resource development and utilization as the core, the ecological environment of the Tarim river is gradually degraded, and the Tarim river water system gradually evolves into a four-source one-dry water system pattern which consists of Aksu river, Ke Qiang river, Tian river, Kaidu river-Peacock river and Tahe dry flow, as shown in figure 1. Particularly, the ecological environment at the downstream of the Tarim river is seriously degraded, the river channel is cut off, the empowery and the Taitma lake are continuously dried, the land desertification is aggravated, the area of the populus euphratica forest at the desert river bank is gradually shrunk, the underground water level is greatly reduced, the desertification process and the wind erosion action are aggravated, the desertification area is enlarged, the biodiversity is seriously damaged, the ecological disaster area becomes the most serious ecological disaster area of the Tarim river, and the normal, stable and sustainable development of the economy of the area is seriously influenced.
Aiming at the increasingly severe ecological problems at the downstream of the Tarim river, in order to restore the ecological environment of inland river basin in arid regions and ensure the safe operation of social and economic systems, a series of ecological environment comprehensive treatment works are developed in 2001 from China aiming at inland river basins such as the Tarim river, and inland river basin ecological protection plans such as 'recent comprehensive treatment plans' of the Tarim river basin are compiled and implemented so as to save 'green galleries' which are about the death of the downstream of the Tarim river. Therefore, from 2002, China starts a recent comprehensive treatment project of the Tarim river basin with the aim of recovering the downstream ecology of the Tarim river. Under the combined action of artificial effort and natural over-abundance water, 20 secondary-state water transmissions are carried out on downstream riverways of the sea reservoir in the West sea in 2019 year 2000, and the total water transmission is 81.61 hundred million m3Average amount of discharged water was 4.13 hundred million m3Over-discharge of 3.5 hundred million meters per year3The expected target of water flow to taimau lake and over 500 square kilometers of lake surface, the downstream ecological environment is primarily improved.
For regional flows in arid regions, the irrigation mode of terrestrial vegetation outside the river determines the irrigation water consumption process, and is a core factor for connecting the vegetation water demand process and the ecological scheduling water supply process. Researches find that the ecological water delivery of the Tarim river only adopts a main river channel, the influence width of underground water is only 1.2km, the irrigation range is only concentrated in low-lying beach lands at two sides of the river channel and limited zones extending from ecological channels, most areas far away from a main stream river channel and high in terrain can not be effectively irrigated, inoculation, budding and growth of terrestrial vegetation are seriously threatened, and the ecological water delivery is more unfavorable for vegetation restoration and recovery of the areas far away from the main river channel. As shown in FIG. 2, the buried depth of groundwater has a significant influence on the growth vigor of populus euphratica; in addition, researches show that the ecological water quantity in the ecological water conveying process leaves an irrigation area too early and too fast, about 40 percent of lower drainage water quantity returns to a main flow and flows into a downstream lake for evaporation loss, and limited and precious water resources are wasted. On the other hand, the irrigation of the tower river main flow vegetation mainly comprises 'flood irrigation' and 'flood flooding irrigation', and waste water is difficult to take due to the fact that silt is deposited to raise the elevation of the water level in front of the gate in many ecological channels. Therefore, the water conveying mode needs to be changed, and the traditional single river channel water conveying mode and double river channel water conveying mode (figure 3) are converted into a double river channel + branch river water conveying mode and a double river channel + branch river + planar water conveying mode (figure 4), so that the underground water level is raised, and the water acquisition capacity of vegetation is improved; meanwhile, engineering regulation and control such as a river channel inward flap gate, a water retaining dam, a check gate, a water suction pump and the like and a planar water conveying mode of a channel and a branch river are formed, the water conveying amount is repeatedly and continuously consumed along the river channel, and the river water is stored underground so as to improve the utilization rate of on-way vegetation on the water and fully play the ecological protection role of ecological water conveying.
Under the background, in order to enlarge the irrigation area, increase the irrigation strength and depth, improve the irrigation efficiency and play the direct regulation and control role of ecological engineering such as 'gate-dike-dam-pump' in the flow field, a construction method of a riverway ecological restoration system in the northwest desert area based on branch of a river infiltration wheel irrigation is provided.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide an branch of a river-infiltration-wheel-irrigation-based ecological riverway restoration system and a construction method for the northwest desert regions; the ecological restoration system and the restoration method for the riverway in the northwest inland desert area based on branch of a river infiltration wheel irrigation, provided by the invention, are characterized in that ecological engineering regulation and control of a river basin inner flap gate, a water retaining dam, a water blocking dike, a check gate and a water suction pump are combined with a planar water conveying mode of a natural branch river, so that a new irrigation concept and an irrigation mode of vegetation are innovatively provided, water resources are used for protective vegetation to the maximum extent, and the ecological restoration effect of the riverway in the northwest desert area is greatly improved; the method has the characteristics of vivid originality, advanced theoretical technology, remarkable practical effect and great popularization value.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a riverway ecological restoration system in northwest desert regions based on branch of a river infiltrating wheel irrigation comprises an ecological engineering system and a branch of a river infiltrating wheel irrigation system; wherein:
the ecological engineering system comprises a flap gate, a water retaining dam, an ecological gate, a water blocking embankment and a water suction pump, wherein the flap gate or the water retaining dam and the water blocking embankment are built at intervals on a main riverway to raise the water level in the riverway, and water is introduced into a channel outside the main riverway through the ecological gate on the bank side of the riverway; secondly, building a check gate in the channel, and lifting the water level in the channel to realize flood irrigation, infiltrating irrigation, wheel irrigation and branch river diversion of vegetation in the channel; thirdly, infiltrating and irrigating the branch river endovegetation, so as to raise the underground water level in the whole subarea; finally, branch of a river infiltrating irrigation is carried out on the area with relatively high terrain through a water suction pump in a movable small pump station with low water head;
the branch of a river infiltration rotation irrigation system also comprises a natural channel and a branch river in the river channel; branch of a river the infiltrating irrigation system mainly comprises ecological diversion, branch river overflow, subsurface infiltration, underground water storage, and irrigation in turn;
based on the existing remote sensing data in the watershed, the surface water, underground water, soil water monitoring section and the long-term detection data of a vegetation monitoring sample, a combined regulation and control measure is formed by building a flap gate, a water retaining dam, an ecological gate, a water blocking dike, a check gate, a water division gate and a water pump (hereinafter referred to as gate-dike-dam-pump) on the basis of the existing ecological engineering in the watershed;
a construction method of a riverway ecological restoration system in northwest desert regions based on branch of a river infiltrating wheel irrigation comprises the following steps:
step 1, constructing branch of a river infiltration rotation irrigation system; the specific method comprises the following steps:
constructing a planar water delivery mode of gate-dam-dike-pump combined regulation; ecological irrigation modes of land vegetation, namely flood irrigation, infiltrating irrigation and back wheel irrigation, are formed in the channel and the branch river;
firstly, constructing a flap gate or a water retaining dam and a water blocking dike on a main river channel at intervals to raise the water level in the river channel, and introducing water into a channel outside the main river channel through an ecological gate at the bank side; secondly, building a check gate in the channel, and lifting the water level in the channel to realize flood irrigation, infiltrating irrigation, wheel irrigation and branch river diversion of vegetation in the channel; thirdly, infiltrating and irrigating the branch river endovegetation, so as to raise the underground water level in the whole subarea; finally, branch of a river infiltrating irrigation is carried out on the area with relatively high terrain through a water suction pump in a movable small pump station with low water head;
step 2, constructing an ecological restoration system test area, specifically comprising the following steps:
step 2.1, selecting a test area, and selecting a river section with uniformly distributed vegetation, good growth vigor, smooth main river channel and uniformly distributed natural channels and branch rivers as a trench branch of a river infiltration irrigation test area;
2.2, cleaning a natural channel, selecting a waste main river channel and a waste gate in the test area, dredging and maintaining the waste main river channel and the waste gate, so that the main river channel and the waste gate are put into use again, and providing conditions for subsequent planar water delivery;
step 2.3, measuring elevation information of the test area, and easily realizing infiltrating irrigation on river ditches and branch rivers with low terrain; and a low-lift movable pump station needs to be built for the branch river and the river ditch with higher terrain, so that the implementation of the planar water delivery effect is ensured;
step 2.4, determining the geographic positions and the plane arrangement of a natural channel and a branch river; under the premise of a main river channel water delivery mode, the water level is lifted by building a flap gate, a water retaining dam and a water blocking dam; through a new way that an ecological gate and a check gate form planar water conveyance in a channel and a branch river, the water conveyance amount is repeatedly and continuously consumed along the course of the river, and finally, according to the growth habit of vegetation, partitioned rotation irrigation is implemented, the utilization rate of the vegetation along the course on water is improved, the minimum water resource consumption is achieved, and the optimal ecological restoration effect is realized;
step 3, correcting the ecological restoration system through branch of a river infiltration rotation irrigation effect feedback, which comprises the following specific steps:
step 3.1, according to the irrigation range and the requirement of partition planning water demand, opening and closing a gate and reasonably arranging a channel and branch river water transmission to form a planar water transmission situation of channel infiltrating irrigation, branch river infiltrating irrigation and partition alternative irrigation;
step 3.2, when planar water delivery is adopted, ecological engineering of a flap gate, a water blocking dam and a water blocking dike is further optimized, and a natural channel and a branch river are dredged and extended, so that the water receiving area of the natural vegetation can be enlarged, and on the other hand, underground water is rapidly supplied through channel infiltration irrigation and branch river infiltration irrigation, the planar underground water level is raised, the vegetation habitat condition is improved, and the quality and the stability of an ecological system are improved; a large amount of water can be stored underground in the full-water annual scene for long-term utilization of natural vegetation;
step 3.3, obtaining branch of a river real-time observation data of real-time scheduling operation in the past year by monitoring, comparing and analyzing canopy density, crown breadth, tree rotation radial growth amount, newly increased biomass in the year, underground water level and soil water content evaluation indexes of populus euphratica before and after ecological scheduling and branch of a river infiltration rotation irrigation, quantifying and evaluating the effects of ecological scheduling and branch of a river infiltration rotation irrigation, analyzing the relation between vegetation water demand, irrigation water consumption and ecological water demand, revealing the response rule between branch of a river water consumption and ecological scheduling water supply amount, and inducing and developing the root system through moisture to ensure that vegetation recovery response reaches the optimal state;
and 3.4, determining the spatial distribution and the coverage of vegetation by using the normalized vegetation index acquired by the remote sensing data, reasonably determining the irrigation times and the irrigation time by using underground water, surface water, soil water monitoring section, vegetation monitoring sample and ecological indexes which are arranged in a region, feeding back and correcting an ecological restoration system, and giving a reasonable layout scheme of a gate-dam-dike-pump ecological water supply project and an optimal water distribution scheme of an irrigation area under different water incoming conditions by investigating the layout characteristics and the water diversion capacity of the existing ecological water supply project and combining the water use targets of the subarea ecological protection and restoration of each irrigation unit in subarea rotation irrigation according to the principle of minimum water consumption and optimal ecological restoration effect.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention relates to a construction method of a riverway ecological restoration system in northwest desert regions based on branch of a river infiltrating irrigation, which utilizes the changing of a scheduling mode and a water delivery mode, utilizes the water-oriented performance of root development of arbor and shrub forests in the riverway in the desert regions and a feedback regulation mechanism formed by inducing partial vegetation roots through drought, utilizes branch of a river infiltrating irrigation technology to recover populus euphratica and the water acquisition capacity of tamarix chinensis, reduces ineffective evaporation of precious water resources in the drought regions, uses the ecological water quantity to the maximum extent for vegetation restoration, can effectively solve the problem of irrigation water in the northwest desert regions, can effectively save and reasonably utilize the water resources, can meet the vegetation growth requirements, and can obtain the optimal ecological protection and restoration effects.
By changing the dispatching mode and the water delivery mode, the water source supply, the vegetation configuration and the irrigation mode are organically combined, the vegetation recovery effect is greatly improved and guaranteed, and the optimal ecological protection and restoration effect is further obtained.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a four-source one-dry water system diagram of a Tarim river basin in an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the effect of groundwater burial depth on growth of populus diversifolia in the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a diagram of the effect of the water delivery of the dry flow dual river channels of the tower river in the embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 4 is a diagram showing the planar water conveying effect of the dual river channel of the dry flow of the tower river, the branch river and the planar water conveying effect of the embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 5 is a diagram of the types of natural vegetation in Tarim river mainstream in an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the infiltration irrigation test area of a trench branch of a river in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a node diagram of multi-target scheduling for Tarim river main flows in an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a schematic view of a test zone branch of a river infiltration zone in an example of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a schematic view of branch of a river infiltrating irrigation in an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 10 is a system schematic of the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a flow chart of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
Referring to fig. 10, the ecological riverway restoration system based on branch of a river infiltrating wheel irrigation in the northwest desert area comprises an ecological engineering system and a branch of a river infiltrating wheel irrigation system; wherein:
the ecological engineering system comprises a flap gate, a water retaining dam, an ecological gate, a water blocking embankment and a water pump, wherein the flap gate or the water retaining dam and the water blocking embankment are built on a main riverway at intervals to raise the water level in the riverway, and water is introduced into a channel outside the main riverway through the ecological gate on the bank side of the riverway; secondly, building a check gate in the channel, and lifting the water level in the channel to realize flood irrigation, infiltrating irrigation, wheel irrigation and branch river diversion of vegetation in the channel; thirdly, infiltrating and irrigating the branch river endovegetation, so as to raise the underground water level in the whole subarea; finally, branch of a river infiltrating irrigation is carried out on the area with relatively high terrain through a water suction pump in a movable small pump station with low water head;
the branch of a river infiltration rotation irrigation system comprises a natural channel and a branch river in a river channel; the ecological engineering of gate-dike-dam-pump and natural channel and branch river are utilized to build the new situation of irrigation of ecological diversion, branch river overflow, subsurface infiltration, underground water storage and alternative irrigation;
on the basis of the existing remote sensing data in the drainage basin and surface water, underground water, soil water and vegetation monitoring sample data obtained by long-term monitoring, a combined regulation and control measure is formed by building a gate-dike-dam-pump project on the basis of the existing ecological engineering in the drainage basin;
referring to fig. 11, the construction method of the ecological riverway restoration system in the northwest desert area based on branch of a river infiltrating wheel irrigation comprises the following steps:
step 1, constructing branch of a river infiltration rotation irrigation system; the specific method comprises the following steps:
analyzing the types and the distribution characteristics of the forest lands on the main flow river bank of the drainage basin through data collection, field investigation, literature reference and summary of existing research results, and constructing a gate-dike-dam-pump combined regulation and control water delivery mode according to the distribution characteristics and the phenological law of vegetation; ecological irrigation modes of land vegetation, namely flood irrigation, infiltrating irrigation and back wheel irrigation, are formed in the channel and the branch river;
step 2, constructing an ecological restoration system test area, specifically comprising the following steps:
step 2.1, selecting a test area, and selecting a river section with uniformly distributed vegetation, good growth vigor, smooth main river channel and uniformly distributed natural river channels and branch rivers as a channel branch of a river infiltration irrigation test area;
2.2, cleaning the natural river channel, selecting a waste main river channel and a waste gate in the test area, dredging and maintaining the waste main river channel and the waste gate, and putting the main river channel and the waste gate into use again so as to provide conditions for subsequent planar water delivery;
step 2.3, measuring elevation information of a test area, and constructing a low-lift movable pump station for a higher natural channel and a branch river to ensure the implementation of a planar water delivery effect;
step 2.4, determining the geographic positions and the plane arrangement of the natural branch river and the river channel; under the premise of a main river channel water delivery mode, the water level is lifted by building a flap gate, a water retaining dam and a water blocking dam; through a new way of forming the planar water delivery by the channel and the branch river, the water delivery amount is repeatedly and continuously consumed along the course of the river, and finally, according to the growth habit of vegetation, the partitioned rotation irrigation is implemented, so that the utilization rate of the on-course vegetation on water is improved, the minimum water resource consumption is achieved, and the optimal ecological restoration effect is realized;
step 3, correcting the ecological restoration system through branch of a river infiltration rotation irrigation effect feedback, which comprises the following specific steps:
step 3.1, according to the irrigation range and the requirement of partition planning water demand, opening and closing a gate and reasonably arranging a channel and branch river water transmission to form a planar water transmission situation of channel infiltrating irrigation, branch river infiltrating irrigation and partition alternative irrigation;
step 3.2, when channels, branch rivers and planar water delivery are adopted, the ecological brake is further optimized, natural channels and branch rivers are dredged and extended, on one hand, the water receiving area of the natural vegetation can be enlarged, on the other hand, underground water is rapidly supplied through channel infiltration irrigation and branch river infiltration irrigation, an underground ecological water bank is built, the vegetation habitat condition is improved, and the quality and the stability of an ecological system are improved;
step 3.3, obtaining branch of a river real-time observation data of real-time scheduling operation in the past year by monitoring, comparing and analyzing the canopy density, crown breadth, tree rotation radial growth amount, newly increased biomass in the year, underground water level and soil water content of populus euphratica before and after ecological scheduling and branch of a river infiltration rotation irrigation, quantifying and evaluating the effects of ecological scheduling and branch of a river infiltration rotation irrigation, analyzing the relationship between vegetation water demand, irrigation water consumption and ecological water demand, revealing the response rule between branch of a river water consumption of infiltration rotation irrigation and ecological scheduling water supply, and inducing and developing the root system through moisture to ensure that vegetation recovery response reaches the optimal state;
and 3.4, determining the spatial distribution and the coverage of vegetation by using the normalized vegetation index acquired by the remote sensing data, reasonably determining the irrigation times and the irrigation time by using underground water, surface water, soil water monitoring section, vegetation monitoring sample and ecological index which are arranged in a region, feeding back and correcting an ecological restoration system, and giving a reasonable layout scheme of a gate, a dam, a dike and a pump ecological water supply project and an optimal water distribution scheme of an irrigation area under different water incoming conditions by investigating the layout characteristics and the water diversion capacity of the existing ecological water supply project and combining the water use targets of the subarea ecological protection and restoration of each irrigation unit in subarea rotation irrigation according to the principle of minimum water consumption and optimal ecological restoration effect.
Example 1
A construction method of a riverway ecological restoration system in northwest desert regions based on branch of a river infiltrating wheel irrigation comprises the following steps:
a14-reservoir 64-level step development scheme is planned in the 'four-source one-trunk' mode of the tower river, the total reservoir capacity accounts for 46% of the average total runoff of four source flows for many years, and a gate-dike-dam-pump combined regulation and control measure is established on the basis of a four-source one-trunk water system pattern (shown in figure 1) formed by a tower river basin, so that the problem of comprehensive utilization of basin water resources is solved.
The definition, objects, targets, connotations and irrigation modes of branch of a river osmotic wheel irrigation are provided, the branch of a river osmotic wheel irrigation system is adopted, and the theoretical framework and the system of branch of a river osmotic wheel irrigation are constructed.
Defining: the method is characterized in that terrestrial vegetation populus diversifolia in a main flow river channel of a tree river in a desert area in northwest is taken as a protection object, a planar water delivery mode of 'double river channels + ditches branch of a river' is constructed through large-scale ecological scheduling and natural channels, built flap gates, water retaining dams, check gates and water suction pumps on the branch river, according to the water requirement of a river channel ecological system, a timely, proper and appropriate terrestrial vegetation ecological irrigation mode of firstly flood irrigation, then infiltrating irrigation and later wheel irrigation is formed in the channels and the branch river, and the mode is called branch of a river infiltration wheel irrigation;
object: the method takes the protective terrestrial vegetation populus diversifolia in the dry flow river channel of the Taliemu river basin which is the largest inland river in northwest arid desert areas of China as a research object;
the target is as follows: limited and precious ecological water in the northwest desert area is used for restoring protective vegetation and a river channel ecological system to the maximum extent, and the optimal ecological protection and restoration effects are obtained;
connotation: guiding, diffusing, permeating, storing and taking wheel
Leading: through ecological floodgate, low-head movable pump station, natural channel and branch river's diversion irrigation mode, realize the face-like ecological diversion of ditch branch of a river
C, diffusion: form an irrigation mode of overflowing large water in natural channels and branch rivers to promote the implantation, germination and growth of vegetation
And (3) infiltration: the planar ecological water conveying mode of the channel and the branch river and the infiltrating irrigation mode of surface underwater infiltration maintain good living conditions of vegetation
Storing: the underground water level is raised through the planar ecological water delivery, the water is hidden underground, and an underground water bank is constructed, so that ineffective evaporation is reduced, and the utilization efficiency of ecological water quantity is improved
And (3) wheel: selectively irrigating and rotating the protective plant populus euphratica according to the phenological characteristics and the underground water level condition of the drought-resistant plant populus euphratica
An irrigation mode: in two river areas formed by river channels of a Wen Kuale river and an old Tarim river at the downstream of the Tarim river, a planar ecological water delivery mode of 'double river channels + channels branch of a river' is formed through large-scale ecological scheduling, and by combining turning over a flap gate, a water retaining dam, a water retaining bank and water pump engineering measures, according to the water consumption process of protective vegetation of the river channel and the priority sequence of recovery and protection of an ecological system of the river channel, a timely, proper and moderate ecological irrigation mode of terrestrial vegetation, including firstly flood irrigation, then infiltrating irrigation and then alternate irrigation, is formed at the channels and branch rivers.
Branch of a river infiltrating irrigation system: an artificial controllable flood process is modeled by ecological scheduling of a main flow of a wood river in a tower, a flap gate, a water blocking dam, a water blocking dike, a low-head movable pump station, a natural channel and a branch river in and outside a river channel are taken as regulation and control means, an irrigation mode of gate-dike-dam-pump combined regulation and control is provided, a large water flood irrigation area, an branch of a river infiltration wheel irrigation area and an underground water supply area are divided, an irrigation system of branch of a river infiltration wheel irrigation is determined, and a branch of a river infiltration wheel irrigation system based on the gate-dike-dam-pump, the channel and the branch river is constructed.
Determining the type and the distribution characteristics of forest lands on the river main flow river bank according to remote sensing data (figure 5), taking the typical terrestrial vegetation populus diversifolia as an object for ecological protection and ecological scheduling of the tower main flow, and innovating a new irrigation concept of seepage-rotation irrigation of a river channel branch of a river according to the distribution characteristics and the phenological law of the populus diversifolia.
Step 1, constructing branch of a river infiltration rotation irrigation system; the specific method comprises the following steps:
determining the type and distribution characteristics of forest lands on the rivermain stream riverbank (figure 5) according to remote sensing data, wherein the vegetation type of the research area mainly comprises populus euphratica and is distributed along the riverway. Constructing a planar water conveying mode of a gate-bank-dam-pump combined regulation and control double river channel and a ditch branch of a river; ecological irrigation modes of land vegetation, namely flood irrigation, infiltrating irrigation and back wheel irrigation, are formed in the channel and the branch river;
step 2, constructing an ecological restoration system test area, which specifically comprises the following steps:
step 2.1, branch of a river infiltrating irrigation test, selecting a river section controlled by a Kunzea ecological gate as a ditch branch of a river infiltrating irrigation test area (figure 6) in a two-river area formed by a Wen Kunlei river and an old Tarim river at the downstream of the Tarim river.
The river reach is between the river course of the Wen Kuaier river and the river course of the old Tarim river, and is provided with an ecological gate, a water blocking dam, a plurality of natural channels and branch rivers which are put into operation, the distribution of the populus euphratica in the region is concentrated, the space heterogeneity is strong, the river reach is an ideal place for the filtration irrigation test of the ditch branch of a river, and the planar water delivery effect can be maximized.
And 2.2, determining the partition of the infiltrating irrigation unit and the ecological protection and recovery target by the ditch branch of a river. According to the water conditions and the vegetation distribution in different subareas, different ecological protection or recovery areas are divided and the connotations (the range, the coverage degree and the community structure of plant protection or recovery) are determined.
An ecological restoration space structure can be established in three regions initially, namely, the ecological restoration space structure is 100m away from a river, a large number of young populus diversifolia forests and close-maturing forests are distributed, the ecological restoration space structure is a core restoration region, underground water is buried to be 2-4 m deep, and a vegetation community which is various in species and stable in arbor, shrub and grass is formed. Secondly, the area is 100-500 m away from the river, the nearly mature and mature populus diversifolia forest is taken as a main protection area, the underground water is buried 4-6 m deep, and the species diversity of the area is maintained. And thirdly, in the range of being away from the river by 500m and influenced by underground water by 1km, the mature and over-mature populus diversifolia forest is taken as a general protection area, and the underground water burial depth is 6-8 m and is smaller than the withering and death stress threshold value of the populus diversifolia.
And 2.3, cleaning the natural river channel, selecting waste channels and gates in the test area, and dredging and maintaining the waste channels and gates. In the prior art, the irrigation of the tower and river main flow vegetation mainly comprises 'flood irrigation' and 'flood flooding irrigation', which leads to increased evaporation and poor ecological compensation effect, and channels and gates are not silted up and cannot be normally used after being placed for a long time, so that the channels and the gates are put into use again through dredging and maintenance, thereby providing conditions for subsequent planar water delivery.
And 2.4, measuring elevation information of the test area, constructing low-lift movable pump station hydraulic engineering measures for higher natural branch rivers and ditches, and ensuring the implementation of the planar water delivery effect. At present, a lot of ecological channels in the experimental area raise the floodgate water level elevation because silt siltation and lead to getting stranded difficult to cause barren waste, the irrigation scope only concentrates on the low-lying beach land at river course both sides and the finite area that ecological channel extends, keep away from the mainstream river course, the overwhelming majority region of relief height can't obtain effective irrigation, lead to ecological water supply big but actual water consumption rate low, irrigation effect is poor, ecological protection and restoration target are difficult to realize, consequently can carry out the water delivery to the channel, branch river through building small-size pump station and low head power generation facility.
And 2.5, determining the geographic positions and the plane layout of the natural branch river and the river channel. Under two river course water delivery mode premises, through artifical ditching, the new mode (fig. 8) of ditch formation channel, branch river water delivery face form water delivery is dug, with the water delivery volume relapse, continuously consume in the river course on the way to improve the utilization ratio of on the way vegetation to moisture.
Step 3, specifically comprising the following steps:
and 3.1, according to the irrigation range and the requirement of partition planning water demand, setting a gate to open and close and reasonably arranging the channel and the branch river water delivery to form a planar water delivery situation of channel infiltrating irrigation, branch river infiltrating irrigation and partition alternate (periodic) irrigation.
Two periods of concentrated water delivery can be selected in the early stage, namely: 4-5 months of herbaceous plant germination and seedling growth period, adopting single channel water delivery with flow rate of 15m30.8 hundred million m of water/s3Water reaches Taitman lake to promote the vegetation to turn green; ② in the concentrated seed falling breeding period of the established plants of populus euphratica and Chinese tamarisk in 8-10 months, a double-channel, branch river and planar water conveying mode is adopted, and the flow rate is 30m3Water amount of 2.7 hundred million m/s3And a reasonable water surface is formed in the Taimau lake.
Step 3.2, while water is conveyed in a centralized manner, channel and branch river surface-shaped water conveying can be adopted, ecological engineering measures (figure 9) are further optimized, and the extended natural branch river is dredged and extended, so that the water receiving area of the natural vegetation can be enlarged, and on the other hand, underground water is rapidly supplied through channel infiltration irrigation and branch river infiltration irrigation, an underground ecological water bank is built, the vegetation habitat conditions are improved, and the quality and the stability of an ecological system are improved; by using the method, a large amount of water can be stored underground in the full-water annual scenes for long-term utilization of natural vegetation;
step 3.3, obtaining branch of a river real-time observation data of real-time scheduling operation in the past year by monitoring, comparing and analyzing the canopy density, crown breadth, tree rotation radial growth amount, newly increased biomass in the year, underground water level and soil water content of populus euphratica before and after ecological scheduling and branch of a river infiltration rotation irrigation, quantifying and evaluating the effects of ecological scheduling and branch of a river infiltration rotation irrigation, analyzing the relationship between vegetation water demand, irrigation water consumption and ecological water demand, revealing the response rule between branch of a river water consumption of infiltration rotation irrigation and ecological scheduling water supply, and inducing and developing the root system through moisture to ensure that vegetation recovery response reaches the optimal state;
step 3.4, determining the spatial distribution and the coverage of the vegetation by utilizing the normalized vegetation index acquired by the remote sensing data; the method comprises the steps of reasonably determining irrigation times and irrigation time through underground water, surface water, soil water monitoring sections, vegetation monitoring samples and ecological index data which are arranged in regions, feeding back and correcting an ecological restoration system, determining a rotation water distribution scheme by regions through investigating the layout characteristics and water diversion capacity of the existing ecological water supply engineering and combining water use targets for ecological protection and restoration of all irrigation unit regions, and providing the reasonable layout scheme of a gate-dike-dam-pump ecological water supply engineering and the optimal water distribution scheme of an irrigation region under different water incoming conditions (figure 11) according to the principle that water consumption is minimum and the ecological restoration effect is optimal.
The working principle of the construction method of the ecological restoration system of the riverway in the northwest desert area based on branch of a river infiltration wheel irrigation is as follows: the method is characterized in that terrestrial vegetation populus diversifolia in a main flow river channel of a towwood river in a northwest desert area is taken as a protection object, a gate-dam-pump combined regulation and control 'double river channel + branch river' planar water conveying mode is constructed through large-scale ecological scheduling and natural channels, flap gates, water retaining dams, ecological gates, check gates, water dividing gates and water suction pumps built in the branch river, water conveying quantity is repeatedly and continuously consumed along the course of the river channel, limited precious ecological water quantity in the northwest desert area is used for repairing protective vegetation and a river channel ecological system to the maximum extent, and the best ecological protection and repairing effect is obtained.
Claims (2)
1. A riverway ecological restoration system based on branch of a river infiltration wheel irrigation in northwest desert regions is characterized by comprising an ecological engineering system and a branch of a river infiltration wheel irrigation system; the construction method of the system comprises the following steps:
the ecological engineering system comprises a flap gate, a water retaining dam, an ecological gate, a water blocking embankment and a water suction pump, wherein the flap gate or the water retaining dam and the water blocking embankment are built at intervals on a main riverway to raise the water level in the riverway, and water is introduced into a channel outside the main riverway through the ecological gate on the bank side of the riverway; secondly, building a check gate in the channel, and lifting the water level in the channel to realize flood irrigation, infiltrating irrigation, wheel irrigation and branch river diversion of vegetation in the channel; thirdly, infiltrating and irrigating the branch river endovegetation, so as to raise the underground water level in the whole subarea; finally, branch of a river infiltrating irrigation is carried out on the area with relatively high terrain through a water suction pump in a movable small pump station with low water head;
the branch of a river infiltration rotation irrigation system also comprises a natural channel and a branch river in the river channel.
2. A construction method of a riverway ecological restoration system in northwest desert regions based on branch of a river infiltrating wheel irrigation is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, constructing branch of a river infiltration rotation irrigation system; the specific method comprises the following steps:
constructing a planar water delivery mode of gate-dam-dike-pump combined regulation; ecological irrigation modes of land vegetation, namely flood irrigation, infiltrating irrigation and back wheel irrigation, are formed in the channel and the branch river;
firstly, constructing a flap gate or a water retaining dam and a water blocking dike on a main river channel at intervals to raise the water level in the river channel, and introducing water into a channel outside the main river channel through an ecological gate at the bank side; secondly, building a check gate in the channel, and lifting the water level in the channel to realize flood irrigation, infiltrating irrigation, wheel irrigation and branch river diversion of vegetation in the channel; thirdly, infiltrating and irrigating the branch river endovegetation, so as to raise the underground water level in the whole subarea; finally, branch of a river infiltrating irrigation is carried out on the area with relatively high terrain through a water suction pump in a movable small pump station with low water head;
step 2, constructing an ecological restoration system test area, specifically comprising the following steps:
step 2.1, selecting a test area, and selecting a river section with uniformly distributed vegetation, good growth vigor, smooth main river channel and uniformly distributed natural channels and branch rivers as a trench branch of a river infiltration irrigation test area;
2.2, cleaning a natural channel, selecting a waste main river channel and a waste gate in the test area, dredging and maintaining the waste main river channel and the waste gate, so that the main river channel and the waste gate are put into use again, and providing conditions for subsequent planar water delivery;
step 2.3, measuring elevation information of the test area, and easily realizing infiltrating irrigation on river ditches and branch rivers with low terrain; and a low-lift movable pump station needs to be built for the branch river and the river ditch with higher terrain, so that the implementation of the planar water delivery effect is ensured;
step 2.4, determining the geographic positions and the plane arrangement of a natural channel and a branch river; under the premise of a main riverway water delivery mode, the main riverway water level is lifted by building a flap gate, a water retaining dam and a water blocking dam; the ecological gate, the check gate and the water distribution gate form a new plane-shaped water conveying mode in the channel and the branch river, the water conveying quantity is repeatedly and continuously consumed along the course of the river, and finally, the partitioned rotation irrigation is implemented according to the growth habit of vegetation, so that the utilization rate of the vegetation on the course is improved, the minimum water resource consumption is achieved, and the optimal ecological restoration effect is realized;
step 3, correcting the ecological restoration system through branch of a river infiltration rotation irrigation effect feedback, which comprises the following specific steps:
step 3.1, according to the irrigation range and the requirement of partition planning water demand, opening and closing of a gate and reasonable arrangement of channels and branch river water transmission are set, and a planar water transmission situation of channel infiltrating irrigation, branch river infiltrating irrigation and partition alternative irrigation is formed;
step 3.2, when planar water delivery is adopted, ecological engineering of a flap gate, a water blocking dam and a water blocking dike is further optimized, and a natural channel and a branch river are dredged and extended, so that the water receiving area of the natural vegetation can be enlarged, and on the other hand, underground water is rapidly supplied through channel infiltration irrigation and branch river infiltration irrigation, the planar underground water level is raised, the vegetation habitat condition is improved, and the quality and the stability of an ecological system are improved; a large amount of water can be stored underground in the full-water annual scene for long-term utilization of natural vegetation;
step 3.3, obtaining branch of a river real-time observation data of real-time scheduling operation in the past year by monitoring, comparing and analyzing canopy density, crown breadth, tree rotation radial growth amount, newly increased biomass in the year, underground water level and soil water content evaluation indexes of populus euphratica before and after ecological scheduling and branch of a river infiltration rotation irrigation, quantifying and evaluating the effects of ecological scheduling and branch of a river infiltration rotation irrigation, analyzing the relation between vegetation water demand, irrigation water consumption and ecological water demand, revealing the response rule between branch of a river water consumption and ecological scheduling water supply amount, and inducing and developing the root system through moisture to ensure that vegetation recovery response reaches the optimal state;
and 3.4, determining the spatial distribution and the coverage of vegetation by using the normalized vegetation index acquired by the remote sensing data, reasonably determining the irrigation times and the irrigation time by using underground water, surface water, soil water monitoring section, vegetation monitoring sample and ecological index data arranged in a region, and feeding back and correcting an ecological restoration system.
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