CN111981314A - Rapid hydrogenation control method based on multi-factor target optimization algorithm - Google Patents

Rapid hydrogenation control method based on multi-factor target optimization algorithm Download PDF

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CN111981314A
CN111981314A CN202010873351.9A CN202010873351A CN111981314A CN 111981314 A CN111981314 A CN 111981314A CN 202010873351 A CN202010873351 A CN 202010873351A CN 111981314 A CN111981314 A CN 111981314A
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filling
hydrogen
pressure
precooling
cylinder
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CN111981314B (en
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张财志
白云锋
段浩
樊芮嘉
廖全
陈家伟
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Chongqing University
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    • F17C5/00—Methods or apparatus for filling containers with liquefied, solidified, or compressed gases under pressures
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    • F17C5/00—Methods or apparatus for filling containers with liquefied, solidified, or compressed gases under pressures
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    • F17C2250/00—Accessories; Control means; Indicating, measuring or monitoring of parameters
    • F17C2250/04—Indicating or measuring of parameters as input values
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Abstract

The invention relates to a rapid hydrogenation control method based on a multi-factor target optimization algorithm, and belongs to the field of fuel cell automobiles. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, establishing a lumped parameter thermodynamic hydrogenation model based on a three-stage hydrogen filling system; then according to the initial residual pressure of the gas cylinder, the environmental temperature, the precooling grade and the pressure grade of the three-stage filling system, the filling time, the SOC value of the gas cylinder after filling and the precooling energy consumption are taken as optimization targets, the pressure switching point of the three-stage filling system and the precooling temperature of the inlet hydrogen are taken as optimization parameters, and a multi-objective optimization model is established; and finally, solving parameters by adopting an optimization algorithm to serve as control parameters of the three-stage filling system. The solved control parameters can provide theoretical data support for hydrogenation, ensure quick and safe filling and realize the high-efficiency and low-power consumption filling target.

Description

Rapid hydrogenation control method based on multi-factor target optimization algorithm
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of fuel cell automobiles, and relates to a safe and efficient three-stage quick filling strategy for a vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder of a fuel cell automobile.
Background
With the increasingly outstanding problems of environment, energy and the like, the search for new clean energy is urgent. The hydrogen energy has the advantages of high efficiency, regeneration, no pollution and the like, and is considered to be one of ideal alternative fuels in the future. As a main energy source of the fuel cell system, it is rapidly developed along with the development of the fuel cell system and the fuel cell automobile. The storage mode of hydrogen on fuel cell vehicles is mainly in a high-pressure gas form, and in order to realize safe, quick and efficient filling of hydrogen, the quick filling of high-pressure hydrogen becomes a hot problem of domestic and foreign research. In the rapid hydrogenation process of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder, the temperature inside the cylinder can be rapidly increased due to the specific negative Joule-Thompson effect of hydrogen and the rapid compression of the hydrogen, so that potential safety hazards are caused.
The traditional hydrogen filling scheme is single, low in efficiency and non-selective, a switching point for filling hydrogen into the medium-low pressure storage hydrogen cylinder is not considered, and the refrigeration output in the filling process is not optimized, so that the economy is low. Therefore, a hydrogen control method which ensures rapid and safe filling and realizes high efficiency and low power consumption is needed.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention aims to provide a fast hydrogenation control method based on a multi-factor target optimization algorithm, which can ensure shorter filling time (3min), higher SOC (85%) and smaller precooling energy consumption by establishing a three-level filling model and performing multi-target optimization to obtain optimal control parameters of a system; and the quick and safe filling is ensured, and the high-efficiency and low-power consumption filling target is realized.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a quick hydrogenation control method based on a multi-factor target optimization algorithm specifically comprises the following steps:
s1: establishing a lumped parameter thermodynamic hydrogenation model based on a three-stage hydrogen filling system;
s2: according to the initial residual pressure of the gas cylinder, the environmental temperature, the precooling grade and the pressure grade of the three-stage filling system, the filling time, the SOC value of the gas cylinder after filling and the precooling energy consumption are taken as optimization targets, the pressure switching point of the three-stage filling system and the precooling temperature of inlet hydrogen are taken as optimization parameters, and a multi-objective optimization model is established;
s3: and solving parameters by adopting an optimization algorithm to serve as control parameters of the three-level filling system.
Further, in step S1, a lumped parameter thermodynamic hydrogenation model based on the three-stage filling system is established, and according to a model [ W, T, P, T, SOC ] ═ f (P1, T1, P2, T2, V, Tamb), precooling energy consumption, filling time, and a hydrogen state (pressure, temperature, and SOC) after filling of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder is completed are calculated, where W represents precooling energy consumption, T represents filling time, P and T are pressure and temperature of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder collected by the temperature sensor and the pressure sensor, respectively, V represents a volume of the gas cylinder, SOC represents a percentage of hydrogen amount in the gas cylinder to a rated capacity after filling is completed, and Tamb represents an ambient temperature.
Wherein SOC is defined as the ratio of the mass of hydrogen in the gas cylinder after filling to the mass of hydrogen with the same volume under a standard state (288K, 35MPa), and the calculation formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0002651844330000021
further, the switching point coefficient of the three-stage hydrogen filling system is defined as:
a＝Pswit/Psto
the switching point is classified into:
a＝0.95、0.94、……、x
wherein P isswitIndicating the switching pressure, PstoThe pressure grade of the current filling high-pressure hydrogen storage bottle is shown, and x is more than or equal to 0.55; when filling is from a low-grade hydrogen storage bottle, the determined switching point coefficient is used for the switching point when filling the medium-grade hydrogen storage bottle; in the filling process, when the pressure ratio of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder to the filling-level hydrogen storage cylinder reaches the switching point, the next-level hydrogen storage cylinder is switched to fill.
Furthermore, the pre-cooling energy consumption of the pre-cooling system is as follows:
Figure BDA0002651844330000022
wherein W is the cooling demand of the inlet hydrogen, Delta h is the change of the enthalpy value of the hydrogen,
Figure BDA0002651844330000023
COP is the energy efficiency ratio of the refrigerator, which is the mass flow rate of hydrogen.
Further, in step S2, according to the influence factors such as the initial residual pressure of the gas cylinder, the ambient temperature, the pre-cooling level, the pressure level of the three-level filling system, and the like, the filling time t, the SOC value of the gas cylinder after filling, and the pre-cooling energy consumption W are taken as optimization targets, the pressure switching point of the three-level filling system and the pre-cooling temperature x of the inlet hydrogen are taken as optimization parameters, and a multi-objective optimization model is established as follows:
min[W(x),t(x),-SOC(x)]
s.t.x∈X
wherein, X is the value range of the pressure switching coefficient and the precooling temperature, the switching coefficient X (1) belongs to [0.55,0.95], and the precooling temperature X (2) belongs to [ 40,0 ];
setting the filling time and the SOC of the hydrogen as constraint conditions, wherein the filling time is less than 3min, the SOC is more than or equal to 85%, and converting the multi-objective optimization model into a single-objective optimization model as follows:
min W(x)
Figure BDA0002651844330000031
wherein,1represents the fill time constraint (3min),2representing the SOC constraint (0.85).
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the system has a prediction function, and can calculate the optimal filling control parameters (a pressure switching point and a precooling temperature) according to the ambient temperature during filling and the hydrogen residual pressure in the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder.
(2) The invention adopts a three-stage filling mode, and reduces the energy consumption required by hydrogen compression of the hydrogenation station.
(3) Through control parameter optimization, theoretical data support is provided for realizing rapid, safe and efficient hydrogenation, and hydrogen filling efficiency and filling economy are improved.
(4) The hydrogen filling device can be used for filling hydrogen under different environmental temperatures, hydrogen allowance and gas cylinder volumes, and has wide applicability.
Additional advantages, objects, and features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and in part will become apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned from practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by the means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out hereinafter.
Drawings
For the purposes of promoting a better understanding of the objects, aspects and advantages of the invention, reference will now be made to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a three-stage hydrogen filling system;
FIG. 2 is a graph of the effect of pressure switching coefficient on fill time and final temperature;
FIG. 3 is a graph of the effect of pre-cooling temperature on fill time and final temperature;
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of an optimization algorithm;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the results of parameter optimization and model calculation at 20 ℃ under 2 MPa;
FIG. 6 is a diagram of results of parameter optimization and model calculation under different initial conditions;
fig. 7 is a complete flow chart of the filling process.
Detailed Description
The embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to specific embodiments, and other advantages and effects of the present invention will be easily understood by those skilled in the art from the disclosure of the present specification. The invention is capable of other and different embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways, and its several details are capable of modification in various respects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. It should be noted that the drawings provided in the following embodiments are only for illustrating the basic idea of the present invention in a schematic way, and the features in the following embodiments and examples may be combined with each other without conflict.
Referring to fig. 1 to 7, fig. 1 is a cascaded three-level charging system, in this embodiment, the method of the present invention is explained by taking the cascaded three-level charging system as an example, in the system, a hydrogen storage cylinder group is composed of high, medium, and low three-level pressure levels, a precooling system cools hydrogen gas flowing through to ensure the safety of the charging process, a hydrogenation machine is an intelligent control center, T and P are the temperature and the pressure acquired by a temperature sensor and a pressure sensor, respectively, V is the volume of a gas cylinder, and a vehicle-mounted hydrogen system and the hydrogenation machine realize information acquisition and transmission through infrared communication. The hydrogenation machine obtains a hydrogenation scheme through model prediction and optimization according to initial state information acquired by the sensor, so that the hydrogenation process is controlled, and safe and efficient hydrogenation is realized.
1. End of fill conditions
According to international standard SAE-J2601, during normal filling, the situations of leakage, insufficient air source pressure and overlarge filling flow are not considered.
1) The internal temperature of the gas cylinder reaches 85 ℃;
2) the maximum pressure inside the gas cylinder reaches 125% of the rated working pressure.
2. Prediction model simplification
The core element of the hydrogen filling process is the influence of the filling strategy on the final gas cylinder temperature rise and the SOC value, so the following assumptions are made:
1) because the volume of the hydrogen storage cylinder group of the hydrogen station is far larger than that of the vehicle-mounted gas storage cylinder, the pressure is assumed to be constant, and the temperature of a gas source is assumed to be constant in order to research the influence of different precooling temperatures;
2) simplifying the pipelines of the hydrogen storage cylinder group-hydrogenation machine and the hydrogenation machine-vehicle hydrogen storage cylinder group, not considering the influence of a pipe joint and a valve in the filling process, and setting the heat exchange coefficient of the hydrogen storage cylinder group-hydrogenation machine and the hydrogenation machine-vehicle hydrogen storage cylinder group with air;
3) simplifying a hydrogenation sequence controller, and switching an air source by adopting a logic controller, wherein the pressure of the air source has a sudden change phenomenon;
4) simplifying a model of the hydrogenation port, replacing the hydrogenation port with a smaller throttle port to simulate the Joule-Thompson effect, and setting the throttle area according to the area of the air inlet of the air bottle;
5) the temperature of hydrogen in the vehicle-mounted gas storage bottle is consistent with that of the bottle body and the temperature of the bottle body is uniformly distributed, and the heat exchange coefficient of the whole vehicle-mounted gas storage bottle and the outside is set to be constant.
3. Establishing a three-level filling model
A lumped parameter thermodynamic hydrogenation model based on a three-level filling system is established, and precooling energy consumption, filling time and hydrogen states (pressure, temperature and SOC) of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder after filling are calculated according to the model [ W, T, P, T, SOC ] ═ f (P1, T1, P2, T2, V and Tamb).
1) Variable pressure switching point
The traditional three-level hydrogen filling mode is that each level of filling is switched to the same pressure or runs at a fixed pressure switching point, and the filling mode is single and low in efficiency. The present invention considers the unequal and variable pressure switching, where the switching point coefficient (a) is defined as follows:
a＝Pswit/Psto
the switching point is classified into:
a＝0.95、0.94、……、x
wherein P isswitIndicating the switching pressure, PstoIndicating the pressure rating of the currently filled high pressure hydrogen storage cylinder,x is more than or equal to 0.55. When filling is to begin with a low grade hydrogen storage cylinder, the switch point coefficient determined at this time is also used for the switch point at which the medium grade hydrogen storage cylinder is filled. In the filling process, when the pressure ratio of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder to the filling-level hydrogen storage cylinder reaches the switching point, the next-level hydrogen storage cylinder is switched to fill.
Taking the nominal pressure of 35MPa, the initial pressure of 2MPa and the ambient temperature of 20 ℃ of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder as an example, the influence of the pressure switching point on the filling time and the final temperature is researched, and the influence is shown in figure 2.
2) Precooling temperature of hydrogen
At present, the lowest energy output of a precooling system is-40 ℃. Under the same conditions, as can be seen from the simulation result shown in fig. 3, every time the precooling temperature is reduced by 2 ℃, the temperature rise at the end of filling is reduced by about 1 ℃. Calculating the precooling energy consumption of the precooling system as follows:
Figure BDA0002651844330000051
wherein W is the cooling demand of the inlet hydrogen, Delta h is the change of the enthalpy value of the hydrogen,
Figure BDA0002651844330000052
COP is the energy efficiency ratio of the refrigerator, which is the mass flow rate of hydrogen.
4. Multi-objective optimization algorithm
According to the influence factors such as the initial residual pressure of the gas cylinder, the environmental temperature, the precooling grade, the pressure grade of the three-stage filling system and the like, the filling time (t), the SOC value of the gas cylinder after filling and the precooling energy consumption (W) are taken as optimization targets, the pressure switching point of the three-stage filling system and the precooling temperature (x) of inlet hydrogen are taken as optimization parameters, and a multi-objective optimization model is established as follows:
min[W(x),t(x),-SOC(x)]
s.t.x∈X
considering the simplicity and the easy calculation of the model, the charging time and the SOC of the hydrogen are set as constraint conditions, and the charging time is less than13min, SOC is greater than or equal to285%, converting the multi-target optimization model into the single-target optimizationModeling, as follows:
min W(x)
Figure BDA0002651844330000053
because the hydrogenation model is a one-dimensional model, the optimized parameter variation range is small, and the calculation time is short, the parameter comparison optimization is carried out by adopting an off-line/on-line sequential search algorithm. The algorithm flow is shown in fig. 4.
5. Optimizing results
The vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder with the rated pressure of 35MPa is taken as a research object, the initial pressure of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder is set to be 2MPa, the ambient temperature is 20 ℃, the pressures of the high, medium and low hydrogen storage tanks of the three-stage filling system are respectively 40MPa, 30MPa and 20MPa, and the control parameters (pressure switching coefficient and precooling temperature) are optimized, and the result is shown in figure 5. Considering that the environmental temperature is changed from 0 ℃ to 40 ℃, the internal initial pressure of the gas cylinder is from 2MPa to 20MPa, parameter optimization under different initial states is researched, and the result is shown in figure 6.
The operation steps are as shown in fig. 7, firstly, model prediction and optimization are performed according to the initial states of the cascade type hydrogen storage system and the vehicle-mounted hydrogen storage bottle to obtain an optimal switching point and a precooling temperature, and the filling process is controlled through the hydrogenation machine until the filling termination condition is met. The specific operation steps are as follows:
1) the sensor collects information of an initial filling state, the ambient temperature Tamb, the residual pressure of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder and the volume of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder;
2) determining an optimal pressure switching point and an inlet hydrogen precooling temperature according to initial states of a hydrogen station and a vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder;
3) determining a filling scheme;
4) the hydrogenation machine controls the three-stage filling system to perform corresponding pressure switching and controls the precooling system to perform hydrogen filling;
5) reaching the filling termination condition;
6) and finishing filling.
Finally, the above embodiments are only intended to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and not to limit the present invention, and although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that modifications or equivalent substitutions may be made on the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions, and all of them should be covered by the claims of the present invention.

Claims (5)

1. A quick hydrogenation control method based on a multi-factor target optimization algorithm is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: establishing a lumped parameter thermodynamic hydrogenation model based on a three-stage hydrogen filling system;
s2: according to the initial residual pressure of the gas cylinder, the environmental temperature, the precooling grade and the pressure grade of the three-stage filling system, the filling time, the percentage of the mass of hydrogen in the gas cylinder after filling to the rated capacity and the precooling energy consumption are taken as optimization targets, the pressure switching point of the three-stage filling system and the precooling temperature of inlet hydrogen are taken as optimization parameters, and a multi-objective optimization model is established;
s3: and solving parameters by adopting an optimization algorithm to serve as control parameters of the three-level filling system.
2. The rapid hydrogenation control method according to claim 1, wherein in step S1, a lumped parameter thermodynamic hydrogenation model based on a three-stage filling system is established, and precooling energy consumption, filling time, and a hydrogen state after filling of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder are calculated according to a model [ W, T, P, T, SOC ] ═ f (P1, T1, P2, T2, V, Tamb), where W represents precooling energy consumption, T represents filling time, P and T are pressure and temperature of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder respectively collected by a temperature sensor and a pressure sensor, V represents a volume of the cylinder, SOC represents a percentage of mass of hydrogen in the cylinder to a rated capacity after filling is completed, and Tamb represents an ambient temperature;
wherein SOC is defined as the mass m of hydrogen in the cylinder after filling is completedc(final) to the mass of hydrogen in the same volume in the standard state, calculated as follows:
Figure FDA0002651844320000011
where ρ isg(288K,35MPa)ρg(288K,35MPa)And Vc represent the density and volume of hydrogen gas in the standard state, respectively.
3. The rapid hydrogenation control method according to claim 2, wherein the switching point coefficient of the three-stage hydrogen filling system is defined as:
a＝Pswit/Psto
the switching point is classified into:
a＝0.95、0.94、……、x
wherein P isswitIndicating the switching pressure, PstoThe pressure grade of the current filling high-pressure hydrogen storage bottle is shown, and x is more than or equal to 0.55; when filling is from a low-grade hydrogen storage bottle, the determined switching point coefficient is used for the switching point when filling the medium-grade hydrogen storage bottle; in the filling process, when the pressure ratio of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder to the filling-level hydrogen storage cylinder reaches the switching point, the next-level hydrogen storage cylinder is switched to fill.
4. The rapid hydrogenation control method according to claim 2, wherein the precooling energy consumption of the precooling system is as follows:
Figure FDA0002651844320000012
wherein, deltah is the change of the hydrogen enthalpy value,
Figure FDA0002651844320000013
COP is the energy efficiency ratio of the refrigerator, which is the mass flow rate of hydrogen.
5. The rapid hydrogenation control method according to claim 1, wherein in step S2, according to the initial residual pressure of the gas cylinder, the ambient temperature, the precooling level and the pressure of the three-stage filling system, the filling time t, the SOC value of the gas cylinder after filling and the precooling energy consumption W are taken as optimization targets, the pressure switching point of the three-stage filling system and the precooling temperature x of the inlet hydrogen are taken as optimization parameters, and a multi-objective optimization model is established as follows:
min[W(x),t(x),-SOC(x)]
s.t.x∈X
wherein X is the value range of the pressure switching coefficient and the precooling temperature;
setting the filling time and the SOC of the hydrogen as constraint conditions, and converting the multi-objective optimization model into a single-objective optimization model as follows:
min W(x)
Figure FDA0002651844320000021
wherein,1a fill-time constraint is indicated and,2representing the SOC constraints.
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