CN111365607A - Vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder three-stage filling method based on intelligent prediction and control - Google Patents
Vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder three-stage filling method based on intelligent prediction and control Download PDFInfo
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- CN111365607A CN111365607A CN202010201646.1A CN202010201646A CN111365607A CN 111365607 A CN111365607 A CN 111365607A CN 202010201646 A CN202010201646 A CN 202010201646A CN 111365607 A CN111365607 A CN 111365607A
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C5/00—Methods or apparatus for filling containers with liquefied, solidified, or compressed gases under pressures
- F17C5/002—Automated filling apparatus
- F17C5/007—Automated filling apparatus for individual gas tanks or containers, e.g. in vehicles
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
- F17C13/02—Special adaptations of indicating, measuring, or monitoring equipment
- F17C13/025—Special adaptations of indicating, measuring, or monitoring equipment having the pressure as the parameter
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
- F17C13/02—Special adaptations of indicating, measuring, or monitoring equipment
- F17C13/026—Special adaptations of indicating, measuring, or monitoring equipment having the temperature as the parameter
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
- F17C13/02—Special adaptations of indicating, measuring, or monitoring equipment
- F17C13/028—Special adaptations of indicating, measuring, or monitoring equipment having the volume as the parameter
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C7/00—Methods or apparatus for discharging liquefied, solidified, or compressed gases from pressure vessels, not covered by another subclass
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
- F17C2223/035—High pressure (>10 bar)
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
- F17C2227/03—Heat exchange with the fluid
- F17C2227/0337—Heat exchange with the fluid by cooling
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2270/00—Applications
- F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
- F17C2270/0134—Applications for fluid transport or storage placed above the ground
- F17C2270/0139—Fuel stations
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage
Abstract
The invention relates to a vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder three-stage filling method based on intelligent prediction and control, and belongs to the field of fuel cell automobiles. The problem of single low-efficiency hydrogenation of the existing vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder is solved through intelligent prediction and control. The intelligent prediction is carried out before the actual filling, a group of switching coefficients during the filling of hydrogen into the medium and low pressure hydrogen storage cylinder are determined according to the initial residual pressure of the gas cylinder and the current environment temperature, the fastest hydrogenation scheme and the most economical hydrogenation scheme meeting the safety condition and the target temperature rise curves of the two corresponding hydrogenation schemes are calculated and predicted by combining a precooling system, and finally the output of the precooling system is controlled by a control algorithm in the real-time filling process, so that the actual temperature rise curve is made to fit the target temperature rise curve, and the rapid, efficient and safe hydrogenation target is achieved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of fuel cell automobiles, and relates to a three-stage filling method of an on-vehicle hydrogen cylinder based on intelligent prediction and control.
Background
At present, the problems of environment, energy and the like are increasingly prominent, the further development of the traditional vehicle is greatly limited, the research and development of a novel vehicle are greatly promoted, and the fuel cell automobile becomes a powerful competitor of the novel vehicle due to various advantages of the fuel cell automobile. Hydrogen is used as a main energy source of a fuel cell vehicle, the storage mode of the hydrogen on the fuel cell vehicle is mainly in the form of high-pressure gas, and the safety problem of the hydrogen in the filling process limits the commercial development of the fuel cell vehicle, so that the high-pressure hydrogen quick filling is a hot problem of domestic and foreign research in order to realize the safe, quick and efficient filling of fuel. In the rapid hydrogenation process of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder, the temperature inside the cylinder can be rapidly increased due to the specific negative Joule-Thompson effect of hydrogen and the rapid compression of the hydrogen, so that potential safety hazards are caused. The traditional hydrogen filling scheme is single, low in efficiency and non-selective, a switching point for filling hydrogen into the medium-low pressure storage hydrogen cylinder is not considered, and the refrigeration output in the filling process is not optimized, so that the economy is low. According to the invention, intelligent prediction is carried out through the model, two optional filling schemes which are the fastest and the most economical are provided, and an intelligent algorithm is adopted in the filling process to control precooling output in the filling process in real time, so that the filling safety is ensured, and the high-efficiency and low-power consumption filling target is realized.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention provides a three-stage filling method for a hydrogen cylinder of a vehicle based on intelligent prediction and control.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
the intelligent prediction and control based three-stage filling method for the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder comprises the following steps:
s1: setting a filling termination condition;
s2: simplifying a prediction model;
s3: intelligent prediction;
s4: and (4) a real-time control scheme of the precooling system.
Optionally, the S1 specifically includes:
according to the international standard SAE-J2601, in the normal filling process, the situations of leakage, insufficient air source pressure and overlarge filling flow are not considered;
s11: the internal temperature of the gas cylinder reaches 85 ℃; in order to ensure the filling safety, setting a maximum temperature boundary threshold Tmax to be 80 ℃, and reserving a safety margin of 5 ℃;
s12: the maximum pressure inside the gas cylinder reaches 125% of the rated working pressure.
Optionally, the S2 specifically includes:
the core element of the hydrogen filling process is the influence of the filling strategy on the final gas cylinder temperature rise and the SOC value, and the following assumptions are made:
s21, because the volume of the hydrogen storage cylinder group of the hydrogen station is far larger than that of the vehicle-mounted gas storage cylinder, the pressure is assumed to be constant, and in order to research the influence of different precooling temperatures, the temperature of the gas source is assumed to be constant;
s22, simplifying the pipelines of the hydrogen storage cylinder group-the hydrogenation machine and the hydrogenation machine-the vehicle-mounted hydrogen storage cylinder group, not considering the influence of a pipe joint and a valve in the filling process, and setting the heat exchange coefficient of the hydrogen storage cylinder group-the hydrogenation machine-the vehicle-mounted hydrogen storage cylinder group-the air;
s23, simplifying a hydrogenation sequence controller, and switching gas sources by adopting a logic controller, wherein the temperature and the pressure have a mutation phenomenon;
s24, simplifying the model of the hydrogenation port, replacing the hydrogenation port with a smaller throttle port to simulate the Joule-Thompson effect, and setting the throttle area according to the area of the gas inlet of the gas cylinder;
s25, assuming that the temperature of hydrogen in the vehicle-mounted gas storage bottle is consistent with that of the bottle body and the hydrogen is uniformly distributed, and setting the heat exchange coefficient of the whole body and the outside to be constant;
in the intelligent prediction link before filling, the fastest and most economical loading scheme and the target temperature rise curve thereof are calculated according to the model T ═ f (P1, T1, P2, T2, V, Tamb and Tmax).
Optionally, the S3 specifically includes:
s31 a third-level filling switching point a;
the pressure of the three-stage filling high, medium and low hydrogen storage bottles is respectively 40MPa, 30MPa and 20MPa, unequal pressure switching is considered, and the switching point coefficient is defined as follows:
a is current pressure in the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder/low-grade hydrogen storage cylinder pressure
At this time: the pressure of the initial state in the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder is less than the pressure of the low-grade hydrogen storage cylinder, and the filling is started from the low-grade hydrogen storage cylinder;
a is the current pressure in the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder/the pressure of the medium-grade hydrogen storage cylinder
At this time: the pressure of the initial state in the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder is less than the pressure of the middle-grade hydrogen storage cylinder and is more than or equal to the pressure of the low-grade hydrogen storage cylinder, and filling is started from the middle-grade hydrogen storage cylinder;
a is absent
At this time: the initial state pressure in the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder is greater than or equal to the pressure of the middle-grade hydrogen cylinder; setting the initial pressure of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder to be 30MPa and the ambient temperature to be 60 ℃, filling the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder to a termination condition under the extreme condition by using a high-grade hydrogen storage cylinder under a non-precooling condition to obtain a temperature rise curve, and finally setting the maximum temperature of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder to be about 75 ℃ under a safe condition; therefore, when the switching point a does not exist, filling is directly started from the high-grade hydrogen storage bottle without determining the initial precooling temperature;
the maximum capacity of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder is 35MPa, the pressure of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder is initially set to be 2MPa, the ambient temperature is 20 ℃, simulation analysis is carried out on the switching point when other conditions are not changed, and according to simulation results, when the coefficient a of the switching point is 0.6, the loading time is less than 3 minutes, and the span of the switching point is 0.05, the maximum difference of the filling time is about 10 seconds; therefore, the coefficient span of the switching point is taken to be 0.05, and the grade of the switching point is divided into:
a＝1.00、0.95、……、x
wherein x is more than or equal to 0.6 and x is more than or equal to the current state pressure/the pressure of the hydrogen storage cylinder at the corresponding level in the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder; when filling is started from the low-grade hydrogen storage bottle, the determined switching point coefficient is also used for the switching point when filling the medium-grade hydrogen storage bottle; in the filling process, when the pressure ratio of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder to the pressure of the filling-level hydrogen storage cylinder reaches a switching point, switching to the next-level hydrogen storage cylinder for filling;
s32 switching point cooling scheme
The minimum output of the precooling system is-40 ℃; under the same conditions, the simulation result shows that the temperature rise can be reduced by about 1 ℃ when the precooling temperature is reduced by 2 ℃ and the filling is finished; the pre-cooling scheme for different switching points is:
A. determining a switching point coefficient a at the moment;
B. under a certain initial state, calculating a target temperature rise curve of the filling process at the switching point and the maximum temperature Tpmax of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder after filling is finished according to a prediction model;
C. if Tpmax is not more than Tmax, the precooling temperature is not set by the precooling system, otherwise D is switched;
D. setting the precooling temperature of the precooling system to be-35 ℃, controlling the output margin temperature of the precooling system to be 5 ℃ by PID under the extreme condition of reservation, calculating the maximum temperature Tpmax 'of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen bottle after filling is finished according to the model, if the Tpmax' is more than or equal to Tmax, the switching point is not feasible and the coefficient of the switching point is abandoned, otherwise, turning to E;
E. calculating an initial precooling temperature Tp0 of the precooling system;
intelligently predicting a group of filling switching points and corresponding initial precooling temperature and target temperature rise curves according to an initial state before filling, and screening two feasible filling schemes which are the fastest and the most economical; the following definitions are made:
the fastest filling scheme comprises the following steps: filling the shortest one in the feasible switching points;
the most economical filling scheme is as follows: when all the feasible switching points do not need to be precooled, the fastest and most economical filling schemes are the ones with the shortest filling time; when all the feasible switching points need to be pre-cooled, the most economical filling scheme is that the initial pre-cooling temperature Tp0 is the highest; otherwise, the most economical filling scheme is the one without precooling and with the shortest filling time.
Optionally, the S4 specifically includes:
a PID control algorithm is adopted, a predicted target temperature rise curve is taken as control input, and the cooling temperature of the precooling system is taken as output, so that the error between the actual filling temperature rise curve and the predicted target temperature rise curve is reduced;
the operation steps are that firstly, feasible switching points are predicted according to the initial state, the initial cooling temperature Tp0 under each switching point is calculated, the fastest and the most economical filling schemes are compared for selection, after the filling schemes are determined, a PID control precooling system is adopted to enable the actual temperature rise of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen bottle to be close to the predicted target temperature rise curve in the actual filling process, the maximum error is not more than 5 ℃, and the filling termination condition is met; the specific operation steps are as follows:
an S41 sensor acquires information of an initial filling state, an ambient temperature Tamb, a residual pressure of a vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder and a volume of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder;
s42, determining the feasible switching point group and the grade of starting to fill the hydrogen storage bottle corresponding to each switching point according to the initial state;
s43, calculating initial precooling temperatures of all feasible switching points;
s44, calculating the fastest and most economical filling scheme and a target temperature rise curve thereof;
s45 determining a filling scheme;
s46, controlling a pre-cooling system to fill by a PID (proportion integration differentiation), and controlling the error between an actual temperature rise curve and a target temperature rise curve within a safety margin of 5 ℃;
s47 reaching the filling termination condition;
and S48, finishing filling.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the system has an intelligent prediction function, and can calculate the fastest and most economical filling scheme according to the ambient temperature during filling and the hydrogen residual pressure in the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder.
2. Through prediction and comparison, the hydrogen filling efficiency and the filling economy are improved.
3. The precooling system time-varying output is controlled through an intelligent control algorithm, so that the safety of the filling process is improved.
4. The hydrogen filling device can be used for filling hydrogen under different environmental temperatures, hydrogen allowance and gas cylinder volumes, and has wide applicability.
5. Different loading scheme options can be provided for the same loading state, and the method has greater practical economy. Additional advantages, objects, and features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and in part will become apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned from practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by the means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out hereinafter.
Drawings
For the purposes of promoting a better understanding of the objects, aspects and advantages of the invention, reference will now be made to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a three-stage hydrogen filling system;
FIG. 2 is a curve of no precooling temperature rise at an ambient temperature of 60 ℃ and an initial pressure of 30MPa in a vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder;
FIG. 3 is a relationship between a switching point and a charging time under the same conditions;
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of an actual filling process;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between different pre-cooling temperatures and final temperatures under the same conditions;
FIG. 6 is a flowchart of an algorithm for determining an initial pre-chill temperature;
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a PID control fueling process transfer function;
fig. 8 is a schematic diagram of the complete flow of the specific filling process.
Detailed Description
The embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to specific embodiments, and other advantages and effects of the present invention will be easily understood by those skilled in the art from the disclosure of the present specification. The invention is capable of other and different embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways, and its several details are capable of modification in various respects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. It should be noted that the drawings provided in the following embodiments are only for illustrating the basic idea of the present invention in a schematic way, and the features in the following embodiments and examples may be combined with each other without conflict.
Wherein the showings are for the purpose of illustrating the invention only and not for the purpose of limiting the same, and in which there is shown by way of illustration only and not in the drawings in which there is no intention to limit the invention thereto; to better illustrate the embodiments of the present invention, some parts of the drawings may be omitted, enlarged or reduced, and do not represent the size of an actual product; it will be understood by those skilled in the art that certain well-known structures in the drawings and descriptions thereof may be omitted.
The same or similar reference numerals in the drawings of the embodiments of the present invention correspond to the same or similar components; in the description of the present invention, it should be understood that if there is an orientation or positional relationship indicated by terms such as "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "front", "rear", etc., based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, it is only for convenience of description and simplification of description, but it is not an indication or suggestion that the referred device or element must have a specific orientation, be constructed in a specific orientation, and be operated, and therefore, the terms describing the positional relationship in the drawings are only used for illustrative purposes, and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention, and the specific meaning of the terms may be understood by those skilled in the art according to specific situations.
The current generalized three-level fill system contemplated by the present invention is shown in fig. 1. The hydrogen storage cylinder group comprises three stages of high, medium and low, a precooling system ensures the feasibility and the safety of hydrogen filling, the hydrogenation machine is an intelligent control integration center, T and P are respectively a temperature sensor and a pressure sensor, V is the volume of the gas cylinder, and the sensor in the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder is communicated with the hydrogenation machine to realize information acquisition and transmission. The hydrogenation machine obtains a hydrogenation scheme through prediction calculation according to initial state information acquired by the sensor, and controls the hydrogenation process in real time, so that safe and efficient hydrogenation is realized.
1. End of fill conditions
According to international standard SAE-J2601, during normal filling, the situations of leakage, insufficient air source pressure and overlarge filling flow are not considered.
1) The internal temperature of the cylinder reached 85 ℃. In order to ensure the filling safety, setting a maximum temperature boundary threshold Tmax to be 80 ℃, and reserving a safety margin of 5 ℃;
2) the maximum pressure inside the gas cylinder reaches 125% of the rated working pressure.
2. Prediction model simplification
The core element of the hydrogen filling process is the influence of the filling strategy on the final gas cylinder temperature rise and the SOC value, so the following assumptions are made:
1) because the volume of the hydrogen storage cylinder group of the hydrogen station is far larger than that of the vehicle-mounted gas storage cylinder, the pressure is assumed to be constant, and the temperature of a gas source is assumed to be constant in order to research the influence of different precooling temperatures;
2) simplifying the pipelines of the hydrogen storage cylinder group-hydrogenation machine and the hydrogenation machine-vehicle hydrogen storage cylinder group, not considering the influence of a pipe joint and a valve in the filling process, and setting the heat exchange coefficient of the hydrogen storage cylinder group-hydrogenation machine and the hydrogenation machine-vehicle hydrogen storage cylinder group with air;
3) simplifying a hydrogenation sequence controller, and switching a gas source by adopting a logic controller, wherein the temperature and the pressure have a sudden change phenomenon;
4) simplifying a model of the hydrogenation port, replacing the hydrogenation port with a smaller throttle port to simulate the Joule-Thompson effect, and setting the throttle area according to the area of the air inlet of the air bottle;
5) the temperature of hydrogen in the vehicle-mounted gas storage bottle is consistent with that of the bottle body and the hydrogen is uniformly distributed, and the heat exchange coefficient of the whole vehicle-mounted gas storage bottle and the heat exchange coefficient of the outside are set to be constant.
In the intelligent prediction link before filling, the fastest and most economical loading scheme and the target temperature rise curve thereof are calculated according to the model T ═ f (P1, T1, P2, T2, V, Tamb and Tmax).
3. Intelligent prediction
1) Three-level filling switching point a
At present, the pressure of three-stage filling high, medium and low hydrogen storage bottles is 40MPa, 30MPa and 20MPa respectively, the traditional three-stage hydrogen filling is that each stage of filling is switched to the equivalent pressure, the filling mode is single and the efficiency is low. The present invention considers unequal pressure switching, where the switching point coefficients are defined as follows:
a is current pressure in the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder/low-grade hydrogen storage cylinder pressure
At this time: the initial state pressure in the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder is less than the pressure of the low-grade hydrogen storage cylinder, and the filling is started from the low-grade hydrogen storage cylinder.
a is the current pressure in the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder/the pressure of the medium-grade hydrogen storage cylinder
At this time: the pressure of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder in the initial state is less than the pressure of the medium-grade hydrogen storage cylinder and is more than or equal to the pressure of the low-grade hydrogen storage cylinder, and filling is started from the medium-grade hydrogen storage cylinder.
a is absent
At this time: the initial state pressure in the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder is greater than or equal to the pressure of the middle-grade hydrogen cylinder. Setting the initial pressure of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder to be 30MPa and the ambient temperature to be 60 ℃, filling the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder to a termination condition under the extreme condition by using a high-grade hydrogen storage cylinder under the non-precooling condition, wherein the temperature rise curve is shown in figure 2, and finally the maximum temperature of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder is about 75 ℃, and is within the safe condition. So when the switching point a is not present, filling is initiated directly from the premium hydrogen storage cylinder and there is no need to determine an initial pre-cooling temperature.
At present, the maximum capacity of domestic vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinders is 35MPa, the initial pressure of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinders is set to be 2MPa, the ambient temperature is 20 ℃, simulation analysis is carried out on switching points when other conditions are not changed, as shown in fig. 3, according to simulation results, when the coefficient a of the switching points is 0.6, the loading time is less than 3 minutes, and the span of the switching points is 0.05, the maximum difference of the filling time is about 10 seconds. Therefore, the coefficient span of the switching point is taken to be 0.05, and the grade of the switching point is divided into:
a＝1.00、0.95、……、x
wherein x is more than or equal to 0.6 and x is more than or equal to the current state pressure/corresponding level hydrogen storage cylinder pressure in the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder. When filling is to begin with a low grade hydrogen storage cylinder, the switch point coefficient determined at this time is also used for the switch point at which the medium grade hydrogen storage cylinder is filled. In the filling process, when the pressure ratio of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder to the filling-level hydrogen storage cylinder reaches the switching point, the next-level hydrogen storage cylinder is switched to fill, and the filling process is shown in fig. 4.
2) Switching point cooling scheme
At present, the lowest energy output of a precooling system is-40 ℃. Under the same conditions, as can be seen from the simulation result shown in fig. 5, every time the precooling temperature is reduced by 2 ℃, the temperature rise at the end of filling is reduced by about 1 ℃. The pre-cooling scheme for different switching points is:
A. determining a switching point coefficient a at the moment;
B. under a certain initial state, calculating a target temperature rise curve of the filling process at the switching point and the maximum temperature Tpmax of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder after filling is finished according to a prediction model;
C. if Tpmax is not more than Tmax, the precooling temperature is not set by the precooling system, otherwise D is switched;
D. setting the precooling temperature of the precooling system to be-35 ℃ (the precooling temperature of the PID control precooling system output allowance under the extreme condition is reserved, calculating the maximum temperature Tpmax 'of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen bottle after the filling is finished according to the model, if the Tpmax' is more than or equal to Tmax, the switching point is not feasible and the coefficient of the switching point is abandoned, otherwise, turning to E;
E. an initial pre-cooling temperature Tp0 of the pre-cooling system is calculated according to the algorithm shown in fig. 6.
And intelligently predicting a group of filling switching points and corresponding initial precooling temperature and target temperature rise curves according to the initial state before filling, and screening two feasible filling schemes which are the fastest and the most economical. The following definitions are made:
the fastest filling scheme comprises the following steps: filling the shortest one in the feasible switching points;
the most economical filling scheme is as follows: when all the feasible switching points do not need to be precooled, the fastest and most economical filling schemes are the ones with the shortest filling time; when all the feasible switching points need to be pre-cooled, the most economical filling scheme is that the initial pre-cooling temperature Tp0 is high; otherwise, the most economical filling scheme is the one without precooling and with the shortest filling time.
4. Real-time control scheme of precooling system
And a PID control algorithm is adopted, a predicted target temperature rise curve is taken as control input, the cooling temperature of the precooling system is taken as output, so that the error between the actual filling temperature rise curve and the predicted target temperature rise curve is reduced, and a control transfer function block diagram is shown in FIG. 7.
5. The concrete operation steps
The outline of the operation steps is shown in fig. 8, firstly, feasible switching points are predicted according to the initial state, the initial cooling temperature Tp0 under each switching point is calculated, the fastest and most economical filling schemes are compared for selection, after the filling scheme is determined, a PID control precooling system is adopted to enable the actual temperature rise of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen bottle to be close to the predicted target temperature rise curve in the actual filling process, and the maximum error is not more than 5 ℃ until the filling termination condition is met. The specific operation steps are as follows:
1) the sensor collects information of an initial filling state, the ambient temperature Tamb, the residual pressure of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder and the volume of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder;
2) determining a feasible switching point group and the grade of starting to fill the hydrogen storage bottles corresponding to each switching point according to the initial state;
3) calculating initial precooling temperatures of all feasible switching points;
4) calculating the fastest and most economical filling scheme and a target temperature rise curve thereof;
5) determining a filling scheme;
6) a PID control precooling system is used for filling, and the error between an actual temperature rise curve and a target temperature rise curve is controlled within 5 ℃ of a safety margin;
7) reaching the filling termination condition;
8) and finishing filling.
Finally, the above embodiments are only intended to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and not to limit the present invention, and although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that modifications or equivalent substitutions may be made on the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions, and all of them should be covered by the claims of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. The intelligent prediction and control based three-stage filling method for the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the method comprises the following steps:
s1: setting a filling termination condition;
s2: simplifying a prediction model;
s3: intelligent prediction;
s4: and (4) a real-time control scheme of the precooling system.
2. The intelligent prediction and control-based three-stage filling method for the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinders according to claim 1, wherein the three-stage filling method comprises the following steps: the S1 specifically includes:
according to the international standard SAE-J2601, in the normal filling process, the situations of leakage, insufficient air source pressure and overlarge filling flow are not considered;
s11: the internal temperature of the gas cylinder reaches 85 ℃; in order to ensure the filling safety, setting a maximum temperature boundary threshold Tmax to be 80 ℃, and reserving a safety margin of 5 ℃;
s12: the maximum pressure inside the gas cylinder reaches 125% of the rated working pressure.
3. The intelligent prediction and control-based three-stage filling method for the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinders according to claim 1, wherein the three-stage filling method comprises the following steps: the S2 specifically includes:
the core element of the hydrogen filling process is the influence of the filling strategy on the final gas cylinder temperature rise and the SOC value, and the following assumptions are made:
s21, because the volume of the hydrogen storage cylinder group of the hydrogen station is far larger than that of the vehicle-mounted gas storage cylinder, the pressure is assumed to be constant, and in order to research the influence of different precooling temperatures, the temperature of the gas source is assumed to be constant;
s22, simplifying the pipelines of the hydrogen storage cylinder group-the hydrogenation machine and the hydrogenation machine-the vehicle-mounted hydrogen storage cylinder group, not considering the influence of a pipe joint and a valve in the filling process, and setting the heat exchange coefficient of the hydrogen storage cylinder group-the hydrogenation machine-the vehicle-mounted hydrogen storage cylinder group-the air;
s23, simplifying a hydrogenation sequence controller, and switching gas sources by adopting a logic controller, wherein the temperature and the pressure have a mutation phenomenon;
s24, simplifying the model of the hydrogenation port, replacing the hydrogenation port with a smaller throttle port to simulate the Joule-Thompson effect, and setting the throttle area according to the area of the gas inlet of the gas cylinder;
s25, assuming that the temperature of hydrogen in the vehicle-mounted gas storage bottle is consistent with that of the bottle body and the hydrogen is uniformly distributed, and setting the heat exchange coefficient of the whole body and the outside to be constant;
in the intelligent prediction link before filling, the fastest and most economical loading scheme and the target temperature rise curve thereof are calculated according to the model T ═ f (P1, T1, P2, T2, V, Tamb and Tmax).
4. The intelligent prediction and control-based three-stage filling method for the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinders according to claim 1, wherein the three-stage filling method comprises the following steps: the S3 specifically includes:
s31 a third-level filling switching point a;
the pressure of the three-stage filling high, medium and low hydrogen storage bottles is respectively 40MPa, 30MPa and 20MPa, unequal pressure switching is considered, and the switching point coefficient is defined as follows:
a is current pressure in the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder/low-grade hydrogen storage cylinder pressure
At this time: the pressure of the initial state in the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder is less than the pressure of the low-grade hydrogen storage cylinder, and the filling is started from the low-grade hydrogen storage cylinder;
a is the current pressure in the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder/the pressure of the medium-grade hydrogen storage cylinder
At this time: the pressure of the initial state in the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder is less than the pressure of the middle-grade hydrogen storage cylinder and is more than or equal to the pressure of the low-grade hydrogen storage cylinder, and filling is started from the middle-grade hydrogen storage cylinder;
a is absent
At this time: the initial state pressure in the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder is greater than or equal to the pressure of the middle-grade hydrogen cylinder; setting the initial pressure of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder to be 30MPa and the ambient temperature to be 60 ℃, filling the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder to a termination condition under the extreme condition by using a high-grade hydrogen storage cylinder under a non-precooling condition to obtain a temperature rise curve, and finally setting the maximum temperature of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder to be about 75 ℃ under a safe condition; therefore, when the switching point a does not exist, filling is directly started from the high-grade hydrogen storage bottle without determining the initial precooling temperature;
the maximum capacity of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder is 35MPa, the pressure of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder is initially set to be 2MPa, the ambient temperature is 20 ℃, simulation analysis is carried out on the switching point when other conditions are not changed, and according to simulation results, when the coefficient a of the switching point is 0.6, the loading time is less than 3 minutes, and the span of the switching point is 0.05, the maximum difference of the filling time is about 10 seconds; therefore, the coefficient span of the switching point is taken to be 0.05, and the grade of the switching point is divided into:
a＝1.00、0.95、……、x
wherein x is more than or equal to 0.6 and x is more than or equal to the current state pressure/the pressure of the hydrogen storage cylinder at the corresponding level in the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder; when filling is started from the low-grade hydrogen storage bottle, the determined switching point coefficient is also used for the switching point when filling the medium-grade hydrogen storage bottle; in the filling process, when the pressure ratio of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder to the pressure of the filling-level hydrogen storage cylinder reaches a switching point, switching to the next-level hydrogen storage cylinder for filling;
s32 switching point cooling scheme
The minimum output of the precooling system is-40 ℃; under the same conditions, the simulation result shows that the temperature rise can be reduced by about 1 ℃ when the precooling temperature is reduced by 2 ℃ and the filling is finished; the pre-cooling scheme for different switching points is:
A. determining a switching point coefficient a at the moment;
B. under a certain initial state, calculating a target temperature rise curve of the filling process at the switching point and the maximum temperature Tpmax of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder after filling is finished according to a prediction model;
C. if Tpmax is not more than Tmax, the precooling temperature is not set by the precooling system, otherwise D is switched;
D. setting the precooling temperature of the precooling system to be-35 ℃, controlling the output margin temperature of the precooling system to be 5 ℃ by PID under the extreme condition of reservation, calculating the maximum temperature Tpmax 'of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen bottle after filling is finished according to the model, if the Tpmax' is more than or equal to Tmax, the switching point is not feasible and the coefficient of the switching point is abandoned, otherwise, turning to E;
E. calculating an initial precooling temperature Tp0 of the precooling system;
intelligently predicting a group of filling switching points and corresponding initial precooling temperature and target temperature rise curves according to an initial state before filling, and screening two feasible filling schemes which are the fastest and the most economical; the following definitions are made:
the fastest filling scheme comprises the following steps: filling the shortest one in the feasible switching points;
the most economical filling scheme is as follows: when all the feasible switching points do not need to be precooled, the fastest and most economical filling schemes are the ones with the shortest filling time; when all the feasible switching points need to be pre-cooled, the most economical filling scheme is that the initial pre-cooling temperature Tp0 is the highest; otherwise, the most economical filling scheme is the one without precooling and with the shortest filling time.
5. The intelligent prediction and control-based three-stage filling method for the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinders according to claim 1, wherein the three-stage filling method comprises the following steps: the S4 specifically includes:
a PID control algorithm is adopted, a predicted target temperature rise curve is taken as control input, and the cooling temperature of the precooling system is taken as output, so that the error between the actual filling temperature rise curve and the predicted target temperature rise curve is reduced;
the operation steps are that firstly, feasible switching points are predicted according to the initial state, the initial cooling temperature Tp0 under each switching point is calculated, the fastest and the most economical filling schemes are compared for selection, after the filling schemes are determined, a PID control precooling system is adopted to enable the actual temperature rise of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen bottle to be close to the predicted target temperature rise curve in the actual filling process, the maximum error is not more than 5 ℃, and the filling termination condition is met; the specific operation steps are as follows:
an S41 sensor acquires information of an initial filling state, an ambient temperature Tamb, a residual pressure of a vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder and a volume of the vehicle-mounted hydrogen cylinder;
s42, determining the feasible switching point group and the grade of starting to fill the hydrogen storage bottle corresponding to each switching point according to the initial state;
s43, calculating initial precooling temperatures of all feasible switching points;
s44, calculating the fastest and most economical filling scheme and a target temperature rise curve thereof;
s45 determining a filling scheme;
s46, controlling a pre-cooling system to fill by a PID (proportion integration differentiation), and controlling the error between an actual temperature rise curve and a target temperature rise curve within a safety margin of 5 ℃;
s47 reaching the filling termination condition;
and S48, finishing filling.
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