CN111909280A - Method for extracting alpha-starch from cyperus esculentus - Google Patents
Method for extracting alpha-starch from cyperus esculentus Download PDFInfo
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- CN111909280A CN111909280A CN201910375307.2A CN201910375307A CN111909280A CN 111909280 A CN111909280 A CN 111909280A CN 201910375307 A CN201910375307 A CN 201910375307A CN 111909280 A CN111909280 A CN 111909280A
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- C08B30/00—Preparation of starch, degraded or non-chemically modified starch, amylose, or amylopectin
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Abstract
A method for extracting alpha-starch from cyperus esculentus comprises the following steps: carrying out extrusion and puffing treatment according to different characteristics of the cyperus esculentus raw materials; crushing the squeezed and puffed cyperus esculentus raw material by using a wall breaking machine or a crusher, and sieving crushed cyperus esculentus powder for later use; directly feeding the crushed and sieved cyperus esculentus raw material into a petroleum ether extractor to prepare a cyperus esculentus oil and solvent mixed solution for extraction, and heating to evaporate and recover the solvent to extract the oil by utilizing the difference between the boiling point and the volatility of the cyperus esculentus oil and the solvent; adding distilled water into the deoiled cyperus esculentus powder in a constant-temperature water bath, and sufficiently dissolving soluble total sugar in the cyperus esculentus powder by using ultrasonic assistance; centrifuging the cyperus esculentus suspension to separate solid from liquid, thereby obtaining cyperus esculentus crude starch precipitate; washing the starch paste of the cyperus esculentus crude starch precipitate with distilled water and screening to obtain a final precipitate; and purifying the final precipitate by adopting low-temperature hot air drying or vacuum freeze drying to obtain the cyperus esculentus starch.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a process method for extracting starch in cyperus esculentus, in particular to an extraction method for extracting alpha-starch in cyperus esculentus by using a puffing technology.
Background
Cyperus esculentus (Cyperus esculentus), also known as Cyperus esculentus, Cyperus ferrugineus, Eleocharis dulcis, underground Chinese chestnut, underground walnut and the like, is an annual plant of Cyperus family, is native to Africa and coastal countries of Mediterranean sea, is a high-quality, high-yield and wide comprehensive utilization prospect introduced in recent years in China, and is an economic crop integrating grain, oil, pasture and feeding into a whole.
The cyperus esculentus is a novel oil crop widely popularized in China, is introduced in China with extremely strong adaptability and is planted in Heilongjiang, Beijing, Hebei, Hunan, Shandong, Sichuan and other places. The novel grain and oil crop is a novel oil, grain and feed multipurpose special grain and oil crop with high quality, high yield and high comprehensive utilization value, and is listed as a recommended crop variety in structural adjustment planning for national planting (2016 & amp, 2020). The method has strong adaptability, is suitable for planting on wasteland, mud flat land, saline-alkali land and other lands, can effectively utilize marginal land resources, and promotes the ecological environment protection of the marginal land; the cyperus esculentus conforms to the national plant structure development planning strategy, has wide market prospect and high nutritional value, can extract starch, edible oil and sugar, and can be processed into flavor food with good taste.
The cyperus esculentus is rich in grease, starch and sugar, the starch content of the cyperus esculentus is about 20% -45%, the cyperus esculentus starch is basically similar to corn and potato starch, the main substitutes are corn, cassava, potato and other starch, the cyperus esculentus starch is an inexhaustible superior raw material for processing various foods taking the starch as a raw material, and the cyperus esculentus starch is extremely characterized. The cyperus esculentus starch belongs to slowly digestible starch, and slowly digestible starch food belongs to low Glycemic Index (GI) food, can maintain postprandial blood sugar stability, effectively reduce postprandial blood sugar load, improve the sensitivity of an organism to insulin, and is suitable for diabetics to eat. In addition, the cyperus esculentus starch also has good freeze-thawing performance, and after repeated freezing and thawing, the product can still keep good quality, does not separate out water, and the colloid system is kept stable and uniform.
Alpha-starch (i.e., pregelatinized starch) refers to a starch state in which when micelles in the crystalline region of raw starch are completely collapsed, starch molecules form single molecules and are surrounded by water (hydrogen bonding), resulting in a viscous paste solution. The alpha-starch can be derived into hundreds of products, has many excellent characteristics, such as quick cold water gelatinization, strong cohesive force, high cohesive toughness, convenient use and the like, has very wide application fields, is mainly used as a thickening agent, a gelling agent, a binding agent, an emulsifying agent, a stabilizing agent and the like, is used in the industries of baked food, convenient food and medical health products, can replace the gelling agent such as pectin, carrageenan and the like with higher price, reduces the manufacturing cost of the food, improves the quality of the food and simultaneously improves the economic benefit.
The conventional extraction process of the cyperus esculentus starch adopts cake dregs obtained by squeezing oil as a main raw material, and is extracted by soaking in lime water, so that the yield of the starch is low, impurities are easy to introduce, and the starch is unstable in character.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a process method for extracting alpha-starch from cyperus esculentus by using a puffing technology, wherein dried cyperus esculentus can be used as a raw material, and the alpha-starch with higher purity can be conveniently extracted after extrusion and puffing.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method for extracting α -starch from cyperus esculentus, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
s100, performing extrusion and puffing pretreatment, namely performing extrusion and puffing treatment according to different cyperus esculentus raw material characteristics;
s200, crushing the squeezed and puffed cyperus esculentus raw material by using a wall breaking machine or a crusher, and sieving crushed cyperus esculentus powder for later use;
s300, leaching oil with petroleum ether, directly feeding the smashed and sieved cyperus esculentus raw material into a petroleum ether leacher for leaching to obtain a cyperus esculentus oil and solvent mixed solution, heating and evaporating the mixed solution and recovering the solvent to extract oil by utilizing the difference between the boiling point and the volatility of the cyperus esculentus oil and the solvent;
s400, performing constant-temperature water bath and ultrasonic extraction, namely adding distilled water into deoiled cyperus esculentus powder to perform constant-temperature water bath, and sufficiently dissolving soluble total sugar in the cyperus esculentus powder by using ultrasonic assistance;
s500, performing centrifugal treatment, namely performing centrifugal treatment on the cyperus esculentus suspension subjected to water bath and ultrasonic pretreatment to separate solid from liquid, so as to obtain cyperus esculentus crude starch precipitate;
s600, purifying centrifugal slurry, washing the starch paste slurry of the cyperus esculentus crude starch precipitate with distilled water, and screening to obtain a final precipitate; and
s700, purifying the final precipitate by adopting low-temperature hot air drying or vacuum freeze drying to obtain the cyperus esculentus starch.
The method for extracting the alpha-starch from the cyperus esculentus comprises the step of air drying or hot air drying the cyperus esculentus raw material before the step S100, wherein the ground and dried cyperus esculentus is adopted, and the starch content of the cyperus esculentus is more than or equal to 20g/100 g.
The method for extracting the alpha-starch from the cyperus esculentus comprises the steps of carrying out moisture regulation during air drying or hot air drying, regulating the temperature of hot air by using a hot air drying box or a tempering tower, and regulating the moisture of the cyperus esculentus raw material to be lower than 10g/100 g.
The method for extracting the alpha-starch from the cyperus esculentus comprises the following steps of: the water content of the cyperus esculentus raw material is 8-12%, the puffing temperature of an extruder is 120-140 ℃, the rotating speed of a screw of the extruder is 120-140 r/min, and the aperture of a die hole of the extruder is 8-12 mm.
In the method for extracting alpha-starch from cyperus esculentus, in step S200, the aperture of the screen is 80-100 meshes.
In the method for extracting alpha-starch from cyperus esculentus, in step S400, distilled water is added into the degreased cyperus esculentus powder according to the liquid-material ratio of 10: 1-20: 1, the water bath temperature is 60-80 ℃, the ultrasonic power is 200-500W, and the ultrasonic time is 15-20 min.
In the method for extracting alpha-starch from cyperus esculentus, in step S500, the centrifugal treatment is performed under the conditions that the rotating speed of a centrifugal machine is 3000-5000 r/min and the centrifugal time is 15-20 min.
In the method for extracting alpha-starch from cyperus esculentus, the supernatant obtained by centrifuging is soluble sugar, and the obtained supernatant is dried and purified to extract the soluble sugar.
In the method for extracting alpha-starch from cyperus esculentus, in step S600, the starch paste is washed and sieved, the mesh size of the washed and sieved starch paste is 80-120 meshes, and the washing liquid is centrifuged again and separated by a 80-120 mesh screen.
In the method for extracting alpha-starch from cyperus esculentus, in step S700, the low-temperature hot air drying temperature is 50-70 ℃; the pre-freezing temperature of the vacuum freeze drying is-40 to-20 ℃, the vacuum degree of the vacuum freeze drying is 80 to 120Pa, and the maximum temperature of the heating plate of the vacuum freeze drying is 55 to 70 ℃.
The invention has the technical effects that:
1) in the traditional extraction process of starch in cyperus esculentus, lime water is mostly adopted for soaking and extraction, the soaking time is long, and other impurities and reagent residues are easily introduced; the method adopts an extrusion and puffing technology, the cyperus esculentus material is puffed in an extruder under the conditions of high temperature and high pressure, part of starch is degraded to generate dextrin and reducing sugar, meanwhile, main and secondary valence bonds and hydrogen bonds between adjacent starch are damaged, the cyperus esculentus is loose and porous after being puffed, the contact chance with amylase is increased, the precipitation of starch granules is promoted, the starch is refined simply, and no reagent residue exists.
2) The cyperus esculentus starch extracted by the traditional process is beta-starch (raw powder), and the gelling property, the solubility and the stability of the cyperus esculentus starch are inferior to those of alpha-starch; the extrusion puffing method can be used for producing and processing easily digestible cyperus bean starch food, has higher peak viscosity and attenuation value and lower retrogradation value and peak time, and has excellent gelatinization characteristic and is particularly suitable for producing infant food.
The invention is described in detail below with reference to the drawings and specific examples, but the invention is not limited thereto.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Wherein the reference numerals
S100-S700 steps
Detailed Description
The invention will be described in detail with reference to the following drawings, which are provided for illustration purposes and the like:
referring to fig. 1, fig. 1 is a flow chart of a method according to an embodiment of the present invention, and the method for extracting α -starch from cyperus esculentus comprises the following steps:
step S100, performing extrusion and puffing pretreatment, namely performing extrusion and puffing treatment according to different raw material characteristics of the cyperus esculentus, wherein the process conditions of the extrusion and puffing pretreatment are preferably as follows: the water content of the cyperus esculentus raw material is 8-12%, the puffing temperature of an extruder is 120-140 ℃, the rotating speed of a screw of the extruder is 120-140 r/min, and the aperture of a die hole of the extruder is 8-12 mm;
s200, crushing the squeezed and puffed cyperus esculentus raw material by using a wall breaking machine or a crusher, and sieving crushed cyperus esculentus powder for later use, wherein the aperture of the sieve is preferably 80-100 meshes;
step S300, leaching oil with petroleum ether, directly feeding the smashed and sieved cyperus esculentus raw material into a petroleum ether leacher for leaching to obtain cyperus esculentus oil and solvent mixed liquid, and heating and evaporating and recovering the solvent to extract oil by utilizing different boiling points and volatility of the cyperus esculentus oil and the solvent;
step S400, performing constant-temperature water bath and ultrasonic extraction, namely adding distilled water into deoiled cyperus esculentus powder to perform constant-temperature water bath, and sufficiently dissolving soluble total sugar in the deoiled cyperus esculentus powder by using ultrasonic assistance, preferably adding distilled water into the deoiled cyperus esculentus powder according to the liquid-material ratio of 10: 1-20: 1, wherein the water bath temperature is 60-80 ℃, the ultrasonic power is 200-500W, and the ultrasonic time is 15-20 min;
step S500, performing centrifugal treatment, namely performing centrifugal treatment on the cyperus esculentus suspension subjected to water bath and ultrasonic pretreatment to separate solid from liquid to obtain cyperus esculentus crude starch precipitate, wherein the conditions of the centrifugal treatment are preferably that the rotating speed of a centrifugal machine is 3000-5000 r/min, the centrifugal time is 15-20 min, the supernatant obtained by centrifugal liquid separation is soluble sugar, and continuously drying and purifying the obtained supernatant to extract the soluble sugar;
s600, purifying centrifugal slurry, washing and screening starch paste of the cyperus bean crude starch precipitate by using distilled water to obtain a final precipitate, wherein the mesh size of the washed and screened starch paste is preferably 80-120 meshes, and the washing liquid is centrifuged again and separated by using a 80-120 mesh screen; and
s700, purifying the final precipitate by adopting low-temperature hot air drying or vacuum freeze drying to obtain the cyperus esculentus starch, wherein the temperature of the low-temperature hot air drying is preferably 50-70 ℃; preferably, the pre-freezing temperature of the vacuum freeze drying is-40 to-20 ℃, the vacuum degree of the vacuum freeze drying is 80 to 120Pa, and the maximum temperature of a heating plate of the vacuum freeze drying is 55 to 70 ℃.
Wherein before the step S100, the method also comprises the step of carrying out air drying or hot air drying on the cyperus esculentus raw material, and drying the cyperus esculentus after grinding the skin, wherein the starch content of the cyperus esculentus is more than or equal to 20g/100 g. Wherein, the moisture is adjusted during air drying or hot air drying, the hot air temperature is adjusted by a hot air drying box or a tempering tower, and the moisture of the cyperus esculentus raw material is adjusted to be lower than 10g/100 g.
The following example illustrates the extraction of alpha-starch from cyperus esculentus according to the invention:
before the extrusion puffing pretreatment step, raw material conditioning can be carried out, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
1) raw material preparation: the chufa is commercially available, preferably as a dry chufa after grinding, petroleum ether (super pure), distilled water. See table below, which is the main quality index of cyperus esculentus:
2) and (3) a raw material pretreatment step, wherein if the cyperus esculentus raw material is fresh or has high moisture, the moisture is regulated, and air drying or hot air drying is needed. The method is characterized in that raw materials with high moisture content are dried, the temperature of hot air can be adjusted to 70 ℃ by utilizing a hot air drying box, a tempering tower and the like, and the moisture of the cyperus esculentus material is adjusted to be below 10g/100 g;
step S100, extrusion and expansion pretreatment, further comprising:
the physical and chemical indexes of different cyperus esculentus raw materials are greatly different, extrusion puffing pretreatment is carried out according to the characteristics of the cyperus esculentus raw materials in the table, and the preferred process conditions are as follows: the water content of the cyperus esculentus is 8.3 percent, the puffing temperature is 120 ℃, the rotating speed of a screw is 135r/min, and the aperture of a die hole is 8 mm;
step S200, a pulverizing step, further comprising:
crushing the squeezed and puffed cyperus esculentus raw material by using a wall breaking machine or a pulverizer, and sieving the crushed cyperus esculentus raw material by using a 100-mesh sieve for later use;
step S300, the step of leaching and deoiling petroleum ether further comprises the following steps:
directly feeding the smashed and sieved cyperus esculentus raw material into a leaching device for leaching to obtain oil, heating and evaporating the cyperus esculentus oil and solvent by utilizing the difference of boiling point and volatility of the cyperus esculentus oil and the solvent, and recovering the solvent to complete oil extraction;
step S400, the steps of constant temperature water bath and ultrasonic extraction further comprise:
adding distilled water into deoiled cyperus esculentus powder according to a liquid-material ratio of 20:1, and sufficiently dissolving soluble total sugar in the cyperus esculentus powder by using ultrasonic wave assistance, wherein the water bath temperature is 70 ℃, the ultrasonic wave power is 400W, and the ultrasonic time is 15 min;
step S500, a centrifugation step, further comprising:
centrifuging the cyperus esculentus suspension subjected to water bath and ultrasonic pretreatment, wherein the centrifugation condition is preferably 5000r/min, and the centrifugation time is 15min, so that solid and liquid are separated;
solid-liquid separation and extraction of soluble sugar:
separating the centrifugate to obtain supernatant as soluble sugar, and further drying and purifying to extract soluble sugar;
solid-liquid separation, and precipitation is coarse cyperus bean starch;
step S600, a purification step, further comprising:
washing the centrifuged starch paste with distilled water, sieving with 100 mesh sieve, centrifuging the washing solution again, and sieving with 100 mesh sieve.
Step S700, a drying step, further comprising:
and (4) drying the purified precipitate by low-temperature hot air to obtain the cyperus esculentus starch, wherein the drying temperature is preferably 55 ℃.
In the extrusion and puffing process of cyperus esculentus and other high-starch materials at high temperature, high pressure and high shear force, the components of the materials undergo complex physical and chemical changes, such as hydrogen bond breakage among starch molecules, starch alphatization and degradation to generate small molecular weight substances, so that the water solubility of the starch is enhanced; the protein is denatured and recombined, and the water solubility and the biological value are reduced; the fat, the starch and the protein form a complex, the starch solubility and the digestibility are reduced, the fat oxidation speed is reduced, the oxidation degree is reduced, and the shelf life of the product is prolonged. The cyperus esculentus is subjected to high-temperature short-time extrusion puffing pretreatment, so that not only can antinutritional factors in the cyperus esculentus be well reduced and eliminated, but also loose and porous puffing texture is formed, and the exposed separation of grease, starch and polysaccharide can be promoted, so that the subsequent three-phase separation and extraction are facilitated; the starch can be completely gelatinized (namely the raw starch in the cyperus esculentus, namely beta starch is changed into alpha starch), and the starch cannot be recovered into the beta starch after being placed, so that the puffed cyperus esculentus starch keeps soft, good flavor and high digestibility, which is another characteristic of the invention superior to other physical processing methods and opens up a new processing field for cyperus esculentus coarse grain fine-processing.
The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof, and it should be understood that various changes and modifications can be effected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A method for extracting alpha-starch from cyperus esculentus is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s100, performing extrusion and puffing pretreatment, namely performing extrusion and puffing treatment according to different cyperus esculentus raw material characteristics;
s200, crushing the squeezed and puffed cyperus esculentus raw material by using a wall breaking machine or a crusher, and sieving crushed cyperus esculentus powder for later use;
s300, leaching oil with petroleum ether, directly feeding the smashed and sieved cyperus esculentus raw material into a petroleum ether leacher for leaching to obtain a cyperus esculentus oil and solvent mixed solution, heating and evaporating the mixed solution and recovering the solvent to extract oil by utilizing the difference between the boiling point and the volatility of the cyperus esculentus oil and the solvent;
s400, performing constant-temperature water bath and ultrasonic extraction, namely adding distilled water into deoiled cyperus esculentus powder to perform constant-temperature water bath, and sufficiently dissolving soluble total sugar in the cyperus esculentus powder by using ultrasonic assistance;
s500, performing centrifugal treatment, namely performing centrifugal treatment on the cyperus esculentus suspension subjected to water bath and ultrasonic pretreatment to separate solid from liquid, so as to obtain cyperus esculentus crude starch precipitate;
s600, purifying centrifugal slurry, washing the starch paste slurry of the cyperus esculentus crude starch precipitate with distilled water, and screening to obtain a final precipitate; and
s700, purifying the final precipitate by adopting low-temperature hot air drying or vacuum freeze drying to obtain the cyperus esculentus starch.
2. The method for extracting alpha-starch from cyperus esculentus according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises air-drying or hot air-drying the cyperus esculentus raw material before step S100, and the starch content of the cyperus esculentus is not less than 20g/100g by using dried cyperus esculentus after grinding.
3. The method for extracting alpha-starch from cyperus esculentus according to claim 2, wherein the moisture of the cyperus esculentus raw material is adjusted to be less than 10g/100g by adjusting the temperature of hot air in a hot air drying oven or a tempering tower during air drying or hot air drying.
4. The method for extracting alpha-starch from cyperus esculentus according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the process conditions of the extrusion-puffing pretreatment are as follows: the water content of the cyperus esculentus raw material is 8-12%, the puffing temperature of an extruder is 120-140 ℃, the rotating speed of a screw of the extruder is 120-140 r/min, and the aperture of a die hole of the extruder is 8-12 mm.
5. The method for extracting alpha-starch from cyperus esculentus according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein in step S200, the mesh size of the screen is 80-100 meshes.
6. The method for extracting alpha-starch from cyperus esculentus according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein in step S400, distilled water is added to the degreased cyperus esculentus powder according to the liquid-to-material ratio of 10: 1-20: 1, the water bath temperature is 60-80 ℃, the ultrasonic power is 200-500W, and the ultrasonic time is 15-20 min.
7. The method for extracting alpha-starch from cyperus esculentus according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein in step S500, the centrifugal treatment is performed under conditions that the rotation speed of a centrifuge is 3000-5000 r/min and the centrifugal time is 15-20 min.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the supernatant obtained by the centrifugal separation is a soluble sugar, and the supernatant obtained is further dried and purified to extract the soluble sugar.
9. The method for extracting alpha-starch from cyperus esculentus according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein in step S600, the starch paste is washed and sieved with a sieve having a mesh size of 80-120 meshes, and the washing solution is centrifuged again and separated with a sieve having a mesh size of 80-120 meshes.
10. The method for extracting alpha-starch from cyperus esculentus according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the low-temperature hot air drying temperature is 50-70 ℃ in step S700; the pre-freezing temperature of the vacuum freeze drying is-40 to-20 ℃, the vacuum degree of the vacuum freeze drying is 80 to 120Pa, and the maximum temperature of the heating plate of the vacuum freeze drying is 55 to 70 ℃.
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Application publication date: 20201110 |