CN111893002A - Antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing pesticides and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing pesticides and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN111893002A CN111893002A CN202010938405.5A CN202010938405A CN111893002A CN 111893002 A CN111893002 A CN 111893002A CN 202010938405 A CN202010938405 A CN 202010938405A CN 111893002 A CN111893002 A CN 111893002A
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- saponin
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
- C11D1/83—Mixtures of non-ionic with anionic compounds
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L5/00—Preparation or treatment of foods or foodstuffs, in general; Food or foodstuffs obtained thereby; Materials therefor
- A23L5/20—Removal of unwanted matter, e.g. deodorisation or detoxification
- A23L5/27—Removal of unwanted matter, e.g. deodorisation or detoxification by chemical treatment, by adsorption or by absorption
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/02—Inorganic compounds ; Elemental compounds
- C11D3/04—Water-soluble compounds
- C11D3/10—Carbonates ; Bicarbonates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/168—Organometallic compounds or orgometallic complexes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D3/22—Carbohydrates or derivatives thereof
- C11D3/222—Natural or synthetic polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, starch, gum, alginic acid or cyclodextrin
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/38—Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
- C11D3/382—Vegetable products, e.g. soya meal, wood flour, sawdust
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/48—Medical, disinfecting agents, disinfecting, antibacterial, germicidal or antimicrobial compositions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/008—Polymeric surface-active agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/02—Anionic compounds
- C11D1/12—Sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid esters; Salts thereof
- C11D1/22—Sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid esters; Salts thereof derived from aromatic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
- C11D1/72—Ethers of polyoxyalkylene glycols
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of daily chemical products, and relates to an antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing pesticides, which is characterized by comprising the following components in percentage by mass: 10-15% of surfactant, 5-10% of ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin, 0.6-1% of modified saponin, 4-8% of baking soda and the balance of water. The invention also provides a preparation method of the antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing the pesticide. The invention discloses an antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing pesticides, which has antibacterial property, can adsorb heavy metals, is added with natural components which are non-toxic, non-irritant and biodegradable, and has degradation effects on organophosphorus pesticides, carbamates, pyrethroid pesticides and shallow pesticides on the surfaces of fruits and vegetables.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of daily chemical products, in particular to an antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing pesticides and a preparation method thereof.
Background
With the increasing living standard, the demand of people for fruits and vegetables is increasing, and the requirements for the quality of the fruits and vegetables are also increasing. Since the beginning of the 20 th century, modern agricultural technology products (such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides, plant growth regulators and the like) are widely applied to the field of agricultural economy, the fruit and vegetable pesticide residues are serious while the fruit and vegetable yield is greatly improved, and the health of people is greatly damaged. The pesticide residue refers to residues such as undecomposed pesticide parent, intermediate, and metabolites of decomposition process, which are remained on the surface of the fruits and vegetables or permeate into the fruits and vegetables after spraying pesticides on the surfaces of the fruits and vegetables in the growth process of the fruits and vegetables for improving the yield. In recent years, commonly used insecticides comprise organophosphorus insecticides, carbamate insecticides and pyrethroid insecticides, and if agricultural products with pesticide residues exceeding standards are eaten for a long time, harmful substances are accumulated in the body, so that chronic poisoning is caused, and finally diseases are caused.
In order to prevent poisoning of edible fruits and vegetables, people adopt some means to remove pesticide residues of the fruits and vegetables before eating the fruits and vegetables, most commonly, various detergents are used for cleaning the fruits and vegetables, but most of the existing fruit and vegetable cleaning agents are chemically synthesized, and if the cleaning agent is not completely cleaned, the cleaning agent is adhered to the fruits and vegetables, so that the long-term use of the cleaning agent can cause harm to human health and cause certain pollution to water and soil environments; biological enzyme fruit and vegetable cleaning agents have good cleaning effects on organophosphorus pesticides, but can hardly clean pyrethroid and carbamate pesticides, and the types of the pesticides for cleaning are limited; moreover, the existing fruit and vegetable cleaning agent can only clean the pesticides on the surfaces of the fruits and vegetables, but is difficult to clean the pesticides on the superficial layers of the fruits and vegetables.
Generally, a lot of dirt exists on the surfaces and roots of fruits and vegetables purchased from supermarkets or vegetable markets and the fruits and vegetables can be eaten after being cleaned, but most of household fruits and vegetables are purchased in a small amount, more than a few days are worship for one worship, even more than ten days, and the fruits and vegetables with the dirt are directly placed in a refrigerator, so that the refrigerator is messy and dirty, therefore, the fruits and vegetables are usually cleaned firstly and then placed in the refrigerator, and the fruits and vegetables do not need to be cleaned before being eaten every time, so that the life of people is facilitated. However, the cleaned fruits and vegetables are placed for a long time, so that a large amount of bacteria are bred on the surfaces of the fruits and vegetables, and the fruits and vegetables are easy to rot and damage the health of human bodies.
With the excessive use of metal mining, industrial production and pesticides and fertilizers, the heavy metals can be enriched and accumulated in soil, the heavy metal pollution becomes the main soil environmental pollution problem in China, the polluted cultivated land area is continuously enlarged, the problem that the heavy metals exceed the standard can be caused to more or less soil for planting fruits and vegetables, the heavy metals in the soil can be absorbed by the vegetables through root systems of the vegetables, the leaves of the vegetables can also enrich the heavy metals in gas or liquid state in the air in different degrees, the heavy metals enriched in the vegetables can enter human bodies through the transmission of food chains, and the health of human beings is harmed.
Based on the above situation, it is necessary to develop a fruit and vegetable cleaning agent which has antibacterial property, can adsorb heavy metals, is added with natural components which are nontoxic, nonirritating and biodegradable, and has degradation effects on organophosphorus pesticides, carbamates, pyrethroid pesticides and shallow pesticides on the surfaces of fruits and vegetables.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides an antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing pesticides and a preparation method thereof, aiming at solving the technical problems that the existing fruit and vegetable cleaning agent has limited types of pesticides, can only clean the pesticides on the surfaces of fruits and vegetables and can not clean the pesticides on the superficial layers of the surfaces of the fruits and vegetables, a large amount of bacteria are bred on the surfaces of the fruits and vegetables which are placed and cleaned for a long time and are easy to rot, and heavy metals enriched in the vegetables can enter human bodies through the transmission of food chains to harm the health of human beings.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: an antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing pesticides is characterized by comprising the following components in percentage by mass: 10-15% of surfactant, 5-10% of ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin, 0.6-1% of modified saponin, 4-8% of baking soda and the balance of water.
Furthermore, the surfactant comprises fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether, sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate and lemon essential oil which are compounded according to the mass ratio of (3-5) to (1) to (3).
Furthermore, the preparation method of the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin comprises the following steps:
step I, preparing ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide: adding the dendrobe polysaccharide and ammonium ceric nitrate into 1-3mol/L acetic acid solution, stirring for 3-5h, adjusting pH to be neutral by using acetic acid-sodium acetate, centrifuging, washing and precipitating by using ethanol and acetone/ethanol mixed solution in sequence, collecting precipitate, and drying in vacuum to obtain ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobe polysaccharide.
Step II, preparing ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin: and (3) adding the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide and punicalagin obtained in the step (I) into a stirrer, heating to 40-60 ℃, stirring until the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide and punicalagin are completely dissolved, and uniformly mixing to obtain the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin.
Furthermore, in the step I, the molar ratio of the dendrobe polysaccharide to the ceric ammonium nitrate is 1 (5-9), and the volume ratio of acetone to ethanol in the acetone/ethanol mixed solution is 1 (1-5) to 1.
Furthermore, in the step II, the mass ratio of the ammonium ceric nitrate to the dendrobium polysaccharide to the punicalagin is (5-9): 1.
Further, the preparation method of the modified saponin comprises the following steps:
step I, preparation of saponin acetate: adding an iodine simple substance into acetic anhydride, reacting for 1-2h at 50-70 ℃ to obtain an iodine/acetic anhydride solution, slowly adding saponin powder into the iodine/acetic anhydride solution, reacting for 20-28h at 40-60 ℃, after the reaction is finished, adding solid sodium carbonate while stirring until no bubbles are generated, concentrating, pouring the concentrated solution into ice water, violently stirring, carrying out suction filtration, washing the precipitate with water, collecting the precipitate, and drying in a drying oven at 50-70 ℃ to constant weight to obtain saponin acetate;
step II, preparation of modified saponin: adding zinc chloride into water to obtain a zinc chloride aqueous solution, adding the zinc chloride aqueous solution and the saponin acetate obtained in the step I into a tetrahydrofuran solution, adding sodium borohydride in batches at 60-70 ℃, refluxing for 6-10h, cooling to room temperature, performing suction filtration, washing a filter cake with tetrahydrofuran, collecting filtrate, and concentrating to obtain modified saponin;
furthermore, the molar ratio of the iodine simple substance, the acetic anhydride and the saponin powder in the step I is (0.11-0.15): 180-220): 1.
Furthermore, the molar ratio of the zinc chloride, the saponin acetate and the sodium borohydride in the step II is (0.11-0.15):1 (1-1.2).
The invention also aims to provide a preparation method of the antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing the pesticide, which comprises the following steps:
(1) adding surfactant, modified saponin and sodium bicarbonate into a stirrer according to a proportion, heating to 40-60 ℃, and uniformly mixing to obtain a water phase;
(2) adding ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin into an emulsifying machine, heating to 40-60 ℃, slowly adding the water phase into the emulsifying machine, homogenizing and emulsifying for 15-30min, ultrasonically treating for 1-3h by using an ultrasonic instrument, removing bubbles in the antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing the pesticide, bottling, labeling and sealing.
The invention further aims to provide an antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent capable of adsorbing heavy metals and a preparation method thereof.
The beneficial effects of the invention are shown in the following aspects:
1. hydroxyl on dendrobe polysaccharide molecules is coordinated with cerium ions on ammonium ceric nitrate to form a complex, and the complex is mixed with punicalagin to obtain ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobe polysaccharide/punicalagin, electrons with negative electricity can be freely moved and placed in the complex in sunlight, water and air, and positive holes are left, and can activate oxygen and hydroxyl, so that the water and the air adsorbed on the holes can be changed into active oxygen and hydroxyl, and the active oxygen and the active hydroxyl have strong redox effects, so that cell membranes are damaged to cause the death of bacteria, and the sterilization effect is achieved; the surfaces of the punicalagin and the staphylococcus aureus are combined to form a layer of polymer, so that the surface of the thallus becomes rough, and the polymer is thicker when the concentration of the punicalagin is higher, so that thallus cells are damaged, and the thallus is killed; the punicalagin can also affect a plurality of metabolic pathways of staphylococcus aureus, particularly purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism and tricarboxylic acid circulation pathways, and the expression of a plurality of key enzymes is inhibited, so that the punicalagin has an inhibiting effect on the signal pathways, and further inhibits the growth and proliferation of bacteria; the fruit and vegetable cleaning agent containing the ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin components can be used for cleaning fruits and vegetables, and a large amount of bacteria cannot grow after long-time storage, so that the fruits and vegetables are not easy to rot.
2. Cerium ions on the ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide have electrophilicity, so that the polarity of a P ═ O bond and a P ═ S bond on the organophosphorus pesticide can be increased, the attack of hydroxyl groups on the ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide on phosphorus atoms is facilitated, and the purpose of degrading the organophosphorus pesticide is achieved; according to the invention, the surfactant, ammonium ceric nitrate, dendrobium polysaccharide, punicalagin, modified saponin and baking soda are compounded to prepare the microemulsion, so that the microemulsion is easy to wet and spread on the surfaces of fruits and vegetables, and has strong permeability and excellent solubilization property; the microemulsion can penetrate into the shallow layer of the surface of the fruit and vegetable to achieve the aim of removing the pesticide in the shallow layer of the fruit and vegetable; the lipophilic component of the surfactant, namely the lemon essential oil, can adsorb fat-soluble pesticides such as pyrethrins, amino acids and the like, and the surfactant with the fat-soluble pesticides can dissolve the fat-soluble pesticides in water through hydrophilic components, namely fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether and sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate, so that the purpose of removing the fat-soluble pesticides such as the pyrethrins, the amino acids and the like is achieved.
3. The sodium bicarbonate is slightly alkaline in water, so that the stability of the pesticide is damaged, and the pesticide is decomposed to achieve the aim of removing the pesticide; the microemulsion, the ceric ammonium nitrate/the dendrobium polysaccharide/the punicalagin and the baking soda have synergistic effect, and have the effect of removing organophosphorus pesticides, carbamate, pyrethroid and other fat-soluble pesticides, and pesticides on shallow surface of fruits and vegetables.
4. The saponin is a pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin compound, the structure of the saponin comprises a hydrophilic sugar body and a hydrophobic coordination group, and the saponin comprises a double bond, an ester group and a hydroxyl group, wherein the double bond and the ester group can influence the hydrophilicity of the saponin, so that the adsorption of the saponin on heavy metals is influenced, the hydroxyl group on the saponin is firstly generated into acetate, the hydroxyl group on the saponin can be protected, then the double bond on the saponin is reacted with sodium carbonate to generate the ester group, and finally the ester group on the saponin is reduced into the hydroxyl group by sodium borohydride, the process not only retains the original hydroxyl group on the saponin, but also converts the double bond and the ester group influencing the hydrophilicity into the hydroxyl group, so as to obtain the modified saponin, the double bond and the ester group on the modified saponin are converted into the hydroxyl group, so that the water solubility of the saponin is increased, and the adsorption capacity of the saponin on heavy metals enriched in vegetables is improved, the heavy metal on the vegetables is prevented from harming the health of human beings.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical solutions of the present invention better understood and make the above features, objects, and advantages of the present invention more comprehensible, the present invention is further described with reference to the following examples. The examples are intended to illustrate the invention only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
The raw materials used in the following examples of the present invention were all purchased commercially.
Example 1
An antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing pesticides is characterized by comprising the following components in percentage by mass: 10% of surfactant, 5% of ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin, 0.6% of modified saponin, 4% of baking soda and the balance of water.
Furthermore, the surfactant comprises fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether, sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate and lemon essential oil which are compounded according to the mass ratio of 3:1:1.
Furthermore, the preparation method of the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin comprises the following steps:
step I, preparing ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide: adding the dendrobium polysaccharide and ammonium ceric nitrate into 1mol/L acetic acid solution, stirring for 3h, adjusting the pH to be neutral by using acetic acid-sodium acetate, centrifuging, washing and precipitating by using ethanol and acetone/ethanol mixed solution in sequence, collecting precipitate, and drying in vacuum to obtain the ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide.
Step II, preparing ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin: and (3) adding the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide and punicalagin obtained in the step (I) into a stirrer, heating to 40 ℃, stirring until the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide and punicalagin are completely dissolved, and uniformly mixing to obtain the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin.
Furthermore, in the step I, the molar ratio of the dendrobium polysaccharide to the ammonium ceric nitrate is 1:5, and the volume ratio of acetone to ethanol in the acetone/ethanol mixed solution is 1:1.
Furthermore, the mass ratio of the ammonium ceric nitrate to the dendrobium polysaccharide to the punicalagin in the step II is 5: 1.
Further, the preparation method of the modified saponin comprises the following steps:
step I, preparation of saponin acetate: adding an iodine simple substance into acetic anhydride, reacting for 1h at 50 ℃ to obtain an iodine/acetic anhydride solution, slowly adding saponin powder into the iodine/acetic anhydride solution, reacting for 20h at 40 ℃, adding solid sodium carbonate while stirring after the reaction is finished until no bubbles are generated, concentrating, pouring the concentrated solution into ice water and violently stirring, performing suction filtration, washing the precipitate with water, collecting the precipitate, and then placing the precipitate in a drying box for drying at 50 ℃ to constant weight to obtain saponin acetate;
step II, preparation of modified saponin: adding zinc chloride into water to obtain a zinc chloride aqueous solution, adding the zinc chloride aqueous solution and the saponin acetate obtained in the step I into a tetrahydrofuran solution, adding sodium borohydride into the solution in batches at 60 ℃, refluxing for 6 hours, cooling to room temperature, performing suction filtration, washing a filter cake by using tetrahydrofuran, collecting filtrate, and concentrating to obtain modified saponin;
furthermore, the molar ratio of the iodine simple substance, the acetic anhydride and the saponin powder in the step I is 0.11:180: 1.
Further, the molar ratio of zinc chloride, saponin acetate and sodium borohydride in step II is 0.11:1: 1.
Furthermore, the preparation method of the antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing the pesticide comprises the following steps:
(1) adding surfactant, modified saponin and sodium bicarbonate into a stirrer according to a proportion, heating to 40 ℃, and uniformly mixing to obtain a water phase;
(2) adding ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin into an emulsifying machine, heating to 40 ℃, slowly adding the water phase into the emulsifying machine, homogenizing and emulsifying for 15min, ultrasonically treating for 1h by using an ultrasonic instrument, removing air bubbles in the antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing the pesticide, bottling, labeling and sealing.
Example 2
An antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing pesticides is characterized by comprising the following components in percentage by mass: 11% of surfactant, 6% of ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin, 0.7% of modified saponin, 5% of baking soda and the balance of water.
Furthermore, the surfactant comprises fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether, sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate and lemon essential oil which are compounded according to the mass ratio of 3.5:1: 1.5.
Furthermore, the preparation method of the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin comprises the following steps:
step I, preparing ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide: adding the dendrobe polysaccharide and ammonium ceric nitrate into 1.5mol/L acetic acid solution, stirring for 3.5h, adjusting the pH to be neutral by using acetic acid-sodium acetate, centrifuging, washing and precipitating by using ethanol and acetone/ethanol mixed solution in sequence, collecting precipitate, and drying in vacuum to obtain the ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobe polysaccharide.
Step II, preparing ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin: and (3) adding the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide and punicalagin obtained in the step (I) into a stirrer, heating to 45 ℃, stirring until the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide and punicalagin are completely dissolved, and uniformly mixing to obtain the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin.
Furthermore, in the step I, the molar ratio of the dendrobium polysaccharide to the ammonium ceric nitrate is 1:6, and the volume ratio of acetone to ethanol in the acetone/ethanol mixed solution is 2: 1.
Furthermore, the mass ratio of the ammonium ceric nitrate to the dendrobium polysaccharide to the punicalagin in the step II is 6: 1.
Further, the preparation method of the modified saponin comprises the following steps:
step I, preparation of saponin acetate: adding an iodine simple substance into acetic anhydride, reacting for 1.3h at 55 ℃ to obtain an iodine/acetic anhydride solution, slowly adding saponin powder into the iodine/acetic anhydride solution, reacting for 22h at 45 ℃, after the reaction is finished, adding solid sodium carbonate while stirring until no bubbles are generated, concentrating, pouring the concentrated solution into ice water and violently stirring, carrying out suction filtration, washing the precipitate with water, collecting the precipitate, and then placing the precipitate in a drying box for drying to constant weight at 55 ℃ to obtain saponin acetate;
step II, preparation of modified saponin: adding zinc chloride into water to obtain a zinc chloride aqueous solution, adding the zinc chloride aqueous solution and the saponin acetate obtained in the step I into a tetrahydrofuran solution, adding sodium borohydride into the tetrahydrofuran solution in batches at 63 ℃, refluxing for 7 hours, cooling to room temperature, performing suction filtration, washing a filter cake by using tetrahydrofuran, collecting filtrate, and concentrating to obtain modified saponin;
furthermore, in the step I, the molar ratio of the iodine to the acetic anhydride to the saponin powder is 0.12:190: 1.
Further, the molar ratio of zinc chloride, saponin acetate and sodium borohydride in the step II is 0.12:1: 1.05.
Furthermore, the preparation method of the antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing the pesticide comprises the following steps:
(1) adding surfactant, modified saponin and sodium bicarbonate into a stirrer according to a proportion, heating to 45 ℃, and uniformly mixing to obtain a water phase;
(2) adding ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin into an emulsifying machine, heating to 45 ℃, slowly adding the water phase into the emulsifying machine, homogenizing and emulsifying for 20min, ultrasonically treating for 1.5h by using an ultrasonic instrument, removing bubbles in the antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing the pesticide, bottling, labeling and sealing.
Example 3
An antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing pesticides is characterized by comprising the following components in percentage by mass: 13% of surfactant, 7% of ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin, 0.8% of modified saponin, 6% of baking soda and the balance of water.
Furthermore, the surfactant comprises fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether, sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate and lemon essential oil which are compounded according to the mass ratio of 4:1: 2.
Furthermore, the preparation method of the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin comprises the following steps:
step I, preparing ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide: adding the dendrobium polysaccharide and ammonium ceric nitrate into 2mol/L acetic acid solution, stirring for 4h, adjusting the pH to be neutral by using acetic acid-sodium acetate, centrifuging, washing and precipitating by using ethanol and acetone/ethanol mixed solution in sequence, collecting precipitate, and drying in vacuum to obtain the ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide.
Step II, preparing ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin: and (3) adding the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide and punicalagin obtained in the step (I) into a stirrer, heating to 50 ℃, stirring until the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide and punicalagin are completely dissolved, and uniformly mixing to obtain the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin.
Furthermore, in the step I, the molar ratio of the dendrobium polysaccharide to the ammonium ceric nitrate is 1:7, and the volume ratio of acetone to ethanol in the acetone/ethanol mixed solution is 3: 1.
Furthermore, the mass ratio of the ammonium ceric nitrate to the dendrobium polysaccharide to the punicalagin in the step II is 7: 1.
Further, the preparation method of the modified saponin comprises the following steps:
step I, preparation of saponin acetate: adding an iodine simple substance into acetic anhydride, reacting for 1.5h at 60 ℃ to obtain an iodine/acetic anhydride solution, slowly adding saponin powder into the iodine/acetic anhydride solution, reacting for 24h at 50 ℃, after the reaction is finished, adding solid sodium carbonate while stirring until no bubbles are generated, concentrating, pouring the concentrated solution into ice water and violently stirring, carrying out suction filtration, washing the precipitate with water, collecting the precipitate, and then placing the precipitate in a drying box for drying to constant weight at 60 ℃ to obtain saponin acetate;
step II, preparation of modified saponin: adding zinc chloride into water to obtain a zinc chloride aqueous solution, adding the zinc chloride aqueous solution and the saponin acetate obtained in the step I into a tetrahydrofuran solution, adding sodium borohydride into the tetrahydrofuran solution in batches at 65 ℃, refluxing for 8 hours, cooling to room temperature, performing suction filtration, washing a filter cake by using tetrahydrofuran, collecting filtrate, and concentrating to obtain modified saponin;
furthermore, the molar ratio of the iodine simple substance, the acetic anhydride and the saponin powder in the step I is 0.13:200: 1.
Further, the molar ratio of zinc chloride, saponin acetate and sodium borohydride in the step II is 0.13:1: 1.1.
Furthermore, the preparation method of the antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing the pesticide comprises the following steps:
(1) adding surfactant, modified saponin and sodium bicarbonate into a stirrer according to a proportion, heating to 50 ℃, and uniformly mixing to obtain a water phase;
(2) adding ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin into an emulsifying machine, heating to 50 ℃, slowly adding the water phase into the emulsifying machine, homogenizing and emulsifying for 23min, ultrasonically treating for 2h by using an ultrasonic instrument, removing bubbles in the antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing the pesticide, bottling, labeling and sealing.
Example 4
An antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing pesticides is characterized by comprising the following components in percentage by mass: 14% of surfactant, 9% of ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin, 0.9% of modified saponin, 7% of baking soda and the balance of water.
Furthermore, the surfactant comprises fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether, sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate and lemon essential oil which are compounded according to the mass ratio of 3.5:1: 2.5.
Furthermore, the preparation method of the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin comprises the following steps:
step I, preparing ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide: adding the dendrobe polysaccharide and ammonium ceric nitrate into 2.5mol/L acetic acid solution, stirring for 4.5h, adjusting pH to be neutral by using acetic acid-sodium acetate, centrifuging, washing and precipitating by using ethanol and acetone/ethanol mixed solution in sequence, collecting precipitate, and drying in vacuum to obtain ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobe polysaccharide.
Step II, preparing ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin: and (3) adding the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide and punicalagin obtained in the step (I) into a stirrer, heating to 55 ℃, stirring until the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide and punicalagin are completely dissolved, and uniformly mixing to obtain the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin.
Furthermore, in the step I, the molar ratio of the dendrobium polysaccharide to the ammonium ceric nitrate is 1:8, and the volume ratio of acetone to ethanol in the acetone/ethanol mixed solution is 4: 1.
Furthermore, the mass ratio of the ammonium ceric nitrate to the dendrobium polysaccharide to the punicalagin in the step II is 8: 1.
Further, the preparation method of the modified saponin comprises the following steps:
step I, preparation of saponin acetate: adding an iodine simple substance into acetic anhydride, reacting for 1.8h at 65 ℃ to obtain an iodine/acetic anhydride solution, slowly adding saponin powder into the iodine/acetic anhydride solution, reacting for 26h at 55 ℃, after the reaction is finished, adding solid sodium carbonate while stirring until no bubbles are generated, concentrating, pouring the concentrated solution into ice water and violently stirring, carrying out suction filtration, washing the precipitate with water, collecting the precipitate, and then placing the precipitate in a drying box for drying to constant weight at 65 ℃ to obtain saponin acetate;
step II, preparation of modified saponin: adding zinc chloride into water to obtain a zinc chloride aqueous solution, adding the zinc chloride aqueous solution and the saponin acetate obtained in the step I into a tetrahydrofuran solution, adding sodium borohydride into the tetrahydrofuran solution in batches at 68 ℃, refluxing for 9 hours, cooling to room temperature, performing suction filtration, washing a filter cake by using tetrahydrofuran, collecting filtrate, and concentrating to obtain modified saponin;
furthermore, the molar ratio of the iodine simple substance, the acetic anhydride and the saponin powder in the step I is 0.14:210: 1.
Further, the molar ratio of zinc chloride, saponin acetate and sodium borohydride in the step II is 0.14:1: 1.15.
Furthermore, the preparation method of the antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing the pesticide comprises the following steps:
(1) adding surfactant, modified saponin and sodium bicarbonate into a stirrer according to a proportion, heating to 55 ℃, and uniformly mixing to obtain a water phase;
(2) adding ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin into an emulsifying machine, heating to 55 ℃, slowly adding the water phase into the emulsifying machine, homogenizing and emulsifying for 26min, ultrasonically treating for 2.5h by using an ultrasonic instrument, removing bubbles in the antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing the pesticide, bottling, labeling and sealing.
Example 5
An antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing pesticides is characterized by comprising the following components in percentage by mass: 15% of surfactant, 10% of ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin, 1% of modified saponin, 8% of baking soda and the balance of water.
Furthermore, the surfactant comprises fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether, sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate and lemon essential oil which are compounded according to the mass ratio of 5:1: 3.
Furthermore, the preparation method of the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin comprises the following steps:
step I, preparing ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide: adding the dendrobium polysaccharide and ammonium ceric nitrate into 3mol/L acetic acid solution, stirring for 5h, adjusting the pH to be neutral by using acetic acid-sodium acetate, centrifuging, sequentially washing and precipitating by using ethanol and acetone/ethanol mixed solution, collecting precipitate, and drying in vacuum to obtain the ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide.
Step II, preparing ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin: and (3) adding the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide and punicalagin obtained in the step (I) into a stirrer, heating to 60 ℃, stirring until the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide and punicalagin are completely dissolved, and uniformly mixing to obtain the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin.
Furthermore, in the step I, the molar ratio of the dendrobe polysaccharide to the ceric ammonium nitrate is 1:9, and the volume ratio of acetone to ethanol in the acetone/ethanol mixed solution is 5: 1.
Furthermore, the mass ratio of the ammonium ceric nitrate to the dendrobium polysaccharide to the punicalagin in the step II is 9: 1.
Further, the preparation method of the modified saponin comprises the following steps:
step I, preparation of saponin acetate: adding an iodine simple substance into acetic anhydride, reacting for 2 hours at 70 ℃ to obtain an iodine/acetic anhydride solution, slowly adding saponin powder into the iodine/acetic anhydride solution, reacting for 28 hours at 60 ℃, after the reaction is finished, adding solid sodium carbonate while stirring until no bubbles are generated, concentrating, pouring the concentrated solution into ice water and violently stirring, carrying out suction filtration, washing the precipitate with water, collecting the precipitate, and then placing the precipitate in a drying box for drying at 70 ℃ to constant weight to obtain saponin acetate;
step II, preparation of modified saponin: adding zinc chloride into water to obtain a zinc chloride aqueous solution, adding the zinc chloride aqueous solution and the saponin acetate obtained in the step I into a tetrahydrofuran solution, adding sodium borohydride into the tetrahydrofuran solution in batches at 70 ℃, refluxing for 10 hours, cooling to room temperature, performing suction filtration, washing a filter cake by using tetrahydrofuran, collecting filtrate, and concentrating to obtain modified saponin;
furthermore, in the step I, the molar ratio of the iodine to the acetic anhydride to the saponin powder is 0.15:220: 1.
Further, the molar ratio of zinc chloride, saponin acetate and sodium borohydride in the step II is 0.15:1: 1.2.
Furthermore, the preparation method of the antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing the pesticide comprises the following steps:
(1) adding surfactant, modified saponin and sodium bicarbonate into a stirrer according to a proportion, heating to 60 ℃, and uniformly mixing to obtain a water phase;
(2) adding ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin into an emulsifying machine, heating to 60 ℃, slowly adding the water phase into the emulsifying machine, homogenizing and emulsifying for 30min, ultrasonically treating for 3h by using an ultrasonic instrument, removing air bubbles in the antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing the pesticide, bottling, labeling and sealing.
Comparative example 1
The preparation method and the formula of the antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing the pesticide are basically the same as those of the example 1, and the differences are only: no surfactant was added.
Comparative example 2
The preparation method and the formula of the antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing the pesticide are basically the same as those of the example 1, and the differences are only: ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin were not added.
Comparative example 3
The preparation method and the formula of the antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing the pesticide are basically the same as those of the example 1, and the differences are only: no modified saponin was added.
Comparative example 4
The preparation method and the formula of the antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing the pesticide are basically the same as those of the example 1, and the differences are only: no baking soda was added.
Comparative example 5
The preparation method and the formula of the antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing the pesticide are basically the same as those of the example 1, and the differences are only: dendrobe polysaccharide is used to replace ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobe polysaccharide/punicalagin.
Comparative example 6
The preparation method and the formula of the antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing the pesticide are basically the same as those of the example 1, and the differences are only: saponin was used instead of the modified saponin.
Comparative example 7
The common fruit and vegetable cleaning agent is sold in the market.
The experimental results are as follows:
the results of the tests for measuring the pesticide residue and the antibacterial property of spinach using the fruit and vegetable cleaning agents of examples 1 to 5 and comparative examples 1 to 7 are shown in Table 1.
The test standard of the method for measuring the antibacterial performance of the fruit and vegetable cleaning agent disclosed by the invention is executed according to GB/T2850-2007.
TABLE 1 pesticide residue and antibacterial Properties of fruit and vegetable cleaners for spinach under various examples
The test standard of the method for measuring pesticide residues of spinach by using the fruit and vegetable cleaning agent disclosed by the invention is executed according to GB/T5009.218-2008, and then the removal rate (%) is calculated as the pesticide residue before sample cleaning-the pesticide residue after sample cleaning/the pesticide residue before sample cleaning multiplied by 100%.
As can be seen from the table 1, the removal rate of the antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing pesticides to trichlorfon, propoxur and cypermethrin is superior to that of the common fruit and vegetable cleaning agent sold in the market; the inhibition rate of the compound preparation on staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli is more than or equal to 90 percent and is more than A1 level.
The heavy metal removal content of spinach by the fruit and vegetable cleaning agents of examples 1-5 and comparative examples 1-7 is measured by a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer, and the contents of Pb, Cd and the like of comparative example 3 and comparative example 6 are far higher than those of examples 1-5 of the invention and even exceed the GB15201-94 standard.
The foregoing shows and describes the general principles, essential features, and advantages of the invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are merely illustrative of the principles of the invention, but that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which fall within the scope of the invention as claimed. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (9)
1. An antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing pesticides is characterized by comprising the following components in percentage by mass: 10-15% of surfactant, 5-10% of ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin, 0.6-1% of modified saponin, 4-8% of baking soda and the balance of water.
2. The antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing pesticides as claimed in claim 1, wherein the surfactant comprises fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether, sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate and lemon essential oil which are compounded according to a mass ratio of (3-5) to (1) to (3).
3. The antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing pesticides as claimed in claim 1, wherein the preparation method of the cerium ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin comprises the following steps:
step I, preparing ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide: adding the dendrobe polysaccharide and ammonium ceric nitrate into 1-3mol/L acetic acid solution, stirring for 3-5h, adjusting pH to be neutral by using acetic acid-sodium acetate, centrifuging, washing and precipitating by using ethanol and acetone/ethanol mixed solution in sequence, collecting precipitate, and drying in vacuum to obtain ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobe polysaccharide.
Step II, preparing ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin: and (3) adding the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide and punicalagin obtained in the step (I) into a stirrer, heating to 40-60 ℃, stirring until the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide and punicalagin are completely dissolved, and uniformly mixing to obtain the ceric ammonium nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin.
4. The antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing pesticides as claimed in claim 3, wherein the molar ratio of dendrobe polysaccharide to ceric ammonium nitrate in step I is 1 (5-9), and the volume ratio of acetone to ethanol in the acetone/ethanol mixed solution is (1-5) to 1.
5. The antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing pesticides as claimed in claim 3, wherein the mass ratio of cerium ammonium nitrate to dendrobium polysaccharide to punicalagin in step II is (5-9): 1.
6. The antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing pesticides as claimed in claim 1, wherein the preparation method of the modified saponin comprises the following steps:
step I, preparation of saponin acetate: adding an iodine simple substance into acetic anhydride, reacting for 1-2h at 50-70 ℃ to obtain an iodine/acetic anhydride solution, slowly adding saponin powder into the iodine/acetic anhydride solution, reacting for 20-28h at 40-60 ℃, after the reaction is finished, adding solid sodium carbonate while stirring until no bubbles are generated, concentrating, pouring the concentrated solution into ice water, violently stirring, carrying out suction filtration, washing the precipitate with water, collecting the precipitate, and drying in a drying oven at 50-70 ℃ to constant weight to obtain saponin acetate;
step II, preparation of modified saponin: adding zinc chloride into water to obtain a zinc chloride aqueous solution, adding the zinc chloride aqueous solution and the saponin acetate obtained in the step I into a tetrahydrofuran solution, adding sodium borohydride in batches at 60-70 ℃, refluxing for 6-10h, cooling to room temperature, performing suction filtration, washing a filter cake with tetrahydrofuran, collecting filtrate, and concentrating to obtain the modified saponin.
7. The antiseptic fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for eliminating pesticide as set forth in claim 6, wherein the molar ratio of iodine to acetic anhydride to saponin powder in step I is 0.11-0.15 to 1 (180-220).
8. The antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing pesticides as claimed in claim 6, wherein the molar ratio of zinc chloride, saponin acetate and sodium borohydride in step II is (0.11-0.15) to 1 (1-1.2).
9. The pesticide-removing antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the preparation method of the pesticide-removing antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent comprises the following steps:
(1) adding surfactant, modified saponin and sodium bicarbonate into a stirrer according to a proportion, heating to 40-60 ℃, and uniformly mixing to obtain a water phase;
(2) adding ammonium ceric nitrate/dendrobium polysaccharide/punicalagin into an emulsifying machine, heating to 40-60 ℃, slowly adding the water phase into the emulsifying machine, homogenizing and emulsifying for 15-30min, ultrasonically treating for 1-3h by using an ultrasonic instrument, removing bubbles in the antibacterial fruit and vegetable cleaning agent for removing the pesticide, bottling, labeling and sealing.
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| CN110484382A (en) * | 2019-09-05 | 2019-11-22 | 沈阳师范大学 | A kind of protein fruits and vegetables cleaning agent and preparation method thereof |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1947531A (en) * | 2006-08-29 | 2007-04-18 | 中国海洋大学 | Multi-functional antistaling agent for fruits and vegetables |
| CN110452776A (en) * | 2019-09-05 | 2019-11-15 | 沈阳师范大学 | A kind of food-grade fruits and vegetables cleaning agent and preparation method thereof |
| CN110484382A (en) * | 2019-09-05 | 2019-11-22 | 沈阳师范大学 | A kind of protein fruits and vegetables cleaning agent and preparation method thereof |
| CN110801460A (en) * | 2019-11-18 | 2020-02-18 | 中国科学院新疆理化技术研究所 | Preparation method of pomegranate bark active component with strong antioxidant and staphylococcus aureus inhibiting activity |
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