CN111868097B - 司坦唑醇与透明质酸的缀合物 - Google Patents
司坦唑醇与透明质酸的缀合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111868097B CN111868097B CN201980020203.8A CN201980020203A CN111868097B CN 111868097 B CN111868097 B CN 111868097B CN 201980020203 A CN201980020203 A CN 201980020203A CN 111868097 B CN111868097 B CN 111868097B
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- hyaluronic acid
- conjugate
- carboxyl group
- hydrogel
- hyaluronate
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Classifications
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- C08B37/0072—Hyaluronic acid, i.e. HA or hyaluronan; Derivatives thereof, e.g. crosslinked hyaluronic acid (hylan) or hyaluronates
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Abstract
本申请公开了司坦唑醇与透明质酸或透明质酸盐之间的缀合物,其特征在于,司坦唑醇通过间隔基与透明质酸或透明质酸的羧基缀合,所述间隔基与司坦唑醇的羟基形成酯键并且与透明质酸或透明质酸盐的羧基形成酯键或酰胺键。本发明的缀合物可用于制备水凝胶、可注射水凝胶、外用水凝胶、乳膏剂、洗剂、泡沫、用于关节内使用的水溶液、用于眼科使用的乳剂、滴眼液、支架、人造组织和培养基。
Description
本发明涉及司坦唑醇与透明质酸或透明质酸盐之间的缀合物(conjugate),其特征在于司坦唑醇通过间隔基(spacer)与透明质酸或透明质酸盐的羧基缀合,所述间隔基与司坦唑醇的羟基形成酯键并且与透明质酸或透明质酸盐的羧基形成酯键或酰胺键。
现有技术
透明质酸是滑液的主要成分。透明质酸的关节内施用称作粘弹性补充(viscosupplementation),用于治疗膝盖和其它关节的轻度和中度骨关节炎已经获得了广泛支持(Henrotin Y等人,Semin Arthritis Rheum.2015年10月;45(2):140-9.doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2015.04.011),因为它安全、减轻疼痛并改善关节移动性。高分子量的透明质酸具有抗炎性质,因为它诱导巨噬细胞表型,所述巨噬细胞表型通过表达诸如arg1、IL-10和mrc1等基因刺激组织修复(Rayahin JE等人,ACS Biomater Sci Eng.2015年7月13日;1(7):481-493)),并发挥软骨保护作用(Bauer C等人,J Inflamm(Lond).2016年9月13日;13(1):31.doi:10.1186/s12950-016-0139-y)。
透明质酸用于生产用于关节内和静脉内使用的医疗装置和专有药品,还用于制备眼科用的滴眼液、凝胶和人工泪液,目的是水化和润滑角膜和结膜粘膜。
司坦唑醇是一种合成类固醇,由于其合成代谢作用和促进食欲作用而长期用在动物的恶病质状态的兽药中。不幸地,司坦唑醇基本不溶于水,仅微溶于丙酮。它仅溶于即使不是实际上对组织和生物体有毒、也是耐受性差或有刺激性的溶剂这一事实限制了司坦唑醇的治疗开发的可能性,结果使其仅局限于能用水性混悬液和片剂治疗的疾病。不幸地,如果使其变得水溶以便能将其在其它药物形式、医疗装置、支架(scaffold)和培养基中施用或使用,则混悬液和片剂无法充分利用司坦唑醇可能具有的治疗潜能。
最近强调了清楚地将司坦唑醇与其它雄激素合成代谢类固醇(AAS)区分开来的一些重要性质。不同于天然雄激素和其它AAS,司坦唑醇通过高亲和力键与糖皮质激素受体(GR)和孕酮受体(progesterone receptor)相互作用。从临床角度来看,司坦唑醇的作用因此不仅可定义为合成代谢的-肌营养的,而且尤其可定义为抗营养不良的。成纤维细胞培养的体外研究已经证明,司坦唑醇通过产生转化生长因子B1(TGF-β1)而以剂量依赖性动力学增加胶原蛋白合成,从而促进组织生长和修复(V.Falanga等人,J Invest Dermatol,111(1998),pp.1193-1197)。司坦唑醇已经被口服用于治疗犬的气管萎陷(trachealcollapse),其中已证明了其功效和安全性(Adamama-Moraitou,K.K.等人(2011).International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 24(1):111-118)。通过关节内施用获得的体内研究结果证明了对软骨组织的特异性再生作用,其促进滑膜细胞的增生和增殖成软骨细胞群的出现(Spadari A等人,Res vet Sci 2013;94:379–87);此外,当通过关节内施用给予时,它减轻患有骨关节炎的马的跛行(Spadari A等人,J EquineVet Sci 2015;35:105–10)。然而,以混悬液的形式关节内注射司坦唑醇(混悬于载体中的司坦唑醇晶体或微晶)包括以下缺陷:
-它对关节的软组织和关节软骨产生不希望的磨损作用;
-它将巨噬细胞(尤其是嗜中性粒细胞)从血流中吸引入关节腔,从而导致严重的炎症反应;
-高清除率使司坦唑醇从关节腔中迅速大量排出;
-司坦唑醇从关节到血流的突然运动限制了其对目标关节组织的直接作用,从而削弱了其关节-组织再生潜力;
-司坦唑醇从关节腔中迅速消失导致需要频繁注射(需要每周至少注射一次以维持在滑液中的足够的浓度),从而牵涉在依从性方面的明显缺陷和不希望的全身性副作用的风险(对非目标器官的激素作用)。
司坦唑醇的伤口愈合和上皮再生性质无法在眼科领域得到充分利用,因为将其混悬液滴入结膜囊会牵涉角膜和结膜磨损的风险。
因此,需要司坦唑醇的亲水性衍生物,所述亲水性衍生物能保留在关节腔、眼腔或支架基质(matrix)中,并且能使该类固醇逐渐被周围组织如软骨、骨、滑膜、韧带和角膜组织生物利用,从而最大限度地发挥其局部作用。
发明内容
现已发现,可以通过将司坦唑醇与透明质酸通过间隔基缀合来消除上述缺陷,所述间隔基与司坦唑醇的羟基形成酯键,并且与透明质酸或透明质酸盐的羧基形成酯键或酰胺键。
本发明的优选的缀合物如式(I)所示:
其中:
n=1-12;
X是选自-O-和–NH-的二价基团;
M+表示质子或碱金属阳离子;
X优选是-O-,且n优选是2、3、4或5。
本发明使用的透明质酸具有1,000-10,000,000Da、优选5,000-8,000,000Da、最优选30,000-1,000,000Da的分子量。
透明质酸可通过提取、发酵或生物合成方法获得。
在本发明的缀合物中,司坦唑醇和透明质酸彼此不直接键合,而是通过间隔基键合,所述间隔基与司坦唑醇的羟基形成共价酯键,并且与透明质酸的重复单元的D-葡糖醛酸的羧基形成酯键或酰胺键。
间隔基与透明质酸的重复单元的D-葡糖醛酸的羧基之间的共价键占所存在的羧基的1%-90%(取代度)。取代度优选为以摩尔计1%-50%,最优选为以摩尔计5%-30%。
本发明的司坦唑醇与透明质酸或透明质酸盐之间的缀合物通过包括以下步骤的方法获得:
a)将透明质酸或其碱盐转化成相应的四烷基铵盐;优选用透明质酸钠盐作为起始物,并将其转化成四烷基铵盐,优选四丁基铵盐,以增加其在有机溶剂中的溶解度;所述转化可以便利地用酸形式的离子交换树脂如amberlite进行,所述离子交换树脂预先通过用氢氧化四丁基铵处理被转化成其四丁基铵形式;
b)用氨基保护基保护司坦唑醇的吡唑环的NH基团,得到式(II)的化合物,
其中PG表示氨基保护基例如芴基甲氧基羰基,其可以不加区分地定位于吡唑环的1位或2位的氮原子上,如下面的式(IIa)和(IIb)所示;
c)使式(II)的化合物与式(III)的化合物反应,
A-CO-(CH2)n-Y(III)
其中A是卤素,n如式(I)化合物中所定义,且Y是卤素、优选溴,或是NH-PG’基团,其中PG’是伯氨基保护基,其可以与PG相同或不同,得到式(IV)的化合物
其中PG、n和Y如上问所定义。该反应通常在室温下通过使区域异构体(IIa)和(IIb)的混合物与ω-卤素-羧酸的酰卤在溶剂例如氯仿或二氯甲烷中在有机碱例如吡啶和4-二甲基氨基吡啶的存在下反应来进行;
d)使其中Y是卤素的式(IV)的化合物与步骤a)中获得的透明质酸四烷基铵盐反应,其中式(IV)的化合物与所述四烷基铵盐之间的化学计量比使得获得式(I)的司坦唑醇-透明质酸缀合物的所需的取代度,同时去除PG基团,得到式(I)的化合物,其中X是–O–,为四丁基铵盐,其具有所需的取代度;缀合和去除保护基在单一步骤中进行,在室温下在选自二甲亚砜、二甲基甲酰胺和N-甲基吡咯烷酮的溶剂中操作;或
d’)从步骤c)中获得的其中Y是NH-PG’基团的式(IV)的化合物中去除PG’基团,得到式(IVa)的具有脱保护的伯氨基的相应的产物
可以任选地将式(IVa)的化合物分离,然后使用式(IVa)的化合物(或者如果不分离化合物(IVa),则是其中Y为NH-PG’的式IV的化合物)与透明质酸之间的化学计量比使式(IVa)的化合物与透明质酸的羧基和缩合剂反应,以便获得司坦唑醇-透明质酸缀合物的所需的取代度;在所述反应条件下,原位去除PG基团,得到其中X为–NH–的式(I)的化合物,为酸,其具有所需的取代度;
e)将步骤d)或步骤d’)中获得的产物转化成相应的式(I)的化合物,为酸或盐的形式,其具有所需的取代度。
将双官能间隔基用于通过酰化司坦唑醇的羟基来缀合司坦唑醇解决了司坦唑醇17β位上的OH基的低反应性的问题,所述OH基是一个叔基,其特别是有空间位阻的,在酸性介质中不稳定,因此可能发生转位反应,从而导致在该类固醇的C环和D环上发生结构变化。司坦唑醇还具有比所述羟基更具亲核性的吡唑氮,在随后的O-酰化阶段之前必须对其进行适当的保护。因此,保护基的选择是随后与透明质酸缀合并获得终产物的重要因素。
本发明的缀合物具有可调节的水溶性,适合用于生产药物、医疗装置和支架。通过仅使透明质酸与司坦唑醇缀合的部分位点饱和,获得了以不同粘弹性程度为特征的高水溶性的水凝胶,其进而可用于制备在施用或使用部位持续存在并且以缓慢、恒定释放小剂量的非结晶分子状态的水溶性司坦唑醇为特征的培养基、医疗装置和生物可利用的药物制剂。
本发明的另一个目的是含有所述缀合物作为活性成分的组合物。
本发明的组合物没有磨损性质,在局部和全身水平上都具有良好的耐受性,并且保证了持久的作用和高水平的临床功效。
还已经发现,由于缀合,作为本发明的缀合物的成分之间的协同作用都结果,可以减少司坦唑醇的剂量。所述协同作用大于当施用司坦唑醇与透明质酸的混合物时所观察到的作用。
此外,司坦唑醇和透明质酸钠在水溶液中的简单物理混合物(混悬液)不稳定,因为成分迅速分离,从而导致形成司坦唑醇沉淀物,其难以重新混悬、测量和施用。
本发明的缀合物可以有利地用于制备:
-由有机的或无机的、多孔的或无孔的基质组成的支架和人造组织,它们用不同程度的粘弹性、韧性和持久性的本发明的缀合物浸渍、涂覆或与其混合,用于牙科、矫形外科、眼科或神经科应用或者用于整形手术(plastic surgery)中的组织重建;
-用于关节内缓慢释放司坦唑醇的水溶液形式的长效药物,其特征在于低的关节清除率、持久的局部作用、高的耐受性和无磨损作用;
-用于眼科使用的水溶液形式或乳剂形式的药物,其以非晶体形式缓慢释放司坦唑醇,具有持久的作用,并且对组织无磨损或刺激作用;
-培养基,其适合用于在细胞、组织和器官的人造生产领域中定期、长期激素刺激体细胞或干细胞;
-培养基,其能够通过缓慢、定期、恒定的激素刺激来指导和确定干细胞向所需的细胞系分化,从而增强它们的增殖(例如由干细胞生产软骨组织)。
适当配制的本发明的缀合物有利地用于局部治疗骨软骨缺陷和损伤、局部治疗腱和韧带损伤、局部(关节内)治疗关节组织的变性过程(再生性粘弹性补充)、局部治疗伤口和疮、以及局部治疗眼损伤(例如治疗角膜损伤和角膜移植的术后处置)。使用本发明的缀合物的另一些领域包括口腔医学、手术矫形外科学、皮肤病学和矫正软组织缺陷(物理和化学烧灼伤、外伤性损伤、血管性水肿或昆克水肿、皮肤脉管炎(cutaneous vasculitis)和血栓性静脉炎)的整形手术。
对于所述施用,将缀合物配制成用高粘度水凝胶渗透的支架、可注射水凝胶、外用水凝胶、乳膏剂、基于水凝胶的洗剂和泡沫、以及用于培养人造组织的培养基的形式。
在关节损伤的治疗中,水凝胶形式的本发明的缀合物对关节组织发挥润滑活性,对由体育锻炼造成的对骨头(bone head)的机械损伤发挥保护作用,并使可溶性的、可生物可利用的司坦唑醇逐渐、恒定、控制的局部释放,导致组织的合成代谢刺激,从而减慢和降低司坦唑醇的滑膜清除率,并消除或明显减少司坦唑醇的不希望的全身作用。
所述消除/减少还可在滑液囊的炎性状态继发的关节清除率变化的情况下发生。
司坦唑醇从水凝胶中的缓慢释放及其在关节组织(滑液囊、关节软骨和软骨下骨组织)中的普遍代谢将其在局部和全身性水平的不良反应降至最低限度。
本发明的制剂的关节内注射导致司坦唑醇在滑液中的长效治疗浓度,并使司坦唑醇能够长期有规律地借助由透明质酸胶束组成的“纳米载体”被携带入构成关节组织的细胞(尤其是成软骨细胞)的细胞质中。
原源自透明质酸分解的纳米载体胶束键合至存在于成软骨细胞表面上的CD44受体。已经证明,CD44受体将与生物活性分子例如制菌药物缀合的透明质酸胶束内化到细胞质中(Qiu,L.等人,RSC Advances 6(46):39896-39902)。具体地,在透明质酸酶的支持下司坦唑醇透明质酸酯(stanozolol hyaluronate)在滑膜液中的分解产生了与司坦唑醇缀合的透明质酸胶束。所述纳米载体胶束将司坦唑醇内化到成软骨细胞中。成软骨细胞和滑膜细胞通常不产生透明质酸酶,但是已经证明在患有骨关节炎和类风湿性关节炎的患者的滑膜液中透明质酸酶的表达增加(Yoshida M等人,Arthritis Research&Therapy.2004;6(6):R514-R520.doi:10.1186/ar1223.)。在这样的条件下,由透明质酸酶-2的活性将高分子量的透明质酸形成的司坦唑醇透明质酸酯分解为胶束尺寸的碎片(纳米载体胶束),该碎片能与CD44受体键合并被内化到靶细胞中。然后,细胞质的酯酶的活性决定司坦唑醇向成软骨细胞的释放。
司坦唑醇向细胞的细胞质(选择的作用位点)中的普遍释放由细胞外和细胞内环境中不同的酯酶浓度决定。
与血浆中的情况不同,如果认为相关的酯酶活性(在小鼠中:89.5nM/ml/秒;在兔中:14.9nM/ml/秒;在猪中:7.0nM/ml/秒)释放很多与透明质酸缀合的司坦唑醇,则在没有脓毒性关节炎的情况下,滑膜液中的酯酶活性降低,使得仅有可忽略不计的量的与透明质酸缀合的司坦唑醇能被释放到滑膜液中并进入血流,由此将全身副作用的风险降至最低限度。
本发明消除了常规装置的主要缺陷,因为:(i)它使用可再吸收的有机基质作为具有软骨再生活性的药物的载体,和(ii)它使药物以促进组织再生所需的最佳浓度局部可利用,从而将全身副作用几乎降至零。
本发明的缀合物在制剂中的浓度可以在宽范围内变化,这取决于司坦唑醇的应用和所需剂量。例如,浓度可以为总水凝胶重量的0.1%-15%重量。向盐水溶液中添加1%的实施例的缀合物使其粘度增加数千倍,从而使其适合用于关节内施用;如果将浓度增加到8%-12%,则溶液变为高粘弹性的半固体或固体。
在下面的实施例中对本发明进行了详细的举例说明。
实施例1 N-Fmoc-司坦唑醇(Fmoc-Stano)的合成
将司坦唑醇(100mg,0.305mmols)混悬于四氢呋喃(2mL)、水(1mL)和NaHCO3(30mg)的混合物中。向所述混合物中加入Fmoc氯化物(158mg,0.61mmols),将反应混合物保持在室温下18h。然后消除四氢呋喃,将剩余的浆液用水(10mL)稀释,用乙酸乙酯(20mL)萃取。将有机层用5%NaHCO3水溶液(2×20mL)洗涤并干燥,除去溶剂后,通过柱色谱法或结晶法纯化粗产物(石油醚/EtOAc)。得到N-Fmoc-保护的司坦唑醇,为两种区域异构体的混合物(150mg,90%):(N-(芴基甲氧基羰基)-17a-甲基吡唑[4’,5’:2,3]-5a-雄烷-17b-醇和N-(芴基甲氧基羰基)-17a-甲基吡唑[3’,4’:3,2]-5a-雄烷-17b-醇。
对两种区域异构体混合物的选择的1H-NMR共振(300MHz,CDCl3):选择的1H-NMR共振(400MHz,CDCl3):δ0.67(s,3H,19-H一种异构体),0.78(s,3H,19-H另一种异构体),2.38(dd,J=12.3,17.1Hz,1H,4-H另一种异构体),2.50(d,J=15.7Hz,1H,1-H一种异构体),2.70(d,J=15.8Hz,1H,1-H另一种异构体),7.52(s,1H,2’-H一种异构体),7.77(s,1H,2’H另一种异构体)。
(N-(芴基甲氧基羰基)-17a-甲基吡唑[4’,5’:2,3]-5a-雄烷-17b-醇(2-Fmoc异构体):
2-Fmoc异构体,选择的1H-NMR共振(400MHz,CDCl3):δ0.78(s,3H,19-H),0.88(s,3H,18-H),1.23(s,3H,20-H),2.12(d,J=15.5Hz,1H,1-H),2.38(dd,J=12.3,17.1Hz,1H,4-H),2.70(d,J=15.8Hz,1H,1-H),2.77(dd,J=5.1,17.1Hz,1H,4-H),4.44(t,J=xx Hz,1H,Fmoc),4.66(d,J=xx Hz,2H,Fmoc),7.32(t,J=xx Hz,2H,Fmoc),7.43(t,J=xx Hz,2H,Fmoc),7.66(d,J=xx Hz,2H,Fmoc),7.77(s,1H,2’H),7.80(d,J=xx Hz,2H,Fmoc)
N-(芴基甲氧基羰基)-17á-甲基吡唑[3’,4’:3,2]-5á-雄烷-17β-醇(1-Fmoc异构体):
1-Fmoc异构体,选择的1H-NMR共振(400MHz,CDCl3):δ0.67(s,3H,19-H),0.87(s,3H,18-H),1.24(s,3H,20-H),2.50(d,J=15.7Hz,1H,1-H).2.65(dd,J=5.0,17.8Hz,1H,4-H),4.42(t,J=xx Hz,1H,Fmoc),4.75(d,J=xx Hz,2H,Fmoc),7.33(m,2H,Fmoc),7.41(t,J=xx Hz,2H,Fmoc),7.52(s,1H,2’-H),7.69(m,2H,Fmoc),7.78(d,J=xx Hz,2H,Fmoc).
实施例2 N-Fmoc-司坦唑醇的溴-丁酸衍生物(Fmoc-Stano-Br)的合成
将4-溴丁酰氯(0.350mg,3.04mmols)和催化量的DMAP加入到Fmoc-Stano(区域异构体混合物)(480mg,0.87mmols)在CHCl3或CH2Cl2(7mL)和吡啶(0.245mL,3.04mmols)中的溶液中,将反应混合物在室温搅拌过夜。然后将混合物用5%HCl水溶液(5mL)和5%NaHCO3(3×10mL)洗涤并干燥,真空除去溶剂,得到酯Fmoc-Stano-Br,为区域异构体混合物(578mg,95%)。
ESI-MS(CH3CN/MeOH):m/z 723.27(45%)(M+Na)+,1421(100%)(2M+Na)+选择的1H-NMR共振(400MHz,CDCl3):δ0.67(s,3H,19-H,异构体1),0.78(s,3H,19-H,异构体2),0.86(s,3H,18-H,异构体1),0.87(s,3H,18-H,异构体2),1.43(s,3H,20-H),2.43(t,J=6.9Hz,2H,CH2CO),2.51(d,J=15.2Hz,1H,1-H,异构体1),3.46(t,J=6.9Hz,2H,CH2Br),4.66(d,J=7.6Hz,2H,Fmoc,异构体2),4.76(dd,J=2.0,7.6Hz,2H,Fmoc,异构体1),7.51(s,1H,2’-H,异构体1),7.77(s,1H,2’-H,异构体2)。
实施例3透明质酸四丁基铵盐(HA-TBA)的合成
将透明质酸钠转化成四丁基铵盐,以增加其在有机溶剂中的溶解度:将酸形式的amberlite树脂IR-120(Sigma-Aldrich)通过在40℃用2-倍过量的40%w/w TBA氢氧化物水溶液(与树脂的容量相比)处理而预先转化成四丁基铵(TBA)形式。然后将TBA形式的树脂用蒸馏水洗涤以将pH值降至低于8。然后于室温在搅拌下将树脂(1.1mmol)转移到1%-2%(w/w)的HA-Na水溶液(0.2mmol,即重复二聚体单元的摩尔数)达40h。通过过滤除去树脂,将溶液冷冻干燥,得到白色固体形式的HA-TBA,将其储存在阴凉处。
实施例4透明质酸-司坦唑醇缀合物(HA-Stano)的合成
将衍生物Fmoc-Stano-Br(22mg)加入到100mg HA-TBA在2mL DMF(或NMP或DMSO)中的溶液中,得到20%摩尔.摩尔-1的衍生度HA-TBA(司坦唑醇的摩尔数/摩尔重复HA二聚体单元)。将反应混合物于40℃在磁搅拌下保持48h。通过添加丙酮、然后用Dowex树脂(形式Na+)进行Na/TBA交换得到产物HIALUSTAN,为白色固体。使用在DMSO-d6/D2O中的1H-NMR谱(400MHz)和IR表征了HA-Stano缀合物。
Claims (14)
2.权利要求1的缀合物,其中n是3。
3.权利要求1或2的缀合物,其中透明质酸具有30,000-1,000,000Da的分子量。
4.权利要求1或2的缀合物,其中,以摩尔计,间隔基与透明质酸的重复单元的D-葡糖醛酸的羧基之间的共价键占所存在的羧基的20%。
5.权利要求3的缀合物,其中,以摩尔计,间隔基与透明质酸的重复单元的D-葡糖醛酸的羧基之间的共价键占所存在的羧基的20%。
6.药物组合物,其包含与至少一种载体或赋形剂混合的权利要求1-5中任意一项的缀合物。
7.权利要求6的药物组合物,其是水凝胶、洗剂、泡沫、用于关节内使用的水溶液、用于眼科使用的乳剂、或滴眼液的形式。
8.权利要求6的药物组合物,其是可注射水凝胶、外用水凝胶或乳膏剂的形式。
9.兽药组合物,其包含与至少一种载体或赋形剂混合的权利要求1-5中任意一项的缀合物。
10.权利要求9的兽药组合物,其是水凝胶、洗剂、泡沫、用于关节内使用的水溶液、用于眼科使用的乳剂、或滴眼液的形式。
11.权利要求9的兽药组合物,其是可注射水凝胶、外用水凝胶或乳膏剂的形式。
12.包含权利要求1-5中任意一项的缀合物的支架、人造组织和培养基。
13.权利要求1-5中任意一项的缀合物在制备药物中用途,所述药物用于局部治疗骨软骨缺陷和损伤、腱和韧带损伤、伤口、疮、眼损伤、物理和化学烧灼伤、血管性水肿或昆克水肿、皮肤脉管炎和血栓性静脉炎。
14.权利要求1-5中任意一项的缀合物在制备药物中的用途,所述药物用于局部治疗关节组织的变性过程或外伤性损伤。
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