Improved method for differentiation of epidermal stem cells into pancreatic cells
Technical Field
The present invention relates to the field of non-embryonic pluripotent stem cells, and in particular to the use of non-embryonic pluripotent stem cells to provide pancreatic cells and methods of producing and using them.
Background
An embryonic stem cell is a totipotent stem cell that under the appropriate conditions can differentiate into somatic cells of any tissue in the body. Lumelsky et al reported that embryonic stem cells could be induced to differentiate into islet beta cells by an in vitro five-step induction method, while Shi et al reported in their studies that embryonic stem cells could be induced into islet beta cells by a three-step method, and that these cells, when transplanted into diabetic mice, increased the weight, prolonged the survival time, and decreased blood glucose of the animals. However, since embryonic stem cells have a tumorigenic problem that has not been solved so far, there is a certain distance from clinical use.
As for pancreatic ductal-derived stem cells, Bonner-Weir et al reported in their research reports that CK 19-positive stem cells were present in the ductal gland of the pancreas, and that such cells could be amplified and differentiated into islet beta cells in large amounts in the presence of KGF and Matrigel. As for islet-derived stem cells, Zulewski et al reported that they isolated and cultured a cell expressing the neural stem cell marker nestin protein (nestin) from an islet mass of a normal pancreas, and this cell was greatly expanded in vitro and differentiated into pancreatic endocrine cells by the action of exendin-4, activinA, HGF, Betacellulin and nicotiamide.
Huang & Tang, 2003; the pancreatic stem cells disclosed in Zulewski et al, 2001 article are adult stem cells derived from pancreatic islets. The tissue used by Zulewski et al is normal human or murine pancreatic tissue. The application of this technique to the clinic still faces the problem of insufficient resources, since it is difficult to obtain a sufficient amount of normal human pancreatic tissue in practice.
In the prior art, there are other ways to obtain pancreatic cells. Methods for differentiating non-embryonic pluripotent stem cells into the pancreatic lineage are provided, for example, in CN 101310012A. The invention further provides non-embryonic pluripotent stem cells and progeny derived therefrom, thereby providing pancreatic cells to a subject. The method comprises contacting a cell expressing Ngn3 with one or both of nicotinamide or exendiM to produce a cell expressing insulin, the cell expressing Ngn3 having been prepared by: (1) contacting non-embryonic stem, non-germ, non-embryonic germ cells that express Oct-4 and telomerase and that can differentiate into ectodermal, endodermal and mesodermal cell types with a first agent that is activin a and a second agent that inhibits sonic hedgehog (SHH) activity to produce cells having increased expression of Pdx-I; and (2) contacting the cells with increased expression of Pdx-I with EGF and/or HGF to produce cells with increased expression of Ngn 3. However, the method is complex to prepare, and the success rate needs to be further improved.
CN1847394A discloses a method for inducing differentiation of embryonic stem cells into pancreatic cells, which comprises treating embryoid bodies formed from embryonic stem cells with Activin a and cis-retinoic acid in this order to differentiate them into pancreatic cells. However, the method uses the embryonic stem cells, and the embryonic stem cells are not suitable for large-scale popularization and application due to limited sources, so that the market application value is not high.
Therefore, the problem of insufficient pancreatic tissue sources in islet transplantation needs to be solved, a stem cell with a wide source needs to be found, and pancreatic cells can be obtained by adopting a simple induction mode to meet the social needs, so that the human is benefited.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention provides an improved method for the differentiation of epidermal stem cells, which are more convenient to source, into established pancreatic cells in a shorter amount of time (7 days) and with a significantly increased yield (up to 97% yield) compared to prior art protocols.
Provided herein is a method of differentiating epidermal stem cells into pancreatic cells, the method comprising the steps of:
in a first step, epidermal stem cells were induced with activated stimulatory peptides in 1% Matrigel plated dishes as follows:
after two hours, the epidermal stem cells began to spread, at which time the medium was changed to DMEM medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 100ng/ml activin A (Sigma) for 24 hours, and then the epidermal stem cells were changed to DMEM medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 1-10mg/L of active stimulating peptides for 6-8 hours to differentiate the epidermal stem cells. Thereafter, the differentiated epidermal stem cells were then used with a serum containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 1X 10-6The induction was continued for 24 hours in mol/L DMEM medium for RA (Sigma) to obtain pancreatic precursor cells.
In the second step, islet precursor cells are expanded.
The differentiated epidermal stem cells were cultured in DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 10ng/ml bFGF (Sigma) for 3-5 days, and the expansion of pancreatic precursor cells derived from the epidermal stem cells was induced. During this time, most of the adherent cells assume an epithelial-like structure.
Third, Pancreatic beta cells (Pancreatic beta cells) are matured.
The cells were transferred to DMEM/F12 medium (Gibco-BRL) containing N2 and B27(Gibco-BRL) serum replacement (from Gibco-BRL, Inc., according to the instructions), 1ug/ml Lamin (Sigma), 10ng/ml bFGF and 10mmol/L nicotinamide (Sigma) and cultured for 3-5 days to promote the maturation of islet beta cells, thereby obtaining mature pancreatic beta cells.
The concentration of Activin A can be 50-300ng/ml culture medium, and the concentration of cis-retinoic acid is 1 × 10-7-1×10-5mol/L culture medium; the concentration of Activin A is preferably 100ng/ml of culture medium, and the concentration of cis-retinoic acid is preferably 1 × 10-6mol/L culture medium.
The Matrigel is 1% by mass.
The concentration of the bFGF is 8-12 ng/ml; preferably 10 ng/ml.
And culturing the pancreatic precursor cells obtained by amplification for 3-5 days by using a culture medium added with N2 and B27 serum substitute, laminin (laminin), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and nicotinamide (nicotinamide), so as to obtain mature islet beta cells.
In another aspect, the invention provides active stimulating peptides, which can specifically aim at the induction trend of insulin expression related genes in epidermal stem cells, can remarkably increase the differentiation speed and the differentiation capacity of the epidermal stem cells, and can enhance the differentiation capacity of the epidermal stem cells to pancreatic cells.
The amino acid sequences of the active stimulating peptides related to the invention are respectively shown in SEQ ID NO: 1-6.
Detailed Description
Example 1 preparation of epidermal stem cells
The skin of the foreskin after circumcision of healthy male (human) is taken to prepare epidermal cells and fibroblasts.
1. Separation of epidermal cells: washing skin 2cm long and 2mm wide with PBS containing antibiotics for 3 times; digesting in protease solution at 4 deg.c for 16 hr; taking out the skin, and stripping the epidermis and the dermis; collecting epidermal skin pieces, placing in 0.25% pancreatin/0.02% EDTA (1: 1) mixture, digesting at 37 deg.C for 15 min, and finishingStopping digestion, slightly blowing, filtering, collecting cell suspension, centrifuging, removing supernatant, adding fresh culture solution, resuspending cells, and adjusting cell concentration to 1 × 103/ml。
2. Preparation of trophoblast cells: collecting the dermis skin sheet after peeling epidermis and dermis layer, placing in 625U/ml collagenase solution, digesting, collecting fibroblast suspension, culturing fibroblast to spread about 80%, adding mitomycin C to final concentration of 10-6mol/L, incubation at 37 ℃ for 12 hours, taking out, digesting with 0.25% pancreatin at 37 ℃ for 5 minutes, terminating digestion, centrifuging for 5 minutes (1000 r/min), discarding the supernatant, and resuspending the cells for later use.
3. Preparation of extracellular matrix covering plates: culturing the epidermal cells in a dish until the cells are confluent for 13 days; after the epidermal cells are converged, the culture solution is aspirated and washed with sterile PBS; adding a mixed solution of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (10mmol/L), tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane hydrochloric acid (25mmol/L) and triton (1% (w/v)), and incubating at 37 ℃ (30 minutes) until cell lysis can be seen under a lens; washing with PBS; then 0.5mg/ml denatured bovine serum albumin was added and incubated at 37 ℃ for 1 hour to block non-specific adhesion; washing with PBS, adding serum-free culture solution, and incubating at 37 deg.C.
4. Screening and culturing of epidermal stem cells: and (3) adding 2ml of epidermal cell suspension into a prepared plate covered with extracellular matrix, culturing at 37 ℃ for 10 minutes, taking out, sucking liquid, washing with PBS until cell-free suspension is achieved, wherein the adherent cells are epidermal stem cells. Adding trophoblast cells (4 × 10)3/cm2) The cells were cultured in KSC medium, and the medium was changed every 2 days and every 3 days thereafter. Wherein the KSC culture medium contains 5% fetal calf serum and 1ng/ml basic fibroblast growth factor.
5. Subculturing: the epidermal stem cells were grown to confluence, and digested with a mixture of 0.25% pancreatin/0.02% EDTA (1: 1) at 37 ℃ for 6 minutes, to terminate the digestion; collecting cell suspension, centrifuging for 5 min, discarding supernatant, adding fresh culture medium, resuspending cells at 2 × 105The cells were inoculated in a flask containing feeder cells at a density of one ml, cultured in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37 ℃ and then subjected to immunohistochemical detection: cell swinging sheet100 percent of beta 1 integrin, 97 percent of keratin 19, 10 percent of keratin and negative of anti-vimentin, and the epidermal stem cell is determined to be obtained.
EXAMPLE 2 preparation of active stimulating peptides
Firstly, a random polypeptide library is constructed, wherein the random polypeptide is a random amino acid sequence containing less than thirty (including thirty) amino acids. The random polypeptide library of the invention is obtained by translation transformation of a corresponding DNA library (a DNA library for screening CPP). The random library of polypeptides of the invention is transformed by methods commonly used in the art. Such as chemical transformation and electroporation, see molecular cloning (second edition of chinese), written by j. And (2) carrying out mixed culture on the random polypeptide and the epidermal stem cells, wherein the basal medium is a DMEM medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 100ng/ml activin A (Sigma), and 42 stimulating peptides with strong capacity of stimulating the epidermal stem cells to differentiate into pancreatic cells are obtained according to the difference of differentiation index capacity of the epidermal stem cells, wherein the strong capacity is SEQ ID NO: 1-6, adopting a chemical synthesis method to synthesize the polypeptide, and carrying out subsequent experiments.
Example 3 differentiation of epidermal Stem cells into pancreatic cells
Epidermal stem cells prepared in example 1 were placed in a 1% Matrigel-plated culture dish and induced with active stimulating peptides as follows:
after two hours, the epidermal stem cells began to spread, at which time the medium was changed to DMEM medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 100ng/ml activin A (Sigma) for 24 hours, and then the epidermal stem cells were changed to DMEM medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 10mg/L active stimulatory peptides (6 different active peptides of SEQ ID NO: 1-6 were separately tested without adding the active peptides as a blank) for 6 hours to differentiate the epidermal stem cells. Thereafter, the differentiated epidermal stem cells were then used with a serum containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 1X 10-6The induction was continued for 24 hours in mol/L DMEM medium for RA (Sigma) to obtain pancreatic precursor cells.
The preliminarily differentiated epidermal stem cells obtained as described above were cultured in DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 10ng/ml bFGF (Sigma) for 5 days to induce the expansion of pancreatic precursor cells derived from the epidermal stem cells. During this time, most of the adherent cells assume an epithelial-like structure.
The adherent cells obtained in the previous step are transferred into a DMEM/F12 culture medium containing N2 serum substitute, B27 serum substitute, 1ug/ml Lamin (Sigma), 10ng/ml bFGF and 10mmol/L nicotinamine (Sigma) to be continuously cultured for 5 days, so that the islet beta cells are promoted to mature, and mature pancreatic beta cells are obtained.
Example 4 detection of differentiated mature pancreatic beta cells
First, detecting the expression of differentiated cell genes by RT-PCR
In order to detect the condition of the pancreatic endocrine cells, the expression condition of the marker genes of the pancreatic endocrine cells is detected by RT-PCR, and the specific method and the result are as follows:
total RNA was extracted from differentiated cells and control cells using RNA extraction kit. The cells were differentiated into mature pancreatic beta cells. Control cells were not supplemented with active stimulatory peptides and cells obtained in the third step without the addition of active stimulatory peptides and without induction with either of activin A and RA small molecules. The RNA was reverse transcribed to cDNA using MMLV reverse transcriptase. PCR was performed using ExTaq polymerase system. The PCR primers were as follows:
insulin 1: TAGTGACCAGCTATAATCAGAG and ACGCCAAGGTCTGAAGGTCC (288 bp);
hnf3 beta: ACCTGAGTCCGAGTCTGACC and GGCACCTTGAGAAAGCAGTC (345 bp);
pdx-1: CTTAGCGTGTCGCCACAGCCCTCCA and TCCAACAGCCGCCTTTCGTTATTCT (472 bp);
glut 2: GGATAAATTCGCCTGGATGA and TTCCTTTGGTTTCTGGAACT (299 bp);
isl 1: ATTTGCCACCTAGCCACAGCACC and CGCATTTGATCCCGTACAACCTG (335 bp);
β-actin:CCTGAACCCTAAGGCCAACCGTGAA
and ATACCCAAGAAGGAAGGCTGGAAAA (480 bp).
The results are shown in the following table: the expression level of beta-actin is used as the reference level.
TABLE 1 expression level of each gene in differentiated cells
As can be seen from the above table, the differentiation of epidermal stem cells into pancreatic cells can be well promoted by using the active stimulating peptides of the present invention together with activin A and RA, while the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into pancreatic cells can be promoted only by using activin A and RA, like the prior art, but the differentiation of epidermal stem cells into pancreatic cells cannot be promoted. Moreover, the gene expression level of the pancreatic cells obtained by differentiation is not much different from that of normal human pancreatic cells, and is basically the same, and it is presumed that the pancreatic cells can basically perform the same function.
Second, ELISA detection of insulin secretion
2X104The differentiated pancreatic cells were stimulated with PBS (20 mmol/L glucose) and PBS (5 mmol/L glucose) for 1 hour, and the insulin secretion was measured as follows:
from the above results, it can be seen that the insulin secretion of pancreatic cells is significantly higher than that of control group, and the difference in insulin secretion caused by different concentrations of glucose is significant, demonstrating that pancreatic islet-like cells respond to the change of glucose concentration. Meanwhile, as can be seen from the results, the pancreatic cells induced by the invention can produce slightly less insulin than the normal pancreatic cells at low glucose concentration, but can produce higher insulin secretion than the normal pancreatic cells at high glucose concentration, which indicates that the differentiated cells have better hyperglycemia stimulation responsiveness and production capacity.
Although specific embodiments of the invention have been described in detail, those skilled in the art will appreciate. Various modifications and substitutions of those details may be made in light of the overall teachings of the disclosure, and such changes are intended to be within the scope of the present invention. The full scope of the invention is given by the appended claims and any equivalents thereof.
Sequence listing
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