CN111755551A - 一种太阳能电池芯片结构及制备方法 - Google Patents

一种太阳能电池芯片结构及制备方法 Download PDF

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CN111755551A
CN111755551A CN201910251401.7A CN201910251401A CN111755551A CN 111755551 A CN111755551 A CN 111755551A CN 201910251401 A CN201910251401 A CN 201910251401A CN 111755551 A CN111755551 A CN 111755551A
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罗轶
李琳琳
宋士佳
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Abstract

本发明涉及太阳能电池领域,具体涉及一种太阳能电池芯片结构及制备方法。其主要改进之处为,在所述背电极和所述电池层之间设有折射层,所述折射层包括折射层,在所述折射层远离光射入方向的一面设有凹陷,所述凹陷的内表面设有反射层I;在所述前电极与所述电池层的接触面上设有反射层II,光线可在所述反射层I与所述反射层II之间进行多次反射。本发明所述的太阳能电池可以与前电极结构形成来回反射的区间,起到很好的陷光作用,能有效反射入射光线,增加光在电池层的传输路径,进而提高了太阳能电池的整体效率。本发明的制备工艺简单,且不影响电池层的晶体生长质量,便于应用与推广。

Description

一种太阳能电池芯片结构及制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及太阳能电池领域,具体涉及一种太阳能电池芯片结构及制备方法。
背景技术
InxGa1-xN的禁带宽度为0.64-3.4eV,几乎覆盖整个太阳光波段,而受到人们的关注。近年对InxGa1-xN/GaN多量子阱(MQW)结构在太阳能电池领域的研究,显示In组分、势阱宽度、势垒宽度等对电池结构都有显著的影响,可通过调整工艺参数提高太阳能电池的整体效率。但是,就目前的材料生长技术而言,较高厚度、高In组分氮化物薄膜材料的生长还具有很大的挑战性。主要是因为在使用有机金属化学气相沉积(MOCVD)方法在制备高In组分合金材料时,容易出现铟聚集的“铟滴”析出,所以难以制备高In组分的氮化物薄膜。并且生长过厚的InGaN,薄膜外延层的晶体质量会急剧下降。
在现有技术条件下,为保证薄膜外延层的晶体质量,采用MQW结构时,InxGa1-xN吸收层的总厚度一般只有几十纳米左右,和几百纳米的目标厚度仍有较大差距,但是吸收层厚度较薄的话,太阳光不能得到充分的吸收,大大降低了氮化物太阳能电池光电转化效率。因此,为了提高氮化物太阳能电池的光电转化效率,常用做法是在芯片中制作布拉格反射层(DBR),使得透过吸收层的太阳光子被反射回来,再次被吸收,进而提高器件的光电转换效率。InxGa1-xN太阳能电池一般通过MOCVD直接外延生长高质量的AlN/GaN周期DBR反射层,AlN和GaN的折射率差Δn只有0.35,其所组成的AlN/GaN DBR的反射带宽较窄,并且AlN和GaN两者之间有2.5%的晶格失配,难以通过MOCVD直接外延生长高质量的AlN/GaN DBR。常规的AlN/GaN DBR不仅影响后续晶体生长质量,而且生长工艺复杂,本专利提出一种具有折射层的太阳能电池芯片结构及制备方法,制备工艺简单,利用折射层与前电极结构形成来回反射的区间,能有效增加光在吸收层的传输距离,变相提高吸收层厚度,提高入射光线吸收几率。
发明内容
为了解决上述问题,本发明提供了一种陷光效果好的太阳能电池芯片结构及制备方法,即一种具有折射层的太阳能电池芯片结构及制备方法)。
本发明第一目的在于提供一种太阳能电池芯片结构,依次包括层叠设置的前电极、电池层和背电极,其主要改进之处为,在所述背电极和所述电池层之间设有折射层,在所述折射层远离光射入方向的一面设有凹陷,所述凹陷的内表面设有反射层I;在所述前电极与所述电池层的接触面上设有反射层II,光线可在所述反射层I与所述反射层II之间进行反射。
本发明通过折射层、凹陷及其前电极上设置的反射层,使得射入其中的光在前电极与凹陷间进行多次反射,增加了光在电池层中的传输路径,进而提高了入射光线的吸收几率。
本发明中的凹陷可以为多个倒锥形或其他不规则体,也可以是V型槽,以增强反射效果为目的,可以有多种形状,数目可设置多个。所述反射层可以为银,也可以是其他具有较好反射效果的导电材料,在此不做进一步限定。
作为优选,所述前电极与所述凹陷在竖直方向上错位排布。通过上述设置,有利于光线在所述反射层I与反射层II之间进行多次反射,可进一步增加光线在电池中传播的路线的长度,有利于提高电池对光的吸收效率。
作为优选,所述凹陷的顶点的高度是所述折射层高度的1/8~1。上述高度可调整光线在电池中的传播路径,增加光线在电池中传播的路线的长度。
作为优选,所述凹陷为V型槽,设置为V型槽更有利于实现光线的折射。
作为优选,V型槽的顶角为90~170°。
作为优选,所述V型槽与所述前电极在长度方向上平行。
进一步优选,优选所述V型槽的长度与所述前电极长度相等;所述V型槽与前电极的长度相等,可增加折射光线的量,有利于提高电池效率。
作为优选,所述背电极上设有与所述凹陷形状相匹配的凸起。这种情况下折射层与背电池有更好的结合,可增加导电面积。
作为优选,所述折射层为DBR。
作为优选,所述DBR由折射率不同的ITO透明导电膜层交替层叠而成。
作为优选,相邻所述ITO透明导电膜层的折射率差不低于0.45。
当折射率设定如上时,折射效果更好,其与前述的反射效果结合,可以起到很好的陷光作用,进一步增加光在电池层中的传输路径。
作为优选,所述DBR由折射率为1.8的ITO透明导电膜层与折射率为2.3的ITO透明导电膜层交替层叠而成。
作为优选,所述ITO透明导电膜层的厚度为10~20nm。
作为优选,所述ITO透明导电膜层的层数为10~20层。
本发明第二目的在于提供制备太阳能芯片结构的方法,其中,所述折射层的制备方法如下:
在所述电池层远离光射入的一面沉积不同折射率的ITO透明导电膜层以形成DBR,在所述DBR远离所述电池层的表面刻蚀形成凹陷,在凹陷内表面设置反射层。
作为优选,利用PVD进行沉积。
作为优选,优选采用光刻胶结合等离子体刻蚀的方法进行刻蚀。
作为优选,制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)在蓝宝石衬底临时衬底上,依次生长GaN缓冲层、ZnO牺牲层、n型GaN欧姆接触层、n型GaN掺杂层、MQW多量子阱层InxGa1-xN吸收层、p型GaN掺杂层、p型GaN欧姆接触层;
(2)利用PVD在p型GaN欧姆接触层沉积折射率不同的ITO透明导电膜层,使相邻层的折射率差不小于0.45,层为厚度10-20nm,循环重复沉积5-10次;
(3)在ITO导电层上旋涂光刻胶,经过光刻显影,在ITO上得到预设的图形;采用等离子体刻蚀,得到V型槽,V型槽与前电极平行排布,槽深度50-400nm,V型顶角90-170°,利用HCl溶液进行抛光;
(4)采用PVD在V型槽的孔内,蒸镀填充金属Ag,形成了镜面层;然后在镜面层上,用蒸镀或者电镀的方法,制作Au或者Cu等金属键合层;
(5)在Si衬底上采用蒸镀方式,制作厚度为1000nm的Au或者Cu作为金属键合层;然后将两金属键合层相对,在300-350摄氏度条件下,于6000~8000kg保压5~10min键合;
(6)将键合好的制品放入HCl溶液中反应,去除ZnO牺牲层,剥离临时衬底;
(7)在n型GaN欧姆接触层上旋涂光刻胶,经过光刻显影,图形化后,等离子体刻蚀,并进行抛光;使用PVD在图形化的n型GaN欧姆接触层上蒸镀Ag,形成镜面银,然后再在镜面银上蒸镀正面金属电极Au或者Cu;通过350~400摄氏度氮气氛围退火10~15min,使前电极与n型欧姆接触层形成良好的欧姆接触;
(8)机械减薄Si衬底后,在Si衬底背面采用蒸镀的方式,蒸镀厚度为80~150nm的金属电极,构成背电极。
本发明有益效果如下:
(1)本发明采用设有凹陷的折射层,利用其与前电极结构形成来回反射的区间,起到很好的陷光作用,能有效反射入射光线,增加光在量子阱吸收层传输路径,进而提高了太阳能电池的整体效率。
(2)本发明中的制备工艺简单,且不影响电池层的晶体生长质量,便于应用与推广。
附图说明
图1为实施例1中的太阳能电池芯片结构的示意图;
图中:1、前电极;2、电池层;3、折射层;31、凹陷;4、背电极。
具体实施方式
以下实施例用于说明本发明,但不用来限制本发明的范围。
实施例1
本实施例涉及一种太阳能电池芯片结构,依次包括层叠设置的前电极1、电池层2、折射层3和背电极4(其结构示意图如图1);
所述折射层3为DBR,所述DBR由折射率为1.8的ITO透明导电膜层与折射率为2.3的ITO透明导电膜层交替层叠而成,所述ITO透明导电膜层的厚度为20nm,层数为20层;
在所述DBR远离光射入方向的一面设有凹陷31,所述凹陷31为V型槽,所述V型槽与所述前电极在竖直方向上错位,在长度方向上平行且长度相等,高度为200nm,顶角为165°,所述凹陷31的内表面设有Ag反射层(反射层I);
在所述前电极1与所述电池层2的接触面上设有Ag反射层(反射层II),光线可在所述凹陷31设有的Ag反射层与所述前电极1设有的Ag反射层之间进行多次反射;
所述前电极1及背电极4的电极金属为Au;所述背电极上设有与所述凹陷形状相匹配的凸起。
所述电池层2依次包括层叠设置的n型GaN欧姆接触层、n型GaN掺杂层、MQW多量子阱层InxGa1-xN吸收层、p型GaN掺杂层和p型GaN欧姆接触层;所述n型GaN欧姆接触层与所述前电极1接触设置,所述p型GaN欧姆接触层与所述折射层3接触设置。
实施例2
制备实施例1中的太阳能电池芯片结构的方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)将蓝宝石衬底临时衬底传入MOCVD设备中,依次生长GaN缓冲层、ZnO牺牲层、n型GaN欧姆接触层、n型GaN掺杂层、MQW多量子阱InxGa1-xN吸收层、p型GaN掺杂层、p型GaN欧姆接触层。冷却到室温后,从设备中取出;
(2)利用PVD在p型GaN欧姆接触层上沉积20nm折射率为1.8的ITO透明导电膜层,再在ITO透明导电膜层上沉积折射率为2.3的ITO透明导电膜层,循环重复沉积10次。
(3)在最后一层折射率为2.3的ITO导电层上涂一层光刻胶(光照后发生交联);
(4)在光刻胶的上方放置掩膜版,掩膜版上带有预设的图案,黑色不透光,其他区域透光;光通过掩膜版均匀照射光刻胶,黑色区域以外的光刻胶发生交联固化,黑色区域的光刻胶不发生变化,采用与光刻胶反应的溶液将未交联的光刻胶清洗掉;
(5)使用等离子体刻蚀,在未交联的部分得到V型槽,v型槽与前电极平行排布,深度200nm,锥角165°,利用HCl溶液进行抛光;
(6)采用PVD在圆锥型的孔内,填充金属Ag层,形成了镜面层;
(7)在整个镜面层上,用蒸镀或者电镀的方法,制作Au金属键合层;
(8)在Si衬底上采用蒸镀方式,制作厚度为1000nm的Au作为金属键合层;
(9)将步骤7和8制成的半制成品分别浸入IPA溶液中,进行超声清洗10min;
(10)然后将俩金属键合层相对,在300-350摄氏度条件下,于7000kg保压5min键合;
(11)将键合好的制品放入HCl溶液中反应,去除ZnO牺牲层,剥离蓝宝石临时衬底;
(12)在n型GaN欧姆接触层上旋涂光刻胶,经过光刻显影后,图形化刻蚀,并进行抛光;
(13)使用PVD在图形化的n型GaN欧姆接触层上蒸镀Ag,形成镜面银;
(14)在银层上蒸镀Au等金属电极;
(15)通过380摄氏度氮气氛围退火12min,使前电极与n型欧姆接触层形成良好的欧姆接触。
(16)机械减薄Si衬底后,在Si衬底背面采用蒸镀的方式,蒸镀厚度为100nm的Au等金属电极,构成背电极,完成器件的制作。
虽然,上文中已经用一般性说明、具体实施方式及试验,对本发明作了详尽的描述,但在本发明基础上,可以对之作一些修改或改进,这对本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。因此,在不偏离本发明精神的基础上所做的这些修改或改进,均属于本发明要求保护的范围。

Claims (10)

1.一种太阳能电池芯片结构,依次包括层叠设置的前电极、电池层和背电极,其特征在于,在所述背电极和所述电池层之间设有折射层,在所述折射层远离光射入方向的一面设有凹陷,所述凹陷的内表面设有反射层I;在所述前电极与所述电池层的接触面上设有反射层II,光线可在所述反射层I与所述反射层II之间进行反射。
2.根据权利要求1所述的太阳能电池芯片结构,其特征在于,所述前电极与所述凹陷在竖直方向上错位排布。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的太阳能电池芯片结构,其特征在于,所述凹陷为V型槽。
4.根据权利要求3所述的太阳能电池芯片结构,其特征在于,所述V型槽与所述前电极在长度方向上平行;优选所述V型槽的长度与所述前电极的长度相等。
5.根据权利要求1~4中任一项所述的太阳能电池芯片结构,其特征在于,所述背电极上设有与所述凹陷形状相匹配的凸起。
6.根据权利要求1~5中任一项所述的太阳能电池芯片结构,其特征在于,所述折射层为DBR;优选所述DBR由折射率不同的ITO透明导电膜层交替层叠而成;更优选相邻所述ITO透明导电膜层的折射率差不低于0.45。
7.根据权利要求6所述的太阳能电池芯片结构,其特征在于,所述ITO透明导电膜层的厚度为10~20nm,和/或,所述ITO透明导电膜层的层数为10~20层,和/或,所述凹陷的深度是所述折射层高度的1/8~1,和/或,所述V型槽的顶角为90~170°。
8.根据权利要求1~7中任一项所述的太阳能电池芯片结构,其特征在于,所述电池层依次包括层叠设置的n型GaN欧姆接触层、n型GaN掺杂层、MQW多量子阱层InxGa1-xN吸收层、p型GaN掺杂层和p型GaN欧姆接触层;所述n型GaN欧姆接触层与所述前电极接触设置,所述p型GaN欧姆接触层与所述折射层接触设置。
9.一种制备太阳能电池芯片结构的方法,其特征在于,所述折射层的制备方法如下:
在所述电池层远离光射入的一面沉积不同折射率的ITO透明导电膜层以形成DBR,在所述DBR远离所述电池层的表面刻蚀形成凹陷,在凹陷内表面设置反射层;
优选利用PVD进行沉积;优选采用光刻胶结合等离子体刻蚀的方法进行刻蚀。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
(1)在蓝宝石衬底临时衬底上,依次生长GaN缓冲层、ZnO牺牲层、n型GaN欧姆接触层、n型GaN掺杂层、MQW多量子阱层InxGa1-xN吸收层、p型GaN掺杂层、p型GaN欧姆接触层;
(2)利用PVD在p型GaN欧姆接触层沉积折射率不同的ITO透明导电膜层,使相邻层的折射率差不小于0.45,层为厚度10-20nm,循环重复沉积5-10次;
(3)在ITO导电层上旋涂光刻胶,经过光刻显影,在ITO上得到预设的图形;采用等离子体刻蚀,得到V型槽,V型槽与前电极平行排布,槽深度50-400nm,V型顶角90-170°,利用HCl溶液进行抛光;
(4)采用PVD在V型槽的孔内,蒸镀填充金属Ag,形成了镜面层;然后在镜面层上,用蒸镀或者电镀的方法,制作Au或者Cu等金属键合层;
(5)在Si衬底上采用蒸镀方式,制作厚度为1000nm的Au或者Cu作为金属键合层;然后将两金属键合层相对,在300-350摄氏度条件下,于6000~8000kg保压5~10min键合;
(6)将键合好的制品放入HCl溶液中反应,去除ZnO牺牲层,剥离临时衬底;
(7)在n型GaN欧姆接触层上旋涂光刻胶,经过光刻显影,图形化后,等离子体刻蚀,并进行抛光;使用PVD在图形化的n型GaN欧姆接触层上蒸镀Ag,形成镜面银,然后再在镜面银上蒸镀正面金属电极Au或者Cu;通过350~400摄氏度氮气氛围退火10~15min,使前电极与n型欧姆接触层形成良好的欧姆接触;
(8)机械减薄Si衬底后,在Si衬底背面采用蒸镀的方式,蒸镀厚度为80~150nm的金属电极,构成背电极。
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