CN111729961B

CN111729961B - Intelligent pneumatic stamping equipment suitable for metal parts

Info

Publication number: CN111729961B
Application number: CN202010742120.4A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 浦巧生
Original assignee: Wujiang Hydraulic Components Foundry Co Ltd
Current assignee: Wujiang Hydraulic Components Foundry Co Ltd
Priority date: 2020-07-29
Filing date: 2020-07-29
Publication date: 2020-11-17
Anticipated expiration: 2040-07-29
Also published as: CN111729961A

Abstract

The application discloses pneumatic stamping equipment suitable for metal part intelligence includes: the device comprises a base plate, a vertical seat, an air source device, an air cylinder device, a punch, a lower die seat, a lower die plate, a UWB displacement detection device, a UWB die seat detection device, a UWB die plate detection device and a control device; wherein, the base plate is provided with a mounting plate surface; the vertical seat is fixedly arranged above the mounting plate surface; the air source device is fixed to the side surface of the vertical seat; the cylinder device comprises a cylinder body and a piston rod, the cylinder body is fixedly arranged on the vertical seat, and the free end of the piston rod is connected to the punch; the lower die base is fixedly arranged on the mounting plate surface of the substrate; the lower template is fixedly arranged above the lower die base; the UWB displacement detection device is connected to the punch; the lower template is fixedly provided with a UWB template detection device; the lower die holder is fixedly provided with a UWB die holder detection device; the control device includes a controller. The utility model provides an useful part lies in providing a rational in infrastructure and can carry out the pneumatic stamping equipment of mould detection and processing count's of being applicable to metal parts intelligence automatically.

Description

Intelligent pneumatic stamping equipment suitable for metal parts

Technical Field

The application relates to a stamping equipment, concretely relates to pneumatic stamping equipment of intelligence suitable for metal part.

Background

The stamping is a forming method in which a press and a die are used to apply external force to a plate, a strip, a pipe, a profile, etc. to cause plastic deformation or separation, thereby obtaining a workpiece (stamped part) of a desired shape and size.

The stamping process is a production technology for obtaining a product workpiece with certain shape, size and performance by directly applying a deformation force to a plate in a die by means of the power of conventional or special stamping equipment and deforming the plate.

The existing pneumatic stamping equipment often causes processing errors due to wrong matching of dies. In addition, the existing pneumatic stamping equipment adopts manual counting during stamping processing, so that the efficiency is low, and processing data is more or less than the number of planned processing due to counting errors easily caused by processing by different processing personnel.

Disclosure of Invention

An intelligent pneumatic stamping device suitable for metal parts, comprising: the device comprises a base plate, a vertical seat, an air source device, an air cylinder device, a punch, a lower die seat, a lower die plate, a UWB displacement detection device, a UWB die seat detection device, a UWB die plate detection device and a control device; wherein, the base plate is provided with a mounting plate surface; the vertical seat is fixedly arranged above the mounting plate surface; the air source device is fixed to the side surface of the vertical seat; the cylinder device comprises a cylinder body and a piston rod, the cylinder body is fixedly arranged on the vertical seat, and the free end of the piston rod is connected to the punch; the lower die base is fixedly arranged on the mounting plate surface of the substrate; the lower template is fixedly arranged above the lower die base; the UWB displacement detection device is connected to the punch so that the UWB displacement detection device can move up and down along with the punch; the lower template is fixedly provided with a UWB template detection device so that the punch can be detected by the UWB displacement detection device when approaching the lower template; the lower die base is fixedly provided with a UWB die base detection device so that the UWB template detection device can detect the lower template when the lower template is arranged on the lower die base; the control device includes: the UWB module comprises a controller, a UWB displacement detection device, a UWB die holder detection device and a UWB template detection device, wherein the UWB displacement detection device, the UWB die holder detection device and the UWB template detection device are respectively connected to the controller in a communication mode; at least one of the UWB displacement detection device, the UWB die holder detection device and the UWB template detection device is an active UWB device which is provided with a power supply and can actively transmit UWB signals and receive feedback UWB signals; the controller calculates a distance between the active UWB device and the passive UWB device based on the signal of the active UWB device.

Further, be applicable to pneumatic stamping equipment of metal parts intelligence still includes: a slide rail and a slide block; the slide rail is mounted to the vertical seat; the sliding block and the sliding rail form sliding connection along the vertical direction.

Further, be applicable to pneumatic stamping equipment of metal parts intelligence still includes: a slide base; the sliding seat is directly and fixedly connected to the vertical seat; the slide rail is directly mounted to the slide carriage, which is provided with a seat slot for fixing the slide rail.

Further, be applicable to pneumatic stamping equipment of metal parts intelligence still includes: a sliding table and a moving seat; the sliding table and the sliding block form fixed connection; the moving seat is mounted to the sliding table, the free end of the piston rod is connected to the top of the moving seat, and the punch is connected to the moving seat.

Further, be applicable to pneumatic stamping equipment of metal parts intelligence still includes: a floating joint; the floating joint is connected between the free end of the piston rod and the movable seat.

Further, be applicable to pneumatic stamping equipment of metal parts intelligence still includes: a hydraulic buffer and a limiting block; the hydraulic buffer is fixedly connected to the sliding seat; the limiting block is fixedly connected to the sliding table so that the sliding table contacts the hydraulic buffer when sliding to a preset position.

Further, the slip table is equipped with one and holds the chamber, and UWB displacement detection device sets up in holding the chamber.

Furthermore, the lower template is provided with a template cavity, and the UWB template detection device is arranged in the template cavity; the lower die base is provided with a die base cavity, and the UWB die base detection device is arranged in the die base cavity.

Further, be applicable to pneumatic stamping equipment of metal parts intelligence still includes: a cantilever and two safety gratings; the cantilever is arranged on the top of the vertical seat and at least partially extends out of the vertical seat; the two safety gratings are oppositely arranged, wherein one safety grating is installed on the substrate, and the other safety grating is installed below the cantilever.

Further, be applicable to pneumatic stamping equipment of metal parts intelligence still includes: and the two infrared sensors are respectively installed on two opposite sides of the lower template.

The application has the advantages that: the intelligent pneumatic stamping equipment suitable for the metal parts is reasonable in structure and capable of automatically carrying out die detection and machining counting.

Drawings

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, serve to provide a further understanding of the application and to enable other features, objects, and advantages of the application to be more apparent. The drawings and their description illustrate the embodiments of the invention and do not limit it. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of an intelligent pneumatic stamping apparatus for metal parts according to an embodiment of the present application;

FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of the intelligent pneumatic stamping device for metal parts shown in FIG. 1 with parts removed;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the intelligent pneumatic stamping apparatus for metal parts shown in FIG. 1 with another part removed;

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the structure of FIG. 3 from another angle;

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the structure of FIG. 4 with the cantilever and one of the security gratings removed;

FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a portion of the structure of FIG. 4;

FIG. 7 is a schematic view of the structure at the lower die plate and lower die bed of FIG. 4;

FIG. 8 is a schematic view of the portion of FIG. 7 from another perspective;

FIG. 9 is a schematic view of the infrared sensor and the bracket of FIG. 4;

FIG. 10 is a schematic view of the structure of FIG. 9 from another angle;

FIG. 11 is a schematic view of a portion of the structure of FIG. 1, as viewed from the back, at a stand suitable for use in the intelligent pneumatic stamping apparatus for metal parts;

FIG. 12 is a schematic view of a portion of the structure of FIG. 1 as viewed from the front of a stand suitable for use in the intelligent pneumatic stamping apparatus for metal parts;

FIG. 13 is a schematic structural view of the structure of FIG. 12 with portions of the structure removed;

FIG. 14 is a schematic view of the structure of FIG. 13 with portions removed;

FIG. 15 is a schematic structural view of the whole of the slider and the stopper in FIG. 12;

fig. 16 is an exploded view of the slide table of fig. 11;

FIG. 17 is a schematic view of the slider of FIG. 11 coupled to the slide rail;

fig. 18 is a block diagram showing a schematic structure of the intelligent pneumatic stamping device for metal parts according to the present application.

The reference numerals in the drawings mean:

the device is suitable for intelligent pneumatic stamping equipment 100 for metal parts, a substrate 101, an installation plate surface 1011, a vertical seat 102, a through hole 1021, an air source device 103, an air cylinder device 104, a cylinder 1041, a piston rod 1042, a punch 105, a lower seat 106, a die holder cavity 1061, a lower die plate 107, a die plate cavity 1071, a control device 108, a device shell 1081, an indicator light 1082, an emergency stop switch 1083, a display screen 1084, an electromagnetic valve device 1085, a UWB displacement detection device 109, a wireless communication module 1091, a UWB die holder detection device 110, a UWB die holder detection device 111, a slide rail 112, a slider 113, a slide seat 114, a cushion block 116115, a sliding table 116, an accommodating cavity 1161, a cover plate 2, a movable seat 117, a floating joint 118, a hydraulic buffer 119, a contact head 1191, a protective sleeve 1192, a limiting block 120, a cantilever 121, a safety grating 122, an infrared sensor 123.

Detailed Description

In order to make the technical solutions better understood by those skilled in the art, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only partial embodiments of the present application, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present application.

It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," and the like in the description and claims of this application and in the drawings described above are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order. It should be understood that the data so used may be interchanged under appropriate circumstances such that embodiments of the application described herein may be used. Furthermore, the terms "comprises," "comprising," and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, system, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of steps or elements is not necessarily limited to those steps or elements expressly listed, but may include other steps or elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.

In this application, the terms "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "front", "rear", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "middle", "vertical", "horizontal", "lateral", "longitudinal", and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings. These terms are used primarily to better describe the present application and its embodiments, and are not used to limit the indicated devices, elements or components to a particular orientation or to be constructed and operated in a particular orientation.

Moreover, some of the above terms may be used to indicate other meanings besides the orientation or positional relationship, for example, the term "on" may also be used to indicate some kind of attachment or connection relationship in some cases. The specific meaning of these terms in this application will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art as appropriate.

Furthermore, the terms "mounted," "disposed," "provided," "connected," and "sleeved" are to be construed broadly. For example, it may be a fixed connection, a removable connection, or a unitary construction; can be a mechanical connection, or an electrical connection; may be directly connected, or indirectly connected through intervening media, or may be in internal communication between two devices, elements or components. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present application can be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art as appropriate.

It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments in the present application may be combined with each other without conflict. The present application will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments with reference to the attached drawings.

As shown in fig. 1 to 18, the intelligent pneumatic stamping apparatus 100 for metal parts includes: the device comprises a base plate 101, a vertical base 102, an air supply device 103, an air cylinder device 104, a punch 105, a lower die base 106, a lower die plate 107, a UWB displacement detection device 109, a UWB die base detection device 110, a UWB die plate detection device 111 and a control device 108. The air supply device 103 is used for providing air pressure. The vertical base 102 has a through hole 1021 for the air passage pipeline to pass through.

Wherein, the substrate 101 is provided with a mounting plate surface 1011; the vertical base 102 is fixedly mounted above the mounting plate surface 1011; the air supply device 103 is fixed to the side surface of the vertical base 102; the cylinder device 104 comprises a cylinder 1041 and a piston rod 1042, the cylinder 1041 is fixedly arranged on the vertical base 102, and the free end of the piston rod 1042 is connected to the punch 105; the lower die holder 106 is fixedly mounted to the mounting plate surface 1011 of the substrate 101; the lower die plate 107 is fixedly mounted above the lower die base 106.

The UWB displacement detecting device 109 is connected to the forcer 105 so that the UWB displacement detecting device 109 can move up and down with the forcer 105; the lower template 107 is fixedly provided with a UWB template detection device 111 so that the punch 105 can be detected by the UWB displacement detection device 109 when approaching the lower template 107; the lower die holder 106 is fixedly provided with a UWB die holder detection device 111 for detecting the lower template 107 when the lower template 107 is mounted on the lower die holder 106 by the UWB die holder detection device 110.

The control device 108 includes: a controller (not shown), wherein the UWB displacement detecting device 109 and the UWB die holder detecting device 110 are respectively connected to the controller in a communication manner. Specifically, the control device 108 includes: device housing 1081, indicator lights 1082, emergency stop switch 1083, and display screen 1084. Wherein the device housing 1081 is disposed above the substrate 101, and the indicator light 1082, the emergency stop switch 1083 and the display screen 1084 are disposed outside the housing or exposed out of the device housing 1081. Indicator light 1082 is used to indicate operating status, display screen 1084 is used to display data information, and emergency stop switch 1083 is used to emergency stop the entire device. The control device 108 further includes a solenoid valve device 1085 for controlling the communication of the air supply device 103 and the cylinder device 104, thereby controlling the movement of the cylinder device 104. The solenoid valve device 1085 is provided in the device housing 1081.

At least one of the UWB displacement detecting device 109, the UWB die holder detecting device 110 and the UWB template detecting device 111 is an active UWB device having a power supply and capable of actively transmitting UWB signals and receiving feedback UWB signals. The UWB displacement detecting means 109, the UWB die holder detecting means 110 and the UWB template detecting means 111 may have at most two passive UWB devices, and specifically, the passive UWB devices have a UWB tag module having an antenna to receive a UWB signal while activating their own tag circuits by energy from the signal. As an active UWB device, an active UWB signal may be transmitted to interact with a passive UWB signal device, and the controller may calculate a distance between the active UWB device and the passive UWB device based on the signal of the active UWB device.

Considering that UWB templates are frequently replaced and it is not easy to connect cables; preferably, the UWB displacement detecting device 109 and the UWB die holder detecting device 110 are active UWB devices, and the UWB template detecting device 111 is a passive UWB device.

In addition, considering that the cable is likely to be degraded due to the repeated movement of the punch 105, it is preferable that the UWB die holder detecting device 110 be an active UWB device, and the UWB displacement detecting device 109 and the UWB template detecting device 111 be passive UWB devices.

As an extension, the UWB displacement detecting device 109 is an active UWB device, but the power source is not supplied through an external cable, but a vibration generator 125 which follows the UWB displacement detecting device 109 is installed, the vibration generator 125 is electrically connected to the UWB displacement detecting device 109, and when the punch 105 moves as a whole, the vibration generator 125 generates a current to supply the UWB displacement detecting device 109. As a further development, the UWB displacement detection device 109 is further connected to a wireless communication module, and the UWB displacement detection device 109 may be in communication connection with the controller through the wireless communication module. This scheme advantage lies in, adopts drift 105's reciprocating motion to bring the power, adopts wireless communication module to make stamping device overall structure simple simultaneously, can not cause the hindrance and influence the life-span because of the cable.

The UWB displacement detecting device 109, the UWB mold base detecting device 110 and the UWB template detecting device 111, as well as the vibration generator 125 and the wireless communication module are all well known technical means, and are not described herein.

Through the technical scheme, the UWB displacement detection device 109, the UWB die holder detection device 110 and the UWB template detection device 111 can acquire whether the die is correctly adapted through mutual signal interaction, for example, whether the punch 105 (the punch 105 is often adapted to the sliding table 116, or the punch 105 has an independent UWB tag) and the lower template 107 are correct, and meanwhile, the reciprocating punching action data of the punch 105 can be acquired through distance detection, so that the statistics of the machining action is realized, and the counting information of the machined workpieces is indirectly acquired. The processed quantity can be accurately judged by combining the signals of the infrared sensor 123.

As a specific scheme, the intelligent pneumatic stamping device 100 suitable for metal parts further comprises: the device comprises a slide rail 112, a slide block 113, a slide seat 114, a cushion block 115, a slide table 116, a moving seat 117, a floating joint 118, a hydraulic buffer 119 and a limit block 120.

Wherein, slide rail 112 is installed to vertical seat 102, and the quantity of slide rail 112 is 2 and parallel arrangement, and slide rail 112 is used for following the vertical direction and leading.

The sliding block 113 and the sliding rail 112 form a sliding connection along the vertical direction; the sliding seat 114 is directly fixedly connected to the vertical seat 102; the slide rail 112 is directly mounted to a slide 114, the slide 114 being provided with a seat for fixing the slide rail 112. A spacer 115 is also mounted to the carriage 114 and a cylinder is fixedly mounted to the spacer 115, the spacer 115 serving to compensate for the size of the cylinder 1041.

The sliding table 116 is fixedly connected with the sliding block 113; the moving base 117 is mounted to the slide table 116, the free end of the piston rod 1042 is connected to the top of the moving base 117, and the punch 105 is connected to the moving base 117. The sliding platform 116 is used to connect the two sliding blocks 113, and provides a mounting platform for the movable base 117 and the corresponding UWB displacement detection device 109, the vibration generator 125 and the wireless communication module 1091.

A floating joint 118 is connected between the free end of the piston rod 1042 and the moving seat 117. The flexible connection can be realized, and even if the piston rod 1042 is not completely centered, the linkage of the piston rod 1042 and the moving seat 117 can be realized.

A hydraulic buffer 119 is fixedly connected to the slide 114; the stopper 120 is fixedly coupled to the slide table 116 such that the slide table 116 contacts the hydraulic buffer 119 when sliding to a predetermined position. The hydraulic buffer 119 is a common component in the art, the internal structure of the hydraulic buffer 119 is not described in detail, the hydraulic buffer is equivalent to a small air cylinder, the telescopic rod of the hydraulic buffer 119 is provided with a contact 1191, the contact 1191 can elastically stretch and retract, when the sliding table 116 slides to a preset position, the limiting block 120 contacts the contact 1191 so as to flexibly limit the position of the punch 105, in the scheme of the application, the existence of the hydraulic buffer 119 can stop the punch 105 and the sliding table 116 following the punch 105, so that the vibration generator 125 generates more electric energy due to inertia. To protect the contact head 1191, a protective sleeve 1192 is also provided which is sleeved on the outside, but which allows the head of the contact head 1191 to be ejected outside.

As a specific solution, the sliding table 116 is provided with a containing cavity 1161, and the UWB displacement detecting device 109 is disposed in the containing cavity 1161. The lower template 107 is provided with a template cavity 1071, and the UWB template detection device 111 is arranged in the template cavity 1071; the lower die holder 106 defines a die holder cavity 1061, and the UWB die holder detection device 110 is disposed in the die holder cavity 1061. For passive UWB devices, i.e., UWB tag devices, they may be placed in an open cavity and encapsulated with a thermally conductive adhesive.

The UWB displacement detecting device 109 may be an active UWB device, and is disposed in the accommodating cavity 1161 of the sliding table 116, and the accommodating cavity 1161 may also be provided with a cavity opening, but the cavity opening needs to be protected by a detachable cover plate 1162. Of course, the accommodating cavity 1161 may be encapsulated by glue filling or the like.

Further, the intelligent pneumatic stamping device 100 for metal parts further comprises: a cantilever 121 and two safety gratings 122; cantilever 121 is mounted to the top of stand 102 and extends at least partially out of stand 102; two security gratings 122 are oppositely disposed, wherein one security grating 122 is mounted to the substrate 101, and the other security grating 122 is mounted to the underside of the cantilever 121.

Further, the intelligent pneumatic stamping device 100 for metal parts further comprises: two infrared sensors 123, the two infrared sensors 123 being respectively installed to opposite sides of the lower mold plate 107. Preferably, the infrared sensor 123 is mounted to the substrate 101 through a sensor bracket 124, and as an extension, the infrared sensor 123 may be adjusted in height.

Further security is achieved by the security barrier 122. The infrared sensor 123 can detect whether the workpiece is in place.

The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present application and is not intended to limit the present application, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present application shall be included in the protection scope of the present application.

Claims

1. The utility model provides a be applicable to pneumatic stamping equipment of metal part intelligence which characterized in that:

the pneumatic stamping equipment of intelligence suitable for metal part includes: the device comprises a base plate, a vertical seat, an air source device, an air cylinder device, a punch, a lower die seat, a lower die plate, a UWB displacement detection device, a UWB die seat detection device, a UWB die plate detection device and a control device;

wherein the substrate is provided with a mounting plate surface; the vertical seat is fixedly arranged above the mounting plate surface; the air source device is fixed to the side face of the vertical seat; the cylinder device comprises a cylinder body and a piston rod, the cylinder body is fixedly arranged on the vertical seat, and the free end of the piston rod is connected to the punch; the lower die holder is fixedly mounted on the mounting plate surface of the substrate; the lower template is fixedly arranged above the lower die base;

the UWB displacement detection device is connected to the punch so that the UWB displacement detection device can move up and down along with the punch;

the lower template is fixedly provided with the UWB template detection device so that the punch can be detected by the UWB displacement detection device when approaching the lower template;

the lower die base is fixedly provided with the UWB die base detection device so that the lower template can be detected when the lower template is arranged on the lower die base;

the control device includes: the UWB displacement detection device, the UWB die holder detection device and the UWB template detection device are respectively connected to the controller in a communication mode;

at least one of the UWB displacement detection device, the UWB die holder detection device and the UWB template detection device is an active UWB device which is provided with a power supply and can actively transmit UWB signals and receive feedback UWB signals;

the controller calculates a distance between the active UWB device and the passive UWB device based on the signal of the active UWB device.

2. The intelligent pneumatic stamping device for metal parts as claimed in claim 1, wherein:

the pneumatic stamping equipment of intelligence suitable for metal part still includes: a slide rail and a slide block; the slide rail is mounted to the vertical base; the sliding block and the sliding rail form sliding connection along the vertical direction.

3. The intelligent pneumatic stamping device for metal parts as claimed in claim 2, wherein:

the pneumatic stamping equipment of intelligence suitable for metal part still includes: a slide base; the sliding seat is directly and fixedly connected to the vertical seat; the slide rail direct mount extremely the slide, the slide is equipped with and is used for fixing the seat groove of slide rail.

4. The intelligent pneumatic stamping device for metal parts as claimed in claim 3, wherein:

the pneumatic stamping equipment of intelligence suitable for metal part still includes: a sliding table and a moving seat; the sliding table and the sliding block form fixed connection; the moving seat is installed on the sliding table, the free end of the piston rod is connected to the top of the moving seat, and the punch is connected to the moving seat.

5. The intelligent pneumatic stamping device for metal parts as claimed in claim 4, wherein:

the pneumatic stamping equipment of intelligence suitable for metal part still includes: a floating joint; the floating joint is connected between the free end of the piston rod and the movable seat.

6. The intelligent pneumatic stamping device for metal parts as claimed in claim 5, wherein:

the pneumatic stamping equipment of intelligence suitable for metal part still includes: a hydraulic buffer and a limiting block; the hydraulic buffer is fixedly connected to the sliding seat; the limiting block is fixedly connected to the sliding table so that the sliding table can be in contact with the hydraulic buffer when sliding to a preset position.

7. The intelligent pneumatic stamping device for metal parts as claimed in claim 6, wherein:

the slip table is equipped with one and holds the chamber, UWB displacement detection device sets up hold in the chamber.

8. The intelligent pneumatic stamping device for metal parts as claimed in claim 1, wherein:

the lower template is provided with a template cavity, and the UWB template detection device is arranged in the template cavity; the lower die holder is provided with a die holder cavity, and the UWB die holder detection device is arranged in the die holder cavity.

9. The intelligent pneumatic stamping device for metal parts as claimed in claim 1, wherein:

the pneumatic stamping equipment of intelligence suitable for metal part still includes: a cantilever and two safety gratings; the cantilever is mounted to the top of the stand and at least partially extends out of the stand; the two safety gratings are oppositely arranged, one of the safety gratings is installed on the substrate, and the other safety grating is installed below the cantilever.

10. The intelligent pneumatic stamping device for metal parts as claimed in claim 1, wherein:

the pneumatic stamping equipment of intelligence suitable for metal part still includes: and the two infrared sensors are respectively installed on two opposite sides of the lower template.