CN111727807A - 一种竹荪重茬预处理方法 - Google Patents
一种竹荪重茬预处理方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111727807A CN111727807A CN202010718674.0A CN202010718674A CN111727807A CN 111727807 A CN111727807 A CN 111727807A CN 202010718674 A CN202010718674 A CN 202010718674A CN 111727807 A CN111727807 A CN 111727807A
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- soil
- continuous cropping
- percent
- pretreatment method
- pesticide
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Images
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- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
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- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
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- C05G3/60—Biocides or preservatives, e.g. disinfectants, pesticides or herbicides; Pest repellants or attractants
Abstract
本发明属于食用菌种植技术领域,公开了一种竹荪重茬预处理方法,主要通过土壤改良进行,包括分灭菌杀虫、杀灭上茬竹荪孢子和有益菌群培养三个阶段。本发明通过优化处理步骤及配合使用自制菌液培养适合竹荪种植环境菌群生态条件,为竹荪种植重茬提供保障,突破竹荪重茬种植难题。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于食用菌培育技术领域,具体涉及一种竹荪重茬预处理方法。
背景技术
竹荪菌是寄生在枯竹根部的一种隐花菌类,形状略似网状干白蛇皮,它有深绿色的菌帽,雪白色的圆柱状的菌柄,粉红色的蛋形菌托,在菌柄顶端有一围细致洁白的网状裙从菌盖向下铺开。
竹荪基部菌索与竹鞭和枯死竹根相连,长裙竹荪多产于高温高湿地区,而同属的短裙竹荪则多长在温湿环境。当孢子萌发形成菌丝,通过菌丝分解腐竹类的有机物质取得营养,进入生殖生长阶段,菌丝体形成无数菌索,在其前端膨大发育成纽结状原基,在适宜条件下,经过一个多月生长,原基形成菌蕾,状如鸡蛋。当菌蕾顶端凸起如桃形时,多在晴天的早晨由凸起部分开裂,先露出菌盖,菌柄相继延伸,到中午柄长到一定高度时停止伸长,菌裙渐渐由盖内向下展开,空气相对湿度为95%时,菌裙生长正常,温度偏低和湿度过小时不能正常展裙。下午4-5时菌盖上担孢子成熟并开始自溶,滴向地面,同时整个子实体萎缩倒下。
原野生采集的竹荪,价等黄金,有“真菌之花”、“菌中皇后”之誉,而现已有人工栽培。人工栽培使用的原料有竹类、段木、甘蔗渣、木屑等,有箱栽、床栽和露天竹林地栽培形式。但种植后发现,采用设施栽培若连年重茬种植易导致病虫害多发,导致其单产下降、效益降低,则被迫更换栽培场所,甚至连栽培设施都更换。
发明内容
为了解决现有技术中竹荪人工栽培时由于重茬出现病虫害问题导致单产下降,本发明提供一种竹荪重茬预处理方法,通过合理的方法有序的进行病虫害杀灭和防治,从而在同个区域的土壤内连作,节省成本提高生产效率。
本发明所采用的技术方案为:
一种竹荪重茬预处理方法,用于在同块区域的土地内连续连续培植至少两次竹荪,具体步骤如下:
A1.在上茬竹荪培植完成后,首先采用灭菌液和杀虫剂对种植区域内的土地进行地膜覆盖熏蒸处理3-10d;
A2.熏蒸完成后将地膜取下,并用杀孢子剂喷洒在土壤中进行孢子杀灭;
A3.孢子杀灭后3d,将含有芽孢杆菌的重茬剂水溶液喷洒在土壤中,并翻动土壤;
A4.在翻动的土壤上铺设培养料作为培育床,并在种植完成后的菌丝生长阶段喷洒用于刺激菌丝生长的混合菌液A。
本发明中的重茬剂具体为一种添加有微生物肥料的混合药剂,其是以微生物的生命活动导致作物得到特定肥料效应的一种制品,是农业生产中使用肥料的一种。其中包括有可作为农药杀菌的微生物,同时也包含有营养成分,可改善土壤肥力。
进一步的,所述灭菌液以质量分数计包括二硫化碳10-15%、15-30%的二溴乙烷、四氯化碳30-50%、氯化苦20-30%和10-15%的溴甲烷,再加入1-4%的石灰粉实时混合搅拌喷洒。
进一步的,所述灭菌液以质量分数计包括二硫化碳14%、16%的二溴乙烷、四氯化碳30%、氯化苦27%、3%的石灰粉和10%的溴甲烷。
现有的熏蒸剂多为有毒物质,或者对环境影响较大,本发明中可直接采用威百亩熏蒸剂,但为了降低影响,通过配置具有较好杀菌效果且低毒性低环境影响的药剂作为熏蒸剂,从而更加环保。
进一步的,所述杀虫剂为菊酯类农药。菊酯类农药是广谱性杀虫剂,具有速效、高效、低毒、低残留,对作物安全等特点,除对140多种害虫防治有特效外,有些菊酯类农药还对地下害虫和螨类害虫有较好的防治效果。菊酯类农药的作用机理与DDT类似,都是干扰神经传导机理而使害虫致死。用杀虫作用机理不同的农药与其混合使用,可大大延缓害虫抗性的产生和发展。具体使用的有丰收菊酯(敌杀死加久效磷)、菊马乳油(速灭杀丁加马拉硫磷)、氧乐菊酯(速灭杀丁加氧化乐果)、灭扫利(敌杀死加甲胺磷)、溴辛乳油(敌杀死加辛硫磷)以及敌杀死与灭铃灵,混合使用均具有良好效果。
进一步的,所述杀孢子剂为二氯异氰尿酸钠,通过加入水溶液中喷洒杀灭孢子。
进一步的,所述混合菌液A包括包含光合细菌、乳酸菌、醋酸菌、双歧杆菌、放线菌和固氮菌。
进一步的,所述步骤A1中的熏蒸过程具体如下:
(1.1)首先对土壤施足底肥,并通过检测控制土壤湿度在65-80%内;
(1.2)然后在区域内的土壤中挖设压膜沟,然后在土壤表面覆盖地膜形成密闭空间;
(1.3)将调配好的灭菌液和杀虫剂按照5:2的比例混合搅拌后得到熏蒸剂;
(1.4)在搭设好的临时遮挡处布设蒸发器和储液罐,采用蒸发器通过投药管对地膜内的土壤中进行放药;
(1.5)在放药完成后密封放药点并保持密封状态3-4d,然后揭开地膜并通风4-6d则完成熏蒸过程。
进一步的,所述重茬剂按照1:20的质量比加水搅拌喷洒,所述重茬剂按照质量分数计包括10-25%的含苏云金杆菌、哈茨木霉菌和大隔孢伏革菌的NA培养基,还包括10-15%的枯叶芽孢杆菌、15-20%的多菌灵、10-35%的尿素、6-20%的磷酸铵、7-15%的硫酸钾、5-15%的五氯硝基苯、5-15%的硫酸锌和5-15%的硫酸镁。
进一步的,所述培养料包括竹渣、木屑和秸秆渣。
进一步的,在上茬竹荪培植完成后,可先采用步骤A1-A3对土壤进行处理,而后种植先放水泡田并种植禾本科作物,待收获后再进行步骤A4。
本发明的有益效果为:
本发明围绕竹荪种植菌群感染,主要采取采用灭菌液地膜熏蒸、孢子杀灭、干湿轮作模式物理杀灭孢子和消耗有机物及扼杀菌群生长环境,及配合使用自制菌液培养适合竹荪种植环境菌群生态条件,为竹荪种植重茬提供保障,突破竹荪重茬种植难题。
附图说明
图1是本发明的流程图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图及具体实施例对本发明做进一步阐释。
实施例1:
本实施例公开一种竹荪重茬预处理方法,所谓竹荪是一种食用菌,其从一个子实体(竹荪蛋)长成一朵竹荪花,仅需2个多小时,若不及时采摘、烘烤,就会自融。
则处理时,所有烘烤设备必须设置在种植地附近,但是由于重茬病虫害问题,导致培植竹荪需要定时换地,致使田间无法进行固定设施化改造,也无法进行工业化厂房培植,只能用传统的煤炭炉子烘干,无法让竹荪规模化、标准化、产业化发展。同时灶头炉子烘干含硫,无法满足食品安全法和国标规定,则传统模式将会淘汰。
本实施例为了克服竹荪种植时由于重茬出现病虫害等影响产量的问题,公开了解决方法。
主要通过土壤改良进行,包括分灭菌杀虫、杀灭上茬竹荪孢子和有益菌群培养三个阶段。在上茬竹荪培植完成后,首先采用灭菌液和杀虫剂对种植区域内的土地进行地膜覆盖熏蒸处理3-10d;熏蒸完成后将地膜取下,并用杀孢子剂喷洒在土壤中进行孢子杀灭;孢子杀灭后3d,将含有多种有益微生物菌、酶及代谢产物等组成的菌液A溶水加入田间。有气温较高地方可在田间种植和本科植物,消耗竹荪种植基料有机物,也可放水泡田,使水田持续在水环境状态下30天。来年在改良过的土地上翻地,种植竹荪,并在种植完成后的菌丝生长阶段喷洒用于刺激菌丝生长的混合菌液B。
重茬预处理是在上茬竹荪培植完成后,熏蒸剂是利用挥发时所产生的蒸气毒杀有害生物的一类农药,以气态分子进入有害生物体内而起毒杀作用,有异于气化的液体、固体或压缩气体等形式。使用剂量根据熏蒸场所空间体积计算,浓度根据熏蒸时间、熏蒸场所密闭程度、被熏蒸物的量和对熏蒸剂蒸气的吸附能力等确定。宜在仓库、帐幕、房屋、车厢、船舱等能密闭或近于密闭的条件下施用,在被熏蒸物体大量集中的情况下,可以有效地消灭隐蔽的害虫或病菌。
本实施例中通过采用混合的熏蒸剂形式从而达到灭菌杀虫的效果,而由于熏蒸过程需要保持土壤维持密闭高浓度状态一段时间,且熏蒸完成后熏蒸气体通风消散完全同样需要一定时间,则所谓3-10d既是包括熏蒸和消散时间。
其中,熏蒸过程具体如下:首先对土壤施足底肥,并通过检测控制土壤湿度在65-80%内;然后在区域内的土壤中挖设压膜沟,然后在土壤表面覆盖地膜形成密闭空间;将调配好的灭菌液和杀虫剂按照5:2的比例混合搅拌后得到熏蒸剂;在搭设好的临时遮挡处布设蒸发器和储液罐,采用蒸发器通过投药管对地膜内的土壤中进行放药;在放药完成后密封放药点并保持密封状态3-4d,然后揭开地膜并通风4-6d则完成熏蒸过程。
而重茬剂按照1:20的质量比加水搅拌喷洒所述重茬剂按照质量分数计包括10-25%的含苏云金杆菌、哈茨木霉菌和大隔孢伏革菌的NA培养基,还包括10-15%的枯叶芽孢杆菌、15-20%的多菌灵、10-35%的尿素、6-20%的磷酸铵、7-15%的硫酸钾、5-15%的五氯硝基苯、5-15%的硫酸锌和5-15%的硫酸镁。
其中,本实施例中采用的混合菌液A由多种有益微生物菌、酶及代谢产物等组成,每毫升含有益活菌数≥200亿以上。该菌液为黄褐色液体
而混合菌液B为另一种菌液,该菌液由光合细菌、乳酸菌、芽孢杆菌、酵母菌、放线菌等多种有益菌经特殊工艺研制而成的复合微生物菌液。同样每毫升含有益活菌数≥200亿以上
其具有分解大分子营养物质分解培养料中纤维素等大分子物质成分,降解成易被吸收利用的糖、氨基酸等有机物,并优化基料的团粒结构,提高其透气性能和保水性能。
固定空气中的氮,增加培养料的营养供菌丝和子实体吸收利用,同时还具有解磷、解钾的作用,使无效态P、K转化成有效态。
补充营养,促进菌丝扭结和子实体生长发育(子实体表成过程中,需要多种有益微生物的共同作用,才能提高出菇与产量)。
拌料灭菌拮抗有害微生物,抑制有害菌增殖,起到防病效果,提高培养料利用率、发菌率。
增产增收,改善口感能够有效缩短培养料发酵时间,提高发酵质量,增加养分,促进菌丝生长,改善菇类口感,提前出菇,延长保鲜期。
具体的操作方法:
拌料
1公斤菌拌料150-200公斤培养料,菌液需要先加水稀释后边泼洒边拌匀培养料。(根据所用培养料的不同,调节培养料的含水量控制在60%左右)制作好之后置于22-25℃温度下密封发酵15-20天即可。
催菇
稀释300-500倍喷施菌棒,可诱导菌丝形成原基,提前出菇。
注水
菌袋后期(一般三茬菇后)用200-500倍稀释液进行注水,补水的同时增加竹荪生长所需的营养物质,达到持续稳产高产的效果。
保鲜
收获前3-5天,用200-300倍稀释液喷洒菇体,有助于收获后保鲜贮运。
实施例2:
本实施例公开一种竹荪重茬预处理方法,如图1所示,其预处理过程是在上茬竹荪培植完成后,首先采用灭菌液和杀虫剂对种植区域内的土地进行地膜覆盖熏蒸处理3-10d。在熏蒸完成后将地膜取下,并用杀孢子剂喷洒在土壤中进行孢子杀灭。
孢子杀灭后3d,将含有芽孢杆菌的重茬剂水溶液喷洒在土壤中,并翻动土壤。在翻动的土壤上铺设培养料作为培育床,并在种植完成后的菌丝生长阶段喷洒用于刺激菌丝生长的混合菌液A。
其中,灭菌液以质量分数计包括二硫化碳14%、16%的二溴乙烷、四氯化碳30%、氯化苦27%、3%的石灰粉和10%的溴甲烷。
而其中的杀虫剂为菊酯类农药,杀孢子剂为二氯异氰尿酸钠,通过加入水溶液中喷洒杀灭孢子。混合菌液A包括包含光合细菌、乳酸菌、醋酸菌、双歧杆菌、放线菌和固氮菌。
其中,熏蒸过程具体如下:首先对土壤施足底肥,并通过检测控制土壤湿度在70%内;然后在区域内的土壤中挖设压膜沟,然后在土壤表面覆盖地膜形成密闭空间;将调配好的灭菌液和杀虫剂按照5:2的比例混合搅拌后得到熏蒸剂;在搭设好的临时遮挡处布设蒸发器和储液罐,采用蒸发器通过投药管对地膜内的土壤中进行放药;在放药完成后密封放药点并保持密封状态3d,然后揭开地膜并通风6d则完成熏蒸过程。
而重茬剂按照1:20的质量比加水搅拌喷洒所述重茬剂按照质量分数计包括20%的含苏云金杆菌、哈茨木霉菌和大隔孢伏革菌的NA培养基,还包括15%的枯叶芽孢杆菌、15%的多菌灵、10%的尿素、10%的磷酸铵、7%的硫酸钾、8%的五氯硝基苯、5%的硫酸锌和10%的硫酸镁。
其中,NA培养基中包括50%的基底营养液、15%的苏云金杆菌、20%的哈茨木霉菌和15%的大隔孢伏革菌。
而培养料包括竹渣、木屑和秸秆渣。
实施例3:
本实施例公开一种竹荪重茬预处理方法,其预处理过程是在上茬竹荪培植完成后,首先采用灭菌液和杀虫剂对种植区域内的土地进行地膜覆盖熏蒸处理3-10d。在熏蒸完成后将地膜取下,并用杀孢子剂喷洒在土壤中进行孢子杀灭。
孢子杀灭后3d,将含有芽孢杆菌的重茬剂水溶液喷洒在土壤中,并翻动土壤。在翻动的土壤上铺设培养料作为培育床,并在种植完成后的菌丝生长阶段喷洒用于刺激菌丝生长的混合菌液A。
其中,灭菌液以质量分数计包括二硫化碳14%、16%的二溴乙烷、四氯化碳30%、氯化苦27%、3%的石灰粉和10%的溴甲烷。
而其中的杀虫剂为菊酯类农药,杀孢子剂为二氯异氰尿酸钠,通过加入水溶液中喷洒杀灭孢子。混合菌液A包括包含光合细菌、乳酸菌、醋酸菌、双歧杆菌、放线菌和固氮菌。
其中,熏蒸过程具体如下:首先对土壤施足底肥,并通过检测控制土壤湿度在70%内;然后在区域内的土壤中挖设压膜沟,然后在土壤表面覆盖地膜形成密闭空间;将调配好的灭菌液和杀虫剂按照5:2的比例混合搅拌后得到熏蒸剂;在搭设好的临时遮挡处布设蒸发器和储液罐,采用蒸发器通过投药管对地膜内的土壤中进行放药;在放药完成后密封放药点并保持密封状态3d,然后揭开地膜并通风6d则完成熏蒸过程。
而重茬剂按照1:20的质量比加水搅拌喷洒所述重茬剂按照质量分数计包括20%的含苏云金杆菌、哈茨木霉菌和大隔孢伏革菌的NA培养基,还包括15%的枯叶芽孢杆菌、15%的多菌灵、10%的尿素、10%的磷酸铵、7%的硫酸钾、8%的五氯硝基苯、5%的硫酸锌和10%的硫酸镁。
其中,NA培养基中包括50%的基底营养液、15%的苏云金杆菌、20%的哈茨木霉菌和15%的大隔孢伏革菌。
且本实施例在上茬竹荪培植完成后,可先对土壤进行熏蒸、灭杀孢子处理,而后种植先放水泡田并种植禾本科作物,待收获后再翻土晒干后铺设培养料和喷洒重茬剂培植竹荪。
然后本实施例将按照上述实施例2的方法培育结果与本实施例的方法实施的培育结果进行比较,同时增加有三组对比组.
对比组1是采用常规的灭菌液、杀虫剂和重茬剂,然后采用本实施例中同样的步骤得到的培育结果。
对比组2是采用常规的灭菌方法进行处理后得到的培育结果。
对比组3是未采用任何处理方法,直接重茬培育竹荪的培育结果。
其中可以看到,由于采用本发明中的方法进行处理,则实施例2、实施例3和对比组1的病虫害发生率较低,且亩产较高,能够保证持续的年产量。而对比组2中采用采用常规灭菌方法,不仅采用具有高毒性的农药喷洒,且病虫害发生率明显提高。最后是作为对比说明的对照组3,其直接重茬培植竹荪,由于土壤中存在大量已经适应竹荪生长的菌群,则不采取具有针对性的灭菌处理,对其单产影响较大。
本发明不局限于上述可选的实施方式,任何人在本发明的启示下都可得出其他各种形式的产品。上述具体实施方式不应理解成对本发明的保护范围的限制,本发明的保护范围应当以权利要求书中界定的为准,并且说明书可以用于解释权利要求书。
Claims (10)
1.一种竹荪重茬预处理方法,用于在同块区域的土地内连续连续培植至少两次竹荪,其特征在于,具体步骤如下:
A1.在上茬竹荪培植完成后,首先采用灭菌液和杀虫剂对种植区域内的土地进行地膜覆盖熏蒸处理3-10d;
A2.熏蒸完成后将地膜取下,并用杀孢子剂喷洒在土壤中进行孢子杀灭;
A3.孢子杀灭后3d,将含有芽孢杆菌的重茬剂水溶液喷洒在土壤中,并翻动土壤;
A4.在翻动的土壤上铺设培养料作为培育床,并在种植完成后的菌丝生长阶段喷洒用于刺激菌丝生长的混合菌液A。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种竹荪重茬预处理方法,其特征在于,所述灭菌液以质量分数计包括二硫化碳10-15%、15-30%的二溴乙烷、四氯化碳30-50%、氯化苦20-30%和10-15%的溴甲烷,再加入1-4%的石灰粉实时混合搅拌喷洒。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种竹荪重茬预处理方法,其特征在于,所述灭菌液以质量分数计包括二硫化碳14%、16%的二溴乙烷、四氯化碳30%、氯化苦27%、3%的石灰粉和10%的溴甲烷。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种竹荪重茬预处理方法,其特征在于,所述杀虫剂为菊酯类农药。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种竹荪重茬预处理方法,其特征在于,所述杀孢子剂为二氯异氰尿酸钠,通过加入水溶液中喷洒杀灭孢子。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种竹荪重茬预处理方法,其特征在于,所述混合菌液A包括包含光合细菌、乳酸菌、醋酸菌、双歧杆菌、放线菌和固氮菌。
7.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种竹荪重茬预处理方法,其特征在于,所述步骤A1中的熏蒸过程具体如下:
(1.1)首先对土壤施足底肥,并通过检测控制土壤湿度在65-80%内;
(1.2)然后在区域内的土壤中挖设压膜沟,然后在土壤表面覆盖地膜形成密闭空间;
(1.3)将调配好的灭菌液和杀虫剂按照5:2的比例混合搅拌后得到熏蒸剂;
(1.4)在搭设好的临时遮挡处布设蒸发器和储液罐,采用蒸发器通过投药管对地膜内的土壤中进行放药;
(1.5)在放药完成后密封放药点并保持密封状态3-4d,然后揭开地膜并通风4-6d则完成熏蒸过程。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种竹荪重茬预处理方法,其特征在于,所述重茬剂按照1:20的质量比加水搅拌喷洒,所述重茬剂按照质量分数计包括10-25%的含苏云金杆菌、哈茨木霉菌和大隔孢伏革菌的NA培养基,还包括10-15%的枯叶芽孢杆菌、15-20%的多菌灵、10-35%的尿素、6-20%的磷酸铵、7-15%的硫酸钾、5-15%的五氯硝基苯、5-15%的硫酸锌和5-15%的硫酸镁。
9.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种竹荪重茬预处理方法,其特征在于,所述培养料包括竹渣、木屑和秸秆渣。
10.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种竹荪重茬预处理方法,其特征在于,在上茬竹荪培植完成后,可先采用步骤A1-A3对土壤进行处理,而后种植先放水泡田并种植禾本科作物,待收获后再进行步骤A4。
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