CN111707904A - Distribution network physical simulation experiment system with arc light grounding variable structure - Google Patents
Distribution network physical simulation experiment system with arc light grounding variable structure Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/08—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks
- G01R31/081—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks according to type of conductors
- G01R31/086—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks according to type of conductors in power transmission or distribution networks, i.e. with interconnected conductors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R1/00—Details of instruments or arrangements of the types included in groups G01R5/00 - G01R13/00 and G01R31/00
- G01R1/02—General constructional details
- G01R1/04—Housings; Supporting members; Arrangements of terminals
- G01R1/0408—Test fixtures or contact fields; Connectors or connecting adaptors; Test clips; Test sockets
- G01R1/0416—Connectors, terminals
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R1/00—Details of instruments or arrangements of the types included in groups G01R5/00 - G01R13/00 and G01R31/00
- G01R1/20—Modifications of basic electric elements for use in electric measuring instruments; Structural combinations of such elements with such instruments
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R1/00—Details of instruments or arrangements of the types included in groups G01R5/00 - G01R13/00 and G01R31/00
- G01R1/20—Modifications of basic electric elements for use in electric measuring instruments; Structural combinations of such elements with such instruments
- G01R1/203—Resistors used for electric measuring, e.g. decade resistors standards, resistors for comparators, series resistors, shunts
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R1/00—Details of instruments or arrangements of the types included in groups G01R5/00 - G01R13/00 and G01R31/00
- G01R1/20—Modifications of basic electric elements for use in electric measuring instruments; Structural combinations of such elements with such instruments
- G01R1/206—Switches for connection of measuring instruments or electric motors to measuring loads
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/08—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks
- G01R31/081—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks according to type of conductors
- G01R31/083—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks according to type of conductors in cables, e.g. underground
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/08—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks
- G01R31/081—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks according to type of conductors
- G01R31/085—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks according to type of conductors in power transmission or distribution lines, e.g. overhead
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/50—Testing of electric apparatus, lines, cables or components for short-circuits, continuity, leakage current or incorrect line connections
- G01R31/52—Testing for short-circuits, leakage current or ground faults
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/50—Testing of electric apparatus, lines, cables or components for short-circuits, continuity, leakage current or incorrect line connections
- G01R31/58—Testing of lines, cables or conductors
Abstract
The invention discloses a physical simulation experiment system of a power distribution network with an arc light grounding variable structure, which is used for establishing a small-capacity, miniature and modular physical model simulation system according to a Newton's similarity theory and comprises an infinite system module, a distribution transformer module, a cable and overhead transmission line module, a neutral point grounding type module, a switch and measurement system module, various load system modules, a monitoring and detecting module, a fault simulation module and an arc light simulation module. Different power distribution network topological structures are flexibly built through the combination of the modules. A low-voltage arc grounding test system is constructed, micron-sized step size control is adopted, a graphite discharge electrode gap is moved to form arc discharge, the running state of a power grid is monitored through a waveform recorder, arc discharge fault waveforms are recorded and analyzed, and power distribution network test research is carried out. The invention establishes a simulation test platform for truly reflecting the physical model and the fault of a prototype system, and carries out transient fault information reduction such as disconnection, short circuit and the like, and arc grounding or arc grounding simulation through high resistance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of power distribution automation of a power system, and particularly relates to a physical simulation experiment system for a power distribution network with an arc-light grounding variable structure.
Background
The invention discloses a power distribution network intermittent arc grounding fault simulation test device and method in China's application CN106199310A, and the application adopts a large-capacity resistor and a fuse to be grounded with a grounding electrode of an arc discharge model on a real 10kV power transmission line, and controls a stepping motor of the arc discharge model through a pulse signal to realize intermittent arc discharge. However, the experiment of the scheme of the invention is limited by a plurality of conditions, is a field arc grounding experiment of a power company under specific conditions, cannot perform phase-to-phase faults and has no universality. Is not suitable for scientific research experiments for exploring the law of things.
The Chinese invention application CN108169602A is a power distribution network fault simulation device, which comprises a three-phase fault interface, a fault interface control switch, a three-phase acquisition unit, a three-phase interphase short-circuit reactance, an interphase short-circuit impedance control switch, a three-phase interphase short-circuit resistance and a single-phase grounding short-circuit simulation unit; the method can simulate common interphase short-circuit faults and various single-phase earth faults of the power distribution network. However, this experimental device is applied in a laboratory, but the power distribution network fault test includes a metallic fault, a transition resistance fault, an arc grounding fault, and the like, and the device does not have the arc grounding test function.
The Chinese invention application CN103021241A is a dynamic simulation system of a low-voltage power system, which comprises a generator set, a power transmission and distribution transformer, a physical model of a line, a load and a power distribution network; the power transmission and distribution transformer changes high voltage electricity into low voltage; and the physical model of the line calculates the values of the resistance, the capacitance and the inductance according to the equivalent circuit, and the equivalent circuit of the power line is built by using the resistance, the capacitance and the inductance. But this experimental system area is very big, and the topological structure of test model is difficult for changing, does not possess the ground connection mode simulation of distribution network, more can not carry out the distribution network arc light ground test.
The Chinese invention application CN110609202A relates to a 10kV-66kV distribution network intermittent arc grounding true simulation test device. The application comprises an MCU processing unit, a key board, a switching value output unit and an intermittent arc grounding trigger unit connected between a phase line and the ground in a distribution network; the arc generation is controlled by controlling the controlled end of the intermittent arc grounding trigger unit. The test device is only used for carrying out arc grounding tests in a real system of 10kV-66kV, is limited by a plurality of conditions, has no universality and is not suitable for scientific exploration of dynamic simulation tests in a laboratory.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to solve the technical problems that reliable identification of arc light grounding faults cannot be carried out in the existing low-current grounding system, and single-phase arc light grounding faults are often accompanied by serious electromagnetic transient overvoltage and other safety problems, and a physical model capable of flexibly changing the topological structure of a power distribution network is required to be established for experimental research on arc transient characteristics.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a physical simulation experiment system for a power distribution network with an arc ground variable structure, comprising: the system comprises a plurality of switches, a plurality of measurement control modules, a plurality of cable and overhead line modules, various load system modules, an arc simulator and monitoring device, a fault simulation module and an infinite power supply module;
the plurality of switches and the measurement control module are used for controlling tripping and closing of each switch of the power distribution network, and measuring current and voltage on each switch through a secondary loop of the mutual inductor;
the plurality of cable and overhead line modules are used for simulating overhead and cable lines of different types and different lengths;
the various load system modules are used for simulating static load and rotary load;
the arc simulator and the monitoring device are used for simulating arc light and controlling the size of the arc current by monitoring the arc current;
the fault simulation module is used for simulating metallic short-circuit faults and short-circuit faults passing through transition resistors in an actual system;
and the infinite power supply module is used for simulating equivalent capacity and equivalent internal impedance of the power distribution network inlet wire power supply.
Optionally, the assay system further comprises: the system comprises a monitoring and detecting module, a fault recorder and a neutral point grounding mode module;
the monitoring and detecting module is used for monitoring the voltage and frequency of the power distribution network under the normal condition and controlling the current and power;
the fault recorder is used for dynamically recording the steady-state current, the transient-state current and the voltage waveform of each branch of the power distribution network in real time;
the neutral point grounding mode module is used for simulating three modes of grounding through a reactor, grounding through a small resistor and non-wiring of a prototype system.
Optionally, the power distribution network physical simulation experiment system is of a drawer-type variable topology structure.
Optionally, the power distribution network physical simulation experiment system reduces the prototype system into the model system according to the simulation ratio, and each simulation element and the prototype element have the same physical properties and per unit values.
Optionally, the various load system modules include resistive loads and motor loads.
Optionally, the plurality of cable and overhead line modules comprises: simulating an overhead line and a cable line; the system is provided with 7 analog line switches, 14 analog lines, 6 resistive loads and 1 rotary load, and different models can be formed by building block type flexible networking.
Optionally, the cables and the overhead line module can simulate three grounding modes, namely a neutral point ungrounded system, grounding through an arc suppression coil and grounding through a resistor; the system can be flexibly configured into overhead lines, cable lines and overhead cable line mixed lines.
Optionally, the power distribution network physical simulation experiment system has rich interfaces and flexible fault point setting, and can carry out a three-phase fault test, an inter-phase fault test and a single-phase fault test.
Optionally, the arc simulator and monitoring apparatus includes: the system comprises a graphite moving contact, a graphite static contact, a pressure sensor, a pressure digital display meter and a monitoring device;
the graphite static contact is connected with the pressure sensor through an insulator;
the pressure digital display meter displays the pressure born by the sensor, and when the pressure reaches a set value, a contact signal of a contact head is sent out;
the monitoring device monitors the current of the arc discharge loop in real time, and sends out an arc light appearance signal when the current reaches a fixed value; the graphite moving contact is driven by a stepping motor, the distance between the graphite moving contact and the graphite fixed contact is adjusted by the stepping motor, when the voltage between the two electrodes corresponding to the graphite moving contact and the graphite fixed contact is increased, positive and negative ions are accelerated by an electric field, and when air is ionized, the temperature is sharply increased along with the positive and negative ions to generate electric arcs.
Optionally, the fault simulation module is used for simulating various types of short-circuit faults on the model elements, and simulating the short-circuit fault of the transformer and various types of faults of different model elements in the power transmission line so as to realize accurate control of the switch tripping and closing angles;
the fault simulation module accurately judges the zero crossing time of the alternating voltage, and calculates the instruction sending time according to the measured action time of the mechanical switch so as to meet the tripping and closing angle; calculating the time delay for sending the instruction according to the switch action time measured in advance; the short circuit occurrence time and the short circuit duration time of each short circuit point are controlled through the tripping and closing angle program controller, and meanwhile, the action time and the coordination of a plurality of switches can be realized or the tripping and closing angle program controller is used for controlling the tripping and closing angles of the switches.
Generally, compared with the prior art, the above technical solution conceived by the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the invention provides a physical simulation experiment system for a power distribution network with an arc light grounding variable structure, which simulates the running characteristics and various fault characteristics of a large power distribution network under various topological structures by using a small-capacity simulation system, and all complete experiment systems are concentrated in a belt wheel sub-screen with the floor area of less than 2 square meters; all the element units are modularized, each module adopts a drawer, model parameters are convenient to replace, the front surface of each drawer is a primary system networking connection socket, and the back surface of each drawer is a secondary system configuration connection socket, so that the problems that a general power distribution network movable mold laboratory requires a large area of hundreds of square meters and the system is unsafe in high voltage are solved;
2. the invention provides a physical simulation experiment system for a power distribution network with an arc light grounding variable structure, which can flexibly build a topological structure of a test model by adopting a building block building mode, wherein a building block unit comprises an infinite module, a transformer module, a line module, a grounding mode module, a switch module, a load module, a monitoring module, a fault module, an arc light module and the like;
3. the invention provides a physical simulation experiment system for a power distribution network with an arc grounding variable structure, which is used for constructing a low-voltage arc grounding test system, wherein when the voltage of a fault phase in an actual high-voltage system is increased to a peak value, an insulator can be broken down, and an arcing phenomenon occurs; the method is characterized in that a graphite moving contact (comprising a motor and a driver), a graphite fixed contact, a pressure sensor, a pressure digital display meter, an on-site control device and an arc light and switch opening and closing accurate control device are adopted in a low-voltage model system, the method is realized by controlling the distance between the two graphite contacts, the graphite moving contact is driven by a stepping motor, the moving step length is 0.001mm, the distance between the two contacts is adjusted by the stepping motor until the electrode discharges to the air, so that the arc light is generated for testing, and the problem of arc light discharge simulation difficulty in a low-voltage test system is solved by the method for accurately controlling the gap between the discharge electrodes.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a similar criterion distributed parameter circuit for a power transmission system distributed parameter circuit provided by the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a front view of a platform of a high-voltage combination module of the primary system provided by the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a configurable secondary system measurement module according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a distribution transformer module and fault control module provided by the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a pi-shaped equivalent model diagram of a power transmission line of a power distribution network provided by the invention;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an overhead and cable line module for a power distribution network according to the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the grounding scheme selection and interrelation between modules provided by the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a circuit switch measurement and control module according to the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a switching control principle according to the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram of a switch position contact introduction protection device provided by the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a block diagram of various load modules provided by the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a diagram of an exemplary physical model of a power distribution network provided by the present invention;
FIG. 13 is a block diagram of a monitoring module provided by the present invention;
FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of the short circuit fault principle provided by the present invention;
FIG. 15 is a flow chart of a main routine provided by the present invention;
FIG. 16 is a diagram of an arc simulator control apparatus provided by the present invention;
FIG. 17 is a schematic view of the arcing phenomenon of the arc grounding test provided by the present invention;
FIG. 18 is a diagram of a "hand-in-hand" power distribution network system architecture provided by the present invention;
FIG. 19 is a block diagram of the "radiating" distribution network provided by the present invention;
fig. 20 is a structural view of the "dendritic" distribution network provided by the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention. In addition, the technical features involved in the embodiments of the present invention described below may be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.
The invention aims to overcome the defects of various models and provides a miniaturized modularized drawer type modeling method and a test method of a low-voltage arc grounding test system. The development of various fault tests, including arc grounding tests which are difficult to simulate in a laboratory, has an important role in the research of new technologies, new methods and new equipment of a power distribution system.
Firstly, the simulation ratio of a model system and a prototype system is determined according to the Newton similarity principle, a similar criterion of a distribution parameter circuit of a power transmission system and the distribution parameter circuit are shown in figure 1, wherein C, L, R, G in the diagram are respectively capacitance, inductance, resistance and conductance on a unit length of a power transmission line, u represents voltage of a certain point on the power transmission line, and each element unit module is established through calculation of the similar criterion and the simulation ratio. FIG. 5 is a pi-shaped equivalent model diagram of a power distribution network transmission line, wherein X is in the diagram1、X0、XNRespectively representing positive sequence, zero sequence and neutral line reactance (omega/km); r is1、r0、rNRespectively representing positive sequence, zero sequence and neutral line resistance (omega/km); b1、b0、bNRespectively representing positive sequence, zero sequence and neutral wire susceptance (S/km).
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a primary system high-pressure combination module (front plan view of the platform) consisting of 4-sided width by thickness by 800 by 600 by 2000mm wheeled screens. Each screen is provided with various element unit drawer structures, jacks on the drawers are primary systems, and different test models can be built for various test researches by connecting different module combinations through building block type jacks.
Fig. 3 is a schematic view (a back view of a platform) of a configured secondary system measurement module, jacks on a drawer on the back of a screen are all secondary systems, and real-time monitoring and fault recording can be realized by introducing secondary measurement signals of analog quantity and switching quantity into a real-time monitoring module (as shown in fig. 13), wherein the rated phase voltage quantity is 57.7V, the rated current quantity is 5A, and the switching quantity is 24V. Fig. 9 and 10 are control schematic diagrams of a switch, the switch position contact of which can be connected to a protection device.
A typical distribution network model (as shown in figure 12) is established according to the technical specification of ' T/CSEE 0027-2017 power distribution system relay protection and automatic product moving model test ' in the requirement of the power industry standard ', yellow, green, red and blue four-color test lines are respectively connected with A, B, C, N phases on a drawer on a primary system high-voltage combined module (as shown in figure 2), a distribution transformer module (as shown in figure 4), a distribution network transmission line module (as shown in figure 6), a line switch measurement and control module (as shown in figure 8), various load modules (as shown in figure 11) and the like are established according to the typical physical model of the distribution network shown in figure 12, different grounding modes (as shown in figure 7) can be selected during operation, and various types of short-circuit fault simulation tests can be realized on model elements through preset value short-circuit points (as shown in figure 14).
The arc light grounding test is a key point and a difficult point in a power distribution network test, and an arc light simulator control device (as shown in figure 16) comprises a graphite moving contact, a graphite static contact, a pressure sensor, a pressure digital display meter and a local control device, wherein the graphite static contact is connected with the pressure sensor through an insulator. The graphite moving contact is driven by a stepping motor, and the moving step length is 0.001 mm. The main program flow chart of the controller (as shown in fig. 15) mainly completes the functions of data acquisition, reference voltage zero point extraction, switch state feedback, fault starting judgment, communication uploading and the like. The distance between the two contacts is adjusted by the stepping motor, when the voltage between the two electrodes rises, positive ions and negative ions are accelerated by an electric field, when air is ionized, the temperature rises sharply along with the electric field to generate electric arcs (as shown in figure 17), and a relay protection and automation new technology and a new product of a power distribution system are researched through an arc grounding test.
The model system is a drawer-type variable topological structure and can be flexibly networked into other models. The simulation method can simulate a dual-power-supply power grid system, such as a 'hand-in-hand' type power distribution grid system (as shown in figure 18), and can arbitrarily establish models for cable lines or overhead lines or a cable and overhead mixed line and the like in a power distribution grid, such as a 'radiative' power distribution grid (as shown in figure 19), a 'dendritic' power distribution grid (as shown in figure 20) and other extended power distribution grid models.
The structure of the power distribution network is complex, diversified and various, and the common grounding modes are more than 4, such as a neutral point grounding system, a neutral point ungrounded system, a neutral point arc suppression coil grounding system, a neutral point small-resistance grounding system and the like of the power distribution network. When thunder lightning or strong wind makes branches swing or a power transmission conductor break and fall, a power distribution network short-circuit fault is easily caused, and life and equipment safety are seriously threatened. The fault type with the highest occurrence probability in the power distribution network system is a single-phase earth fault, most of the faults belong to arc earth faults, and the damage of electromagnetic transient overvoltage caused by the single-phase arc earth fault to the power distribution network is very serious. Due to uncertainty and instability of arc combustion, particularly when the arc combustion is operated in a small-current grounding system of a power distribution network, at present, no method is available for reliably judging arc grounding faults, particularly faults with very weak characteristic quantities such as arc high-resistance grounding faults, and in order to reduce damage caused by arc light grounding faults of the power distribution network, the transient characteristics of the arc must be subjected to experimental study.
The method is most close to the actual operation condition, but is limited by a plurality of factors such as the reliability, the power supply condition, the safety, the power supply efficiency and the like of a power supply system, the prototype system test cannot be repeatedly carried out in a large quantity, the various operation actual conditions of the power distribution network structure are complex and changeable, the test result is influenced and limited by various factors, and the influence research of a single factor on various faults cannot be researched or cannot be completely researched according to a control variable method, so that a power distribution network physical model with a flexible drawer type variable structure is established to meet the requirements of different power distribution network system structures, and various fault tests are carried out to research the arc characteristics to obtain the physical characteristic rule of the prototype system.
The physical simulation generally refers to a physical model established according to a similarity principle, and a similarity criterion of a distribution parameter circuit of a power transmission system, the distribution parameter circuit is shown in fig. 1, a transition process of a unit long line is a function of time and space, and can be described by a partial differential equation (formula 1):
c, L, R, G represents the capacitance, inductance, resistance and conductance of the transmission line per unit length; u is the voltage at a point on the transmission line.
Applying integral similarity, four similar criteria pi 1, pi 2, pi 3 and pi 4 are thus obtained (equation 2):
in the formula, l represents the length of the power transmission line; the significance of idem means that this ratio is numerically equal for all similar systems, where a relation of 1 pi 2 pi 3 exists among the four similar criteria. The similarity criterion is a dimensionless ratio of the variables and parameters of the system itself, which should have the same value for all similar systems.
The physical model is based on different voltage simulation ratios mUCurrent analog ratio mIImpedance analog ratio mXPower analog ratio mPAnd establishing a model system without changing the physical characteristics of the real system of the prototype. The physical simulation system utilizing the dynamic simulation technology of the power system can relatively truly reflect various operation conditions of a prototype system, can carry out simulation tests such as transient fault information reduction of various broken lines, short circuits and the like, arc grounding or arc grounding through high resistance, ferromagnetic resonance simulation of a power distribution network system and the like, and can carry out fault judgment and fault location test research of the power distribution network low current grounding system, power distribution and feeder automation test research, test research of various fault indicators and other new equipment test research.
First, a model system m is determinedU、mI、mP、mXFour simulation ratio coefficients, the basic relationship of each simulation ratio is as (formula 3):
wherein S issRepresenting prototype System Capacity, SmRepresenting the model System Capacity, IsRepresenting the prototype system current, ImRepresenting model system current, UsRepresenting the prototype system voltage, UmRepresenting model system voltage, XsRepresenting the prototype system impedance, XmRepresenting the model system impedance, mURepresenting the voltage analog ratio, mIRepresenting the current analog ratio, mXRepresenting the impedance analog ratio, mPThe power analog ratio is represented.
The power distribution network object model is characterized in that a prototype system is reduced into a model system according to a simulation ratio, each simulation element and the prototype element have the same physical property and per unit value, a test system adopts unit modular design, a primary system of the model adopts a modular building block building mode, a secondary system adopts a waveform configuration mode, a drawer type structure mode can ensure that the topological structure of the test model is flexible and changeable, the test process is convenient and rapid, and the model system has sustainable development.
The module unit includes: infinite power module, distribution transformer module, various transmission line modules, neutral point grounding type module, switch and measurement module, various load modules, monitoring module and the like. The fault simulator and the arc grounding test controller are arranged, the running state of the model power grid is monitored through the fault recorder, fault waveforms are recorded and analyzed, tests such as three-phase faults, single-phase direct grounding or transition resistance grounding faults and arc grounding faults can be carried out, and a certain phase disconnection fault test can also be carried out.
The schematic diagram (front view of the platform) of the primary system high-voltage combined module provided by the invention is shown in fig. 2, and comprises: the device comprises a monitoring and detecting module, a fault recorder, a neutral point grounding mode module, a plurality of switches, a measurement control module, a plurality of cables, an overhead line module, various load system modules, an arc simulator, a monitoring device, a fault simulation module and an infinite power supply module.
The monitoring and detecting module is used for monitoring the voltage and frequency of the power distribution network under the normal condition and controlling the current and power;
the fault recorder is used for dynamically recording the steady-state and transient current and voltage waveforms of each branch of the power distribution network in real time;
the neutral point grounding mode module is used for simulating three modes of grounding through a reactor, grounding through a small resistor, no wiring and the like of a prototype system;
the plurality of switches and the measurement control module are used for controlling tripping and closing of each switch of the power distribution network and measuring current and voltage on the switches through a secondary loop of the mutual inductor;
the plurality of cables and overhead line modules are used for simulating overhead and cable lines of different types and lengths;
various load system modules are used for simulating static load and rotary load;
the arc simulator and the monitoring device are used for simulating the arc light and controlling the size of the arc current by monitoring the arc current;
the fault simulation module is used for simulating metallic short-circuit faults and short-circuit faults passing through transition resistors in an actual system;
and the infinite power supply module is used for simulating equivalent capacity and equivalent internal impedance of the power distribution network inlet wire power supply.
Specifically, the rated voltage of the model is 400V, different module combinations are connected through various drawer structures on the combined screen, different test models can be set up to carry out various test researches, various operation modes of the primary system of the movable mould are controlled through the buttons, and various ground fault tests are carried out through the arc light grounding controller.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a configurable secondary system measurement module, wherein A, B, C represents three phases of ac, TAa represents an a-phase current transformer, TAb represents a B-phase current transformer, TAc represents a C-phase current transformer, TVa represents an a-phase voltage transformer, TVb represents a B-phase voltage transformer, TVc represents a C-phase voltage transformer, Ia represents an a-phase current terminal, Ib represents a B-phase current terminal, Ic represents a C-phase current terminal, In represents an N-phase current terminal, Ua represents an a-phase voltage terminal, Ub represents a B-phase voltage terminal, Uc represents a C-phase voltage terminal, and Un represents an N-phase voltage terminal.
The secondary measurement signals are introduced into the real-time fault recorder through the current and voltage transformers, and various sequence quantities and harmonic analysis can be carried out on the current and voltage waveforms. The position signal of the switch can be connected, and the tripping and closing control of the line switch can also be connected with the tripping and closing switch contact point signal output by the relay protection device.
The distribution transformer module is shown in fig. 4, wherein KM1 represents a distribution transformer inlet switch, KM2 represents a distribution transformer outlet switch, the two-winding transformer of the original distribution transformer is taken as the main part, and the short-circuit impedance of some special transformers is considered to be very large, so that the short-circuit impedance of the analog distribution transformer can be adjusted within the range of 4% -20%, and the maximum tap of the analog transformer is ± 10% UN，UNAnd (3) expressing rated voltage, and requiring the per unit value of the short-circuit impedance of the analog transformer to be equal to that of the prototype transformer during modeling. For relay protection test convenience, the high-voltage side and low-voltage side windings of the simulation transformer should be provided with turn-to-turn short circuit settings, and the ratio of the turn number of the turn-to-turn short circuit to the total turn number should be selectable between 1% and 10%. And the excitation inrush current of the analog transformer is enough during the air-drop, and the maximum inrush current peak value in the three phases is not less than 4 times of the rated current peak value.
The pi-type equivalent model diagram of the power transmission line of the power distribution network is shown in fig. 5, the test model considers multiple branches, 3 schemes of a full cable line, a full overhead line and a cable overhead mixed line need to be provided, the simulated overhead line and the cable line are both composed of equivalent chain-shaped circuits, a pi-type equivalent circuit can be adopted, the circuit parameter characteristics of the pi-type equivalent circuit are consistent with those of a prototype line with the same power distribution network voltage class, and in fig. 5: A. b, C respectively denote A, B, C three-phase transmission, X, of a transmission line1、X0Positive sequence and zero sequence reactance (omega/km); r is1、r0Positive sequence and zero sequence resistance (omega/km); b1、b0Positive sequence and zero sequence susceptance (S/km); wherein:
XNmodel N-line reactance (Ω/km); bNModel N line susceptance (S/km).
The drawer of the power distribution network power transmission line module is shown in fig. 6, one drawer is adopted by two line modules, and each module comprises 4 reactors and 2 groups of three-phase capacitors. The length of the simulated cable line or the overhead line is 2 km-50 km, and the simulated cable line or the overhead line has seven line module drawers, namely 14 transmission lines in total from L01 to L14 can be simulated, and the simulated cable line or the overhead line has an expansion function.
The schematic diagram of the grounding mode is shown in fig. 7, wherein TV and TA are respectively a voltage transformer and a current transformer of a distribution transformer; TA0 is zero sequence current of the transformer; TV0 is a bus voltage transformer with open-ended voltage; QF1 and QF2 are switches of 2 analog circuits respectively; TA1 and TA2 are current transformers of 2 analog lines respectively; the TV1 and the TV2 are voltage transformers of 2 analog circuits respectively; l01 and L02 are 2 analog lines, respectively. The distribution network model can simulate various grounding modes of a prototype system and comprises 4 modes of adopting a Z-shaped grounding transformer and the like, a neutral point of a transformer of the distribution system has a direct grounding system, a non-grounding system, a neutral point grounding system through a resistor, a neutral point grounding system through an arc suppression coil and the like, the neutral point grounding through a resistor or an arc suppression coil is used for limiting the magnitude of grounding fault current and playing a role in eliminating grounding arcs, and therefore the model resistance value or the compensation degree of the arc suppression coil is required to be flexibly adjusted according to test requirements.
The ground resistance or the arc suppression coil value of the power distribution network model for different research objects needs to be adjusted in a large range, and different values are required to be selected in the same power distribution network model, for example, the working conditions of 90% -95% compensation degree and 105% -110% compensation degree can be simulated through an arc suppression coil grounding system in an experiment.
Line switch measurement and control module drawers as shown in fig. 8, one drawer is adopted for one module, and each module comprises a set of three-phase alternating current contactor (QF) and a control system thereof; three current Transformers (TA) and three voltage Transformers (TV).
Considering that the line switch is connected with the protection device and can carry out remote tripping and closing control, the weak current +24V operation power supply is adopted, as shown in figure 9, a button in a direct current +24 loop, the telecontrol and the tripping and closing of the protection device control a coil of an intermediate relay K, a contact of the relay K is used for controlling a contactor QF, and a switch position contact is introduced into the protection device as shown in figure 10.
Fig. 11 shows various load modules, in which FH 1-FH 6 are resistance loads, FH0 is motor load, and the resistance loads are all connected in a delta connection mode, that is, three metal radiators are connected end to end. FH0 was a 1.5kVA three-phase ac motor load: FH1, FH3 and FH5 are resistance loads, each group of loads being 1.0 kW; FH2, FH4, FH6 are resistive loads, each set of loads being 1.5 kW.
A typical physical model of the power distribution network is shown in FIG. 12, and the model system is a drawer-type variable topology structure and can be flexibly organized into other models. In fig. 12, T is an analog distribution transformer system, KM1 is a distribution transformer inlet switch, and KM2 denotes a distribution transformer outlet switch; the model 10kV neutral point can simulate various grounding modes, L is a simulated arc suppression coil (namely inductance in figure 1), can be replaced by a simulated grounding resistance R (namely resistance in figure 1), or adopts an ungrounded system; the number of the simulated overhead lines and the number of the simulated cable lines are 14, wherein L01-L07 and L09 are overhead lines, and L08 and L10-L14 are cable lines. L01 and L11 are 50km lines, L02 and L03 are 20km lines, L04, L05, L08 and L10 are 10km lines, L07, L09 and L12 are 5km lines, and L06, L13 and L14 are 2km lines. The model system is provided with 6 QF 1-QF 6 analog line switches, 6 FH 1-FH 6 resistive loads and 1 FH0 rotary load, and different models can be formed by flexible building block networking, such as a single-power-supply radiation type topological structure can be formed; and can also be changed into a dual-power hand-held topological structure and the like. The model can simulate three grounding modes of a neutral point ungrounded system, grounding through an arc suppression coil and grounding through a resistor. Can be flexibly configured into overhead lines, cable lines and overhead cable line mixtures. The model has abundant interfaces and flexible fault point setting, and can carry out three-phase fault tests, phase-to-phase fault tests and single-phase fault tests, including metallic grounding, transition resistance grounding, arc grounding and the like.
The monitoring module can monitor and record the instantaneous values of current and voltage of each line in real time, and can perform harmonic analysis, sequence quantity calculation and the like, as shown in fig. 13. Simultaneously recording 64 paths of analog quantity and 32 paths of switching value, wherein 24 paths of voltage quantity, the rated voltage is 100V, and the maximum voltage is 300V; 32 current flows, rated current 5A and maximum current 200A; 2-way 750V direct-current voltage; 2-path 100V direct current voltage; 2 paths of 10A direct current; and measuring the voltage of the 2-path 75mV direct current shunt.
As shown in fig. 14, the short-circuit fault schematic diagram is an important component of a physical model of a power distribution network, and the short-circuit fault simulation system can realize simulation of various types of short-circuit faults on model elements, so that not only the short-circuit faults of a transformer, the faults of a power transmission line and other various types of faults of different model elements, but also the simulation of the occurrence time of the faults, in particular to meet the research requirements. The accurate control of the tripping and closing angles of the switch is realized. The time T0 at which the ac voltage crosses the zero point is determined accurately. And secondly, calculating the instruction sending time according to the measured action time Ty of the mechanical switch so as to meet the tripping and closing angle. And calculating the time delay T-Ty for sending the instruction, namely the TK moment according to the switch action time Ty measured in advance. The tripping and closing angle program controller is mainly used for controlling the short circuit occurrence time and the short circuit duration of each short circuit point, and can realize the action time and the coordination of a plurality of switches or be used for controlling the tripping and closing angles of the switches.
The main program flow chart is shown in fig. 15, and mainly completes functions of data acquisition, reference voltage zero point extraction, switch state feedback, fault start judgment, communication uploading and the like. When receiving a local or remote opening and closing command, IO interruption of an ARM chip is caused, an opening and closing time calculation program and a zero crossing point calculation program are started, the trigger delay of the switch execution unit is calculated in real time, and corresponding subprograms are called immediately to complete tripping and closing operations of the switch at an expected voltage phase angle.
The arc simulator and the monitoring device are shown in fig. 16, and include a graphite moving contact (including a motor and a driver), a graphite stationary contact, a pressure sensor, a pressure digital display meter and a monitoring device, wherein the graphite stationary contact is connected with the pressure sensor through an insulator. The pressure digital display meter displays the pressure born by the sensor, and when the pressure reaches a set value, a contact signal of the contact head is sent out. The monitoring device monitors the current of the arc discharge loop in real time, and when the current reaches a fixed value, an arc light signal is emitted. The graphite moving contact is driven by a stepping motor, and the moving step length is 0.001 mm. The distance between the two contacts is adjusted by the stepping motor, when the voltage between the two electrodes rises, positive and negative ions are accelerated by an electric field, and when air is ionized, the temperature rises sharply along with the electric field to generate electric arcs.
Fig. 17 shows the arc phenomenon in the arc grounding test, each intermittent arc test is accompanied by multiple arc extinguishments, and when the fault phase voltage rises to the peak value, the insulator is broken down, and the arc phenomenon occurs.
In another embodiment, a dual-power-supply power grid system can be simulated, for example, a "hand-in-hand" type power distribution grid system shown in fig. 18, both 21W and 23W power supplies in the figure can be replaced by infinite power supply modules to form a "hand-in-hand" type power distribution grid dual-power supply system, and other line modules, switch modules and load modules can be combined at will.
In further embodiments, the model can be arbitrarily established for cable lines or overhead lines or a combination of cable and overhead lines, etc. in a distribution network, such as the "radial" distribution network shown in fig. 19, the "tree" distribution network shown in fig. 20, and other extended distribution network models.
The invention belongs to the field of power distribution automation of a power system, and particularly relates to the realization of physical model establishment and arc discharge simulation of a complex power distribution system. At present, reliable identification of arc light grounding faults cannot be carried out in a low-current grounding system, single-phase arc light grounding faults are often accompanied by serious safety problems such as electromagnetic transient overvoltage, and a physical model capable of flexibly changing a topological structure of a power distribution network is required to be established for experimental study of arc transient characteristics.
A small-capacity, miniature and modular object-model simulation system is built according to a Newton similarity theory, and comprises an infinite system module, a distribution transformer module, a cable and overhead transmission line module, a neutral point grounding module, a switch and measurement system module, various load system modules, a monitoring and detection module and a fault simulation module, and different power distribution network topological structures are flexibly built through various module combinations. A low-voltage arc grounding test system is constructed, micron-sized step control is adopted, the gap of a graphite discharge electrode is moved to form arc discharge, the running state of a power grid is monitored through a waveform recorder, arc discharge fault waveforms are recorded and analyzed, and various test researches on the power distribution network are carried out.
The invention establishes a simulation test platform for truly reflecting the object model and the fault of a prototype power distribution system, can carry out the transient fault information reduction of various broken wires, short circuits and the like, and the arc grounding or the arc grounding through high resistance, can carry out the fault judgment and fault positioning test research of a small current grounding system, the power distribution and feeder automation test research, the test research of various fault indicators and other new equipment, and has important effect on the new technology, the new method and the new equipment research of the power distribution system.
In conclusion, the invention establishes a small-capacity, miniaturized and modularized object-model simulation system according to Newton's similarity theory, and the system comprises an infinite system module, a distribution transformer module, a cable and overhead transmission line module, a neutral point grounding module, a switch and measurement system module, various load system modules, a monitoring and detection module and a fault simulation module, and flexibly establishes different power distribution network topological structures through various module combinations. A low-voltage arc grounding test system is constructed, micron-sized step control is adopted, the gap of a graphite discharge electrode is moved to form arc discharge, the running state of a power grid is monitored through a waveform recorder, arc discharge fault waveforms are recorded and analyzed, and various test researches on the power distribution network are carried out.
The invention establishes a simulation test platform for truly reflecting the object model and the fault of a prototype power distribution system, can carry out the transient fault information reduction of various broken wires, short circuits and the like, and the arc grounding or the arc grounding through high resistance, can carry out the fault judgment and fault positioning test research of a small current grounding system, the power distribution and feeder automation test research, the test research of various fault indicators and other new equipment, and has important effect on the new technology, the new method and the new equipment research of the power distribution system.
Therefore, the invention solves the problems that the ordinary power distribution network moving die laboratory requires a large area of hundreds of square meters and the system is unsafe in high voltage; by means of configuration modeling, the flexibility and the adaptability of the model are improved, and the problem that the topological structure of the power distribution network is complex and changeable is solved. The problem of arc discharge simulation difficulty in a low-voltage test system is solved.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention, and that any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A physical simulation experiment system for a power distribution network with an arc grounding variable structure is characterized by comprising: the system comprises a plurality of switches, a plurality of measurement control modules, a plurality of cable and overhead line modules, various load system modules, an arc simulator and monitoring device, a fault simulation module and an infinite power supply module;
the plurality of switches and the measurement control module are used for controlling tripping and closing of each switch of the power distribution network, and measuring current and voltage on each switch through a secondary loop of the mutual inductor;
the plurality of cable and overhead line modules are used for simulating overhead and cable lines of different types and different lengths;
the various load system modules are used for simulating static load and rotary load;
the arc simulator and the monitoring device are used for simulating arc light and controlling the size of the arc current by monitoring the arc current;
the fault simulation module is used for simulating metallic short-circuit faults and short-circuit faults passing through transition resistors in an actual system;
and the infinite power supply module is used for simulating equivalent capacity and equivalent internal impedance of the power distribution network inlet wire power supply.
2. The power distribution network physical simulation experiment system of claim 1, further comprising: the system comprises a monitoring and detecting module, a fault recorder and a neutral point grounding mode module;
the monitoring and detecting module is used for monitoring the voltage and frequency of the power distribution network under the normal condition and controlling the current and power;
the fault recorder is used for dynamically recording the steady-state current, the transient-state current and the voltage waveform of each branch of the power distribution network in real time;
the neutral point grounding mode module is used for simulating three modes of grounding through a reactor, grounding through a small resistor and non-wiring of a prototype system.
3. The power distribution network physical simulation experiment system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the power distribution network physical simulation experiment system is of a drawer-type variable topology structure.
4. The power distribution network physical simulation experiment system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the power distribution network physical simulation experiment system reduces a prototype system into a model system according to a simulation ratio, and each simulation element and the prototype element have the same physical properties and per unit values.
5. The power distribution network physical simulation experiment system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the various load system modules comprise resistive loads and motor loads.
6. The power distribution network physical simulation experiment system of claim 1 or 2, wherein the plurality of cable and overhead line modules comprises: simulating an overhead line and a cable line; the system is provided with 7 analog line switches, 14 analog lines, 6 resistive loads and 1 rotary load, and different models can be formed by building block type flexible networking.
7. The power distribution network physical simulation experiment system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the plurality of cables and overhead line modules can simulate three grounding modes, namely a neutral point ungrounded system, grounding through an arc suppression coil and grounding through a resistor; the system can be flexibly configured into overhead lines, cable lines and overhead cable line mixed lines.
8. The power distribution network physical simulation experiment system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the power distribution network physical simulation experiment system has rich interfaces and flexible fault point setting, and can carry out three-phase fault tests, phase-to-phase fault tests and single-phase fault tests.
9. The power distribution network physical simulation experiment system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the arc simulator and monitoring device comprises: the system comprises a graphite moving contact, a graphite static contact, a pressure sensor, a pressure digital display meter and a monitoring device;
the graphite static contact is connected with the pressure sensor through an insulator;
the pressure digital display meter displays the pressure born by the sensor, and when the pressure reaches a set value, a contact signal of a contact head is sent out;
the monitoring device monitors the current of the arc discharge loop in real time, and sends out an arc light appearance signal when the current reaches a fixed value; the graphite moving contact is driven by a stepping motor, the distance between the graphite moving contact and the graphite fixed contact is adjusted by the stepping motor, when the voltage between the two electrodes corresponding to the graphite moving contact and the graphite fixed contact is increased, positive and negative ions are accelerated by an electric field, and when air is ionized, the temperature is sharply increased along with the positive and negative ions to generate electric arcs.
10. The power distribution network physical simulation experiment system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the fault simulation module is used for simulating various types of short-circuit faults on model elements, simulating the short-circuit faults of a transformer and various types of faults of different model elements in a power transmission line, and realizing accurate control of switch tripping and closing angles;
the fault simulation module accurately judges the zero crossing time of the alternating voltage, and calculates the instruction sending time according to the measured action time of the mechanical switch so as to meet the tripping and closing angle; calculating the time delay for sending the instruction according to the switch action time measured in advance; the short circuit occurrence time and the short circuit duration time of each short circuit point are controlled through the tripping and closing angle program controller, and meanwhile, the action time and the coordination of a plurality of switches can be realized or the tripping and closing angle program controller is used for controlling the tripping and closing angles of the switches.
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Application publication date: 20200925 |