CN111700242A - Method for osmotic dehydration and hot air drying of houttuynia cordata sodium chloride solution - Google Patents
Method for osmotic dehydration and hot air drying of houttuynia cordata sodium chloride solution Download PDFInfo
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- CN111700242A CN111700242A CN202010542052.7A CN202010542052A CN111700242A CN 111700242 A CN111700242 A CN 111700242A CN 202010542052 A CN202010542052 A CN 202010542052A CN 111700242 A CN111700242 A CN 111700242A
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- houttuynia cordata
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- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 title claims abstract description 98
- 240000000691 Houttuynia cordata Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 235000013719 Houttuynia cordata Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 238000007602 hot air drying Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000002352 surface water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- UAJTZZNRJCKXJN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-dodecoxy-2-oxoethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CS([O-])(=O)=O UAJTZZNRJCKXJN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 241000758769 Houttuynia Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000013717 Houttuynia Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241000722826 Ardisia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001633683 Centipeda <firmicute> Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000555922 Potamogeton crispus Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000184734 Pyrus japonica Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000758742 Saururaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000269722 Thea sinensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000010162 Tukey test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 1
- 229930013930 alkaloid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000000540 analysis of variance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000740 bleeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007405 data analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000411851 herbal medicine Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000036039 immunity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009777 vacuum freeze-drying Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L19/00—Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L19/03—Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof consisting of whole pieces or fragments without mashing the original pieces
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L29/00—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L29/015—Inorganic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L5/00—Preparation or treatment of foods or foodstuffs, in general; Food or foodstuffs obtained thereby; Materials therefor
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
Abstract
The application discloses a method for combining osmotic dehydration and hot air drying of a houttuynia cordata sodium chloride solution, which comprises the following steps: step 1, preparing a sodium chloride osmotic solution; step 2, putting the houttuynia cordata in a sodium chloride osmotic solution and shaking; step 3, taking out the houttuynia cordata from the sodium chloride osmotic solution, washing the houttuynia cordata with distilled water, and absorbing the surface water; and 4, drying the houttuynia cordata with the surface moisture absorbed by the houttuynia cordata by hot air. One technical effect of the present application is that the method of the present application can reduce the total drying time of houttuynia cordata.
Description
Technical Field
The application belongs to the technical field of food processing, and particularly relates to a method for osmotic dehydration and hot air drying of a houttuynia cordata sodium chloride solution.
Background
Houttuynia cordata (Houttuynia cordita Thunb.) is also named herba Houttuyniae, Houttuynia cordata Thunb, Centipeda japonica Thunb, Potamogeton crispus, Ardisia canina Thunb, etc., and its fresh rhizome has fishy smell, so it is called herba Houttuyniae in most areas. The houttuynia cordata is a whole fresh plant or an overground part of houttuynia cordata of the Saururaceae, the rhizome of the houttuynia cordata is irregularly twisted, is in an oblate column shape, is about 25cm long, is about 0.3cm in diameter, is light brown yellow in surface, is obvious in stem node, grows fibrous roots on the lower node of the rhizome, and is mainly distributed in Shaanxi, Gansu and Yangtze river basin in south-yin cold and humid areas. The houttuynia cordata has a plurality of medicinal values as the herbal medicine recorded in Chinese pharmacopoeia, contains a plurality of organic acids, alkaloids and the like in the houttuynia cordata, and has the effects of stopping bleeding, relieving pain, resisting viruses, improving the immunity of the organism and the like. From the food perspective, the stems, leaves and underground rhizomes of the Chinese medicinal herb have unique flavor and rich nutrition, have certain edible value, and can be used for cold mixing raw food, stewing cooked meat, making tea and the like. As a resource of both medicines and foods, the application of the houttuynia cordata is continuously developed and expanded, and has a wider development prospect.
At present, the processing research on the houttuynia cordata in China mainly takes the medicinal value as the main part, and the drying research is relatively few, wherein in 2011, Mengjiang and the like use a natural drying method and a vacuum freeze drying method to research the medicinal value of the houttuynia cordata. The drying research mode mainly adopts hot air drying, and the hot air drying is realized by contacting the air heated in the drying oven with the sample to be dried. The hot air drying, as the most traditional drying method, has the advantages of large treatment capacity, low investment, easy operation, good management and the like, but also has the defects of high time consumption, high energy consumption, low quality and the like, and how to shorten the total drying time is a technical problem for enterprises.
Disclosure of Invention
One objective of the present application is to provide a method for osmotic dehydration of a sodium chloride solution of houttuynia cordata in combination with hot air drying.
According to one aspect of the application, the application provides a method for osmotic dehydration of a sodium chloride solution of houttuynia cordata combined with hot air drying, which comprises the following steps:
step 1, preparing a sodium chloride osmotic solution;
step 2, putting the houttuynia cordata in a sodium chloride osmotic solution and shaking;
step 3, taking out the houttuynia cordata from the sodium chloride osmotic solution, washing the houttuynia cordata with distilled water, and absorbing the surface water;
and 4, drying the houttuynia cordata with the surface moisture absorbed by the houttuynia cordata by hot air.
Optionally, the concentration of the sodium chloride osmotic solution configured in step 1 is 10-25%.
Optionally, the feed-liquid ratio of the houttuynia cordata to the sodium chloride osmotic solution in the step 2 is 1: 20.
Optionally, in step 2, the sodium chloride osmotic solution is shaken under constant temperature conditions using a constant temperature shaking table.
Alternatively, the temperature of the constant temperature shaking table is set to be 30 ℃, and the rotating speed is set to be 1 r/s.
Optionally, the permeation time in step 2 is 80-100 min.
Alternatively, the houttuynia cordata is rinsed 3 times with distilled water in step 3.
Optionally, the water on the surface of the houttuynia cordata is absorbed to be dry by using filter paper in the step 3.
Optionally, the temperature for drying by hot wind in the step 4 is 60-80 ℃, and the wind speed is 1 m/s.
Optionally, in step 4, the houttuynia cordata is dried by using a hot air drying oven.
One technical effect of the present application is that the method of the present application can reduce the total drying time of houttuynia cordata.
Detailed Description
The following embodiments will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying examples, so that how to implement the technical means for solving the technical problems and achieving the technical effects of the present application can be fully understood and implemented.
Example 1
Step 1, preparing sodium chloride osmotic solution with the percentage concentration of 18%;
step 2, placing the houttuynia cordata in a sodium chloride osmotic solution according to the material-liquid ratio of 1:20, and shaking for 90min at constant temperature by using a constant-temperature shaking table; the temperature of the constant temperature shaking table is set to be 30 ℃, and the rotating speed is set to be 1 r/s;
step 3, taking out the houttuynia cordata from the sodium chloride osmotic solution, washing the houttuynia cordata for 3 times by using distilled water, and then, absorbing the surface moisture by using filter paper;
and 4, drying the houttuynia cordata after surface moisture is absorbed by the houttuynia cordata by hot air until the weight is constant, wherein the temperature of the hot air is 70 ℃, and the air speed is 1 m/s.
Example 2
Step 1, preparing sodium chloride osmotic solution with the percentage concentration of 10%;
step 2, placing the houttuynia cordata in a sodium chloride osmotic solution according to the material-liquid ratio of 1:20, and shaking for 90min at constant temperature by using a constant-temperature shaking table; the temperature of the constant temperature shaking table is set to be 30 ℃, and the rotating speed is set to be 1 r/s;
step 3, taking out the houttuynia cordata from the sodium chloride osmotic solution, washing the houttuynia cordata for 3 times by using distilled water, and then, absorbing the surface moisture by using filter paper;
and 4, drying the houttuynia cordata after surface moisture is absorbed by the houttuynia cordata by hot air until the weight is constant, wherein the temperature of the hot air is 70 ℃, and the air speed is 1 m/s.
Example 3
Step 1, preparing sodium chloride osmotic solution with the percentage concentration of 25%;
step 2, placing the houttuynia cordata in a sodium chloride osmotic solution according to the material-liquid ratio of 1:20, and shaking for 90min at constant temperature by using a constant-temperature shaking table; the temperature of the constant temperature shaking table is set to be 30 ℃, and the rotating speed is set to be 1 r/s;
step 3, taking out the houttuynia cordata from the sodium chloride osmotic solution, washing the houttuynia cordata for 3 times by using distilled water, and then, absorbing the surface moisture by using filter paper;
and 4, drying the houttuynia cordata after surface moisture is absorbed by the houttuynia cordata by hot air until the weight is constant, wherein the temperature of the hot air is 70 ℃, and the air speed is 1 m/s.
Example 4
Step 1, preparing sodium chloride osmotic solution with the percentage concentration of 18%;
step 2, placing the houttuynia cordata in a sodium chloride osmotic solution according to the material-liquid ratio of 1:20, and shaking for 80min at a constant temperature by using a constant-temperature shaking table; the temperature of the constant temperature shaking table is set to be 30 ℃, and the rotating speed is set to be 1 r/s;
step 3, taking out the houttuynia cordata from the sodium chloride osmotic solution, washing the houttuynia cordata for 3 times by using distilled water, and then, absorbing the surface moisture by using filter paper;
and 4, drying the houttuynia cordata after surface moisture is absorbed by the houttuynia cordata by hot air, wherein the temperature of the hot air is 80 ℃, and the air speed is 1m/s until the weight is constant.
Example 5
Step 1, preparing sodium chloride osmotic solution with the percentage concentration of 18%;
step 2, placing the houttuynia cordata in a sodium chloride osmotic solution according to the material-liquid ratio of 1:20, and shaking for 100min at constant temperature by using a constant-temperature shaking table; the temperature of the constant temperature shaking table is set to be 30 ℃, and the rotating speed is set to be 1 r/s;
step 3, taking out the houttuynia cordata from the sodium chloride osmotic solution, washing the houttuynia cordata for 3 times by using distilled water, and then, absorbing the surface moisture by using filter paper;
and 4, drying the houttuynia cordata after surface moisture is absorbed by the houttuynia cordata by hot air until the weight is constant, wherein the temperature of the hot air is 60 ℃, and the air speed is 1 m/s.
Comparative example 1
Directly drying herba Houttuyniae with hot air at 70 deg.C and air speed of 1m/s to constant weight.
Comparative example 2
Step 1, preparing sodium chloride osmotic solution with the percentage concentration of 10%;
step 2, placing the houttuynia cordata in a sodium chloride osmotic solution according to the material-liquid ratio of 1:20, and shaking for 150min at constant temperature by using a constant-temperature shaking table; the temperature of the constant temperature shaking table is set to be 30 ℃, and the rotating speed is set to be 1 r/s;
step 3, taking out the houttuynia cordata from the sodium chloride osmotic solution, washing the houttuynia cordata for 3 times by using distilled water, and then, absorbing the surface moisture by using filter paper;
and 4, drying the houttuynia cordata after surface moisture is absorbed by the houttuynia cordata by hot air until the weight is constant, wherein the temperature of the hot air is 70 ℃, and the air speed is 1 m/s.
Measurement items and methods
Measurement of Water content
And (4) directly drying to determine the water content of the sample.
Measurement of weight loss ratio
In the formula: WR is weight loss percentage,%; m is0Is the initial material mass, g; m istMass of material after permeation time t, g.
Determination of Water loss
In the formula: WL is water loss,%; x0Is the initial material water content, g; xtThe water content of the material after the permeation time t is g; m is0Is the initial mass, g.
Determination of solid content increment
In the formula: SG is solid increment,%; g0Is the absolute dry matter mass of the initial material, g; gtThe absolute dry matter mass g of the material after the time t of permeation; m is0Is the initial mass, g.
Determination of dehydration efficiency index
In the formula: DEI is the dehydration efficiency index; WL is water loss,%; SG is the solid increment percent.
Determination of moisture ratio
In the formula: MR is the water ratio,%; m0The initial dry basis water content of the sample is g/g; mtThe water content of a dry basis at the time t of sample drying is g/g; meThe dry basis water content, g/g, at which the sample was dry to equilibrium.
Measurement of Water content on Dry basis
In the formula: mtThe water content of the dry basis is g/g; m istIs the mass of the sample at time t of drying, g; m isgIs the sample dry matter mass, g.
Determination of drying Rate
In the formula: DR is the sample drying rate, g/(g.min); mt+△tThe dry basis water content at the time of drying t + △ t of the sample, g/g, MtThe dry basis water content at the sample drying time t is g/g, and △ t is a time difference value of min.
Data analysis
SPSS is adopted for analysis of variance and post-hoc inspection, Tukey method is adopted for analysis of difference significance, and data results are expressed by arithmetic mean.
TABLE 1 Total time required for drying
As can be seen from Table 1, the method of the present invention can significantly reduce the drying time of houttuynia cordata, and can save 60min at most. Example 1 the osmotic treatment showed an increase in the osmotic concentration compared to example 3, but the hot air drying time was not significantly shortened, which is high concentration permeation resulting in a greater increase in solids, sodium chloride forming a hydrate with water, and a greater resistance to hot air drying dehydration. Finally, the optimal technological parameters of osmotic dehydration and hot air drying of the cordate houttuynia are as follows: the osmotic concentration of 18 percent sodium chloride is set to be 1:20, the rotating speed is about 1r/s, the osmotic dehydration pretreatment time is 90min, and then hot air drying is carried out, the hot air temperature is 70 ℃, and the air speed is 1 m/s. The osmotic dehydration is used as a pretreatment mode before hot air drying, so that the total dehydration process time of the raw materials with high water content such as the houttuynia cordata can be effectively shortened, and the total dehydration efficiency is improved.
As used in the specification and claims, certain terms are used to refer to particular components or methods. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, different regions may refer to a component by different names. The present specification and claims do not intend to distinguish between components that differ in name but not in name. In the following description and in the claims, the terms "include" and "comprise" are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean "include, but not limited to. "substantially" means within an acceptable error range, and a person skilled in the art can solve the technical problem within a certain error range to substantially achieve the technical effect. The description which follows is a preferred embodiment of the present application, but is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the application and not for the purpose of limiting the scope of the application. The protection scope of the present application shall be subject to the definitions of the appended claims.
It is also noted that the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a good or system that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such good or system. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising an … …" does not exclude the presence of other like elements in a commodity or system that includes the element.
While the foregoing description shows and describes several preferred embodiments of the invention, it is to be understood, as noted above, that the invention is not limited to the forms disclosed herein, but is not to be construed as excluding other embodiments and is capable of use in various other combinations, modifications, and environments and is capable of changes within the scope of the inventive concept as expressed herein, commensurate with the above teachings, or the skill or knowledge of the relevant art. And that modifications and variations may be effected by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A method for osmotic dehydration and hot air drying of a houttuynia cordata sodium chloride solution is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, preparing a sodium chloride osmotic solution;
step 2, putting the houttuynia cordata in a sodium chloride osmotic solution and shaking;
step 3, taking out the houttuynia cordata from the sodium chloride osmotic solution, washing the houttuynia cordata with distilled water, and absorbing the surface water;
and 4, drying the houttuynia cordata with the surface moisture absorbed by the houttuynia cordata by hot air.
2. The method for osmotic dehydration of sodium chloride solution of houttuynia cordata combined with hot air drying as claimed in claim 1, wherein the concentration of sodium chloride osmotic solution prepared in step 1 is 10-25%.
3. The method for osmotic dehydration of houttuynia cordata sodium chloride solution combined with hot air drying according to claim 1, wherein the feed-liquid ratio of houttuynia cordata to the sodium chloride osmotic solution in step 2 is 1: 20.
4. The method for osmotic dehydration of sodium chloride solution of houttuynia cordata as claimed in claim 1 in combination with hot air drying, wherein the sodium chloride osmotic solution is shaken under constant temperature conditions in step 2 using a constant temperature shaking table.
5. The method for osmotic dehydration of sodium chloride solution of houttuynia cordata combined with hot air drying according to claim 4, wherein the temperature of the constant temperature shaking table is set to 30 ℃ and the rotating speed is set to 1 r/s.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the infiltration time in step 2 is 80-100 min.
7. The method for osmotic dehydration of sodium chloride solution of houttuynia cordata combined with hot air drying according to claim 1, wherein distilled water is used to rinse houttuynia cordata 3 times in step 3.
8. The method for osmotic dehydration of sodium chloride solution of houttuynia cordata combined with hot air drying as claimed in claim 1, wherein filter paper is used in step 3 to suck the moisture on the surface of houttuynia cordata.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature for drying by hot air in step 4 is 60-80 ℃ and the air speed is 1 m/s.
10. The method for osmotic dehydration of houttuynia cordata sodium chloride solution combined with hot air drying according to claim 1, wherein the hot air drying oven is used to dry houttuynia cordata in step 4.
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| CN202010542052.7A CN111700242A (en) | 2020-06-15 | 2020-06-15 | Method for osmotic dehydration and hot air drying of houttuynia cordata sodium chloride solution |
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| CN202010542052.7A CN111700242A (en) | 2020-06-15 | 2020-06-15 | Method for osmotic dehydration and hot air drying of houttuynia cordata sodium chloride solution |
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| CN109620882A (en) * | 2018-12-26 | 2019-04-16 | 四川省中药饮片有限责任公司 | A kind of preliminary working drying means of cordate houttuynia |
| CN110447707A (en) * | 2019-09-19 | 2019-11-15 | 滁州学院 | A kind of Bulbus Allii Fistulosi infrared hot wind drying means using vacuum combined alcohol pre-treatment |
-
2020
- 2020-06-15 CN CN202010542052.7A patent/CN111700242A/en active Pending
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102308869A (en) * | 2011-08-12 | 2012-01-11 | 江南大学 | Production method of evaporated vegetables |
| CN102308870A (en) * | 2011-08-17 | 2012-01-11 | 中国人民解放军总后勤部军需装备研究所 | Dehydrated vegetable and preparation method thereof |
| CN102415540A (en) * | 2011-12-09 | 2012-04-18 | 江南大学 | Method for preparing potato crispy chips through osmotic dehydration and hot air and microwave combined drying |
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Application publication date: 20200925 |