CN111648779B - Shield head system capable of effectively reducing surrounding rock disturbance - Google Patents
Shield head system capable of effectively reducing surrounding rock disturbance Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN111648779B CN111648779B CN202010656354.7A CN202010656354A CN111648779B CN 111648779 B CN111648779 B CN 111648779B CN 202010656354 A CN202010656354 A CN 202010656354A CN 111648779 B CN111648779 B CN 111648779B
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- shield
- excavation surface
- shield shell
- slip casting
- shell
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
- G01L1/02—Measuring force or stress, in general by hydraulic or pneumatic means
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D9/00—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
- E21D9/06—Making by using a driving shield, i.e. advanced by pushing means bearing against the already placed lining
- E21D9/08—Making by using a driving shield, i.e. advanced by pushing means bearing against the already placed lining with additional boring or cutting means other than the conventional cutting edge of the shield
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
- E21D11/38—Waterproofing; Heat insulating; Soundproofing; Electric insulating
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D9/00—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
- E21D9/06—Making by using a driving shield, i.e. advanced by pushing means bearing against the already placed lining
- E21D9/0607—Making by using a driving shield, i.e. advanced by pushing means bearing against the already placed lining the shield being provided with devices for lining the tunnel, e.g. shuttering
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D9/00—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
- E21D9/06—Making by using a driving shield, i.e. advanced by pushing means bearing against the already placed lining
- E21D9/093—Control of the driving shield, e.g. of the hydraulic advancing cylinders
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
Abstract
The invention discloses a shield head system capable of effectively reducing surrounding rock disturbance, wherein ground stress detected in real time is fed back to a ground control system through a pressure detection device during tunneling, a GIS positioning system positions the real-time position of a shield machine and feeds back positioning data to the ground control system, the ground control system combines the real-time positioning data with the real-time ground stress data to calibrate and adjust two air bags, and then the propelling power of the shield machine is adjusted in real time through the two air bags, so that the shield machine keeps stable propelling speed; in addition, the waterproof slurry is discharged to the joint of the shield shell I and the shield shell II through the grouting holes, the muck and the waterproof slurry are contacted and mixed to form a muck waterproof mixture, and the muck waterproof mixture is extruded outside the shield shell II to be compacted and fixed on the surface of a tunnel goaf formed after the shield machine tunnels; therefore, the strength and the waterproof treatment of the soil body on the surface of the tunnel goaf are improved, the effect of preventing the ground surface from settling is achieved, the upper surface is leveled, and the water seepage path is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a shield head system, in particular to a shield head system capable of effectively reducing surrounding rock disturbance.
Background
At present, the conditions such as ground traffic jam and the like can be effectively relieved by improving the utilization degree of underground space. In the process of constructing the underground space, the traditional construction method is difficult to be universally applied due to the limitation of urban environmental factors such as construction sites, road traffic and the like. The tunnel construction by the shield machine has the characteristics of high automation degree, labor saving, high construction speed, one-step tunneling, no influence of weather, controllable ground settlement during excavation, reduction of influence on ground buildings, no influence on water surface traffic during underwater excavation and the like. Based on the advantages, the shield tunneling machine is widely applied to tunnel engineering of subways, railways, highways, municipal works, hydropower and the like. However, the common shield tunneling machine cutterhead can generate large disturbance to soil around the pipe sheet in the tunneling process, so that the surface of the common shield tunneling machine cutterhead sinks; the existing external grouting technology can improve the supporting strength of the tunnel by grouting and mixing muck; but the treatment is needed after the shield machine is tunneled, so that the efficiency is lower; at present, no shield head system can carry out grouting in the tunneling process of a shield tunneling machine, so that waterproof slurry and part of slag soil generated in the tunneling process are stirred, mixed and extruded outside a shield shell to form a waterproof layer outside a segment, the waterproof capability of a tunnel supporting structure can be improved, the amount of slag soil transported to the ground surface in the construction process can be reduced, and the disturbance condition of surrounding rock mass is reduced, so that the shield head system is the research direction of the industry.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the shield head system capable of effectively reducing surrounding rock disturbance can be used for grouting in the tunneling process of a shield machine, so that the waterproof capability of a tunnel supporting structure can be improved, and the ground surface is prevented from settling; the amount of the residue soil transported to the earth surface in the construction process can be reduced, the construction cost is reduced, and the ecological environment is protected.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: a shield head system capable of effectively reducing surrounding rock disturbance comprises a cutter head assembly, a shield shell I, a shield shell II, an outer-shell grouting pipe, a pressure detection device and a conveying main pipe, wherein the cutter head assembly is arranged at the front end of the shield shell I, and the rear end of the shield shell I is coaxially and fixedly connected with the front end of the shield shell II;
the cutter head generally comprises a primary excavation surface, a cutting surface and a secondary excavation surface, the primary excavation surface and the secondary excavation surface are parallel to each other, the primary excavation surface and the secondary excavation surface are both circular rings, and the outer diameter of the circular ring of the secondary excavation surface is smaller than the inner diameter of the circular ring of the primary excavation surface; a soil inlet is formed in the outer edge of the primary excavation surface and is positioned outside the shield shell I; the cutting surface is arranged between the primary excavation surface and the secondary excavation surface, the cutting surface is conical with openings at two ends, a large port of the cutting surface is movably connected with the inner wall of a ring of the primary excavation surface, and a small port of the cutting surface is movably connected with the outer edge of the ring of the secondary excavation surface; a plurality of cutters are arranged on the cutting surface;
the pressure detection device comprises two air bags and an air bag type drive, the air bag type drive is fixed at the rear part of the cutter head overall, and the two air bags are symmetrically fixed on the air bag type drive; the two air bags are matched with the air bag type drive for detecting the ground stress in front of the shield head;
the rear end of shield shell I is equipped with the round slip casting hole with the front end junction of shield shell II, and the pitch-row between each slip casting hole equals, carries to be responsible for and a plurality of outer slip casting pipe settings in shield shell II, and the quantity of outer slip casting pipe is the same with the slip casting hole, and a plurality of outer slip casting pipe one end all is responsible for the intercommunication with carrying, and a plurality of outer slip casting pipe other ends communicate with each slip casting hole respectively for to the outer waterproof thick liquid of exporting of shell.
And the pressure detection device and the GIS positioning system are connected with the ground control system.
Further, the primary excavation surface accounts for 50% -70% of the total area of the cutter head.
Further, the hole distance between each grouting hole is 5 cm; the aperture of each grouting hole is 3 cm.
Further, the cutters are arranged on the cutting surface in an inclined mode, and the inclined angle ranges from 15 degrees to 30 degrees clockwise.
Further, the depth of the cutting surface is 0.8 m-1.1 m.
Compared with the prior art, the method adopts a combined mode of a cutter head assembly, a shield shell I, a shield shell II, an outer-shell grouting pipe, a pressure detection device and a conveying main pipe, the ground stress in front of a shield head is detected in real time through the pressure detection device during tunneling, the pressure detection device feeds back the ground stress detected in real time to a ground control system, meanwhile, a GIS positioning system positions the real-time position of the shield machine and feeds back the positioning data to the ground control system, the ground control system combines the real-time positioning data with the real-time ground stress data to calibrate and adjust two air bags, and then the propelling power of the shield machine is adjusted in real time through the two air bags, so that the shield machine keeps stable propelling speed; during the tunneling process, the muck reaches the outer parts of a shield shell I and a shield shell II through a soil inlet, waterproof slurry is discharged to the joint of the shield shell I and the shield shell II through a grouting hole, the muck is in contact with the waterproof slurry and is mixed with the waterproof slurry, the muck and the waterproof slurry are stirred and mixed to form a muck waterproof mixture and enter the outer part of the shield shell II, and the muck waterproof mixture is extruded by the outer part of the shield shell II to be compacted and fixed on the surface of a tunnel goaf formed after the tunneling of a shield machine; the strength of the soil body on the surface of the tunnel goaf is improved, so that preliminary supporting and water proofing are carried out while tunneling before the duct piece is installed, the effect of preventing ground surface settlement is achieved, the disturbance condition to surrounding rock mass is reduced, the upper surface is leveled, the upper surface is tightly attached to the outer wall of the duct piece, and the water seepage path is reduced; meanwhile, the muck is adopted for waterproof fixation, so that the amount of muck transported to the earth surface in the construction process is reduced, the construction cost is reduced, and the ecological environment is protected.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic view of the construction of the air bag and air bag type drive of the present invention.
In the figure: 1. the cutter head assembly comprises a cutter head 2, an air bag type drive 3, an outer shell grouting pipe 4, an air bag 5, a primary excavation surface 6, a secondary excavation surface 7, a conveying main pipe 8, a grouting hole 9, a soil inlet 10 and a cutting surface.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further explained below.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, the invention comprises a cutter head assembly 1, a shield shell i, a shield shell ii, an outer-shell grouting pipe 3, a pressure detection device and a conveying main pipe 7, wherein the cutter head assembly 1 is arranged at the front end of the shield shell i, and the rear end of the shield shell i is coaxially and fixedly connected with the front end of the shield shell ii;
the cutter head assembly 1 comprises a primary excavation surface 5, a cutting surface 10 and a secondary excavation surface 6, the primary excavation surface 5 and the secondary excavation surface 6 are parallel to each other, the primary excavation surface 5 and the secondary excavation surface 6 are both circular rings, and the outer diameter of the circular ring of the secondary excavation surface 6 is smaller than the inner diameter of the circular ring of the primary excavation surface 5; a soil inlet 9 is formed in the outer edge of the primary excavation surface 5, and the soil inlet 9 is positioned outside the shield shell I; the cutting surface 10 is arranged between the primary excavation surface 5 and the secondary excavation surface 6, the cutting surface 10 is conical with openings at two ends, a large port of the cutting surface 10 is movably connected with the inner wall of a ring of the primary excavation surface 5, and a small port of the cutting surface 10 is movably connected with the outer edge of the ring of the secondary excavation surface 6; a plurality of cutters are arranged on the cutting surface 10;
the pressure detection device comprises two air bags 4 and an air bag type drive 2, the air bag type drive 2 is fixed at the rear part of the cutter head overall 1, and the two air bags 4 are symmetrically fixed on the air bag type drive 2; the two air bags 4 are matched with the air bag type drive 2 to detect the ground stress in front of the shield head, and then the propelling power of the shield machine is adjusted according to the ground stress;
the rear end of shield shell I is equipped with round slip casting hole 8 with the front end junction of shield shell II, and the pitch-row between each slip casting hole 8 equals, carries to be responsible for 7 and the setting of a plurality of outer slip casting pipe 3 in shield shell II, and the quantity of outer slip casting pipe 3 is the same with slip casting hole 8, and the equal 7 intercommunications of being responsible for with carrying of a plurality of outer slip casting pipe 3 one end, and the 3 other ends of a plurality of outer slip casting pipe communicate with each slip casting hole 8 respectively for export waterproof thick liquid outside the shell.
And the pressure detection device and the GIS positioning system are connected with the ground control system.
Further, the primary excavation surface 5 accounts for 50% -70% of the total area of the cutterhead 1; the cutters are arranged on the cutting surface 10 in an inclined mode, and the inclined angle is 15-30 degrees clockwise; the depth of the cutting surface 10 is 0.8m to 1.1 m. By adopting the structure, the rock-soil central body can be reserved when the shield machine is used for tunneling, the support of the central core soil on the shield top soil body is ensured, the damage of the outer surface of the shield machine by the outside environment is reduced, and the working propulsion resistance can be reduced.
Further, the pitch between the grouting holes 8 is 5 cm; the diameter of each grouting hole 8 is 3 cm. By adopting the optimal size, if the hole distance of the grouting holes 8 is too large, the muck cannot be stirred and the waterproof slurry can be fully mixed, and if the hole distance of the grouting holes 8 is too small, the muck can be influenced to pass through; and the aperture needs to be matched with the input and output of the shield tunneling machine.
The device is installed on a shield machine, a primary excavation surface 5 is positioned at the forefront (the outermost side) of the shield machine, the primary excavation surface 5 is contacted with a soil body and is subjected to pressure on the periphery in the tunneling process of the shield machine, the pressure is transmitted to a pressure detection device through a secondary excavation surface 6, an air bag 4 and an air bag type drive 2 in the pressure detection device are matched for detecting the ground stress in front of a shield head, the pressure detection device feeds the ground stress detected in real time back to a ground control system, meanwhile, the GIS positioning system positions the real-time position of the shield machine and feeds positioning data back to the ground control system, the ground control system combines the real-time positioning data with the real-time ground stress data to calibrate and adjust two air bags, and then the propelling power of the shield machine is adjusted in; if the ground stress is large, the propelling power of the shield machine is increased, and if the ground stress is small, the propelling power of the shield machine is reduced, so that the speed of the shield machine can be kept stable in the tunneling process; during tunneling, muck formed by excavation of a shield head enters between the outer part of a shield shell I and surrounding rock masses from a soil inlet 9, the muck moves to the outer part of the shield shell II along with tunneling, waterproof slurry is injected from the end part of a main conveying pipe 7 to the inner part of the main conveying pipe, the waterproof slurry is discharged from each grouting hole 8 through each outer shell grouting pipe 3, then when the muck reaches the joint of the shield shell I and the shield shell II, the muck is in contact mixing with the waterproof slurry and continuously tunneled and rotated along with the shield head, the muck and the waterproof slurry enter the outer part of the shield shell II after being stirred and mixed, and the mixture of the muck and the slurry is extruded by the outer part of the shield shell II to be compacted and fixed on the surface of a tunnel goaf formed after tunneling of a shield machine; the strength of the soil body on the surface of the tunnel goaf is improved, so that preliminary supporting and water proofing are carried out while tunneling before the duct piece is installed, the effect of preventing ground surface settlement is achieved, the side surface is flattened, the side surface is tightly attached to the outer wall of the duct piece, and the water seepage path is reduced; meanwhile, the muck is adopted for waterproof fixation, so that the amount of muck transported to the earth surface in the construction process is reduced, the construction cost is reduced, and the ecological environment is protected.
Claims (5)
1. A shield head system capable of effectively reducing surrounding rock disturbance is characterized by comprising a cutter head assembly, a shield shell I, a shield shell II, an outer shell grouting pipe, a pressure detection device and a conveying main pipe, wherein the cutter head assembly is arranged at the front end of the shield shell I, and the rear end of the shield shell I is coaxially and fixedly connected with the front end of the shield shell II;
the cutter head generally comprises a primary excavation surface, a cutting surface and a secondary excavation surface, the primary excavation surface and the secondary excavation surface are parallel to each other, the primary excavation surface and the secondary excavation surface are both circular rings, and the outer diameter of the circular ring of the secondary excavation surface is smaller than the inner diameter of the circular ring of the primary excavation surface; a soil inlet is formed in the outer edge of the primary excavation surface and is positioned outside the shield shell I; the cutting surface is arranged between the primary excavation surface and the secondary excavation surface, the cutting surface is conical with openings at two ends, a large port of the cutting surface is movably connected with the inner wall of a ring of the primary excavation surface, and a small port of the cutting surface is movably connected with the outer edge of the ring of the secondary excavation surface; a plurality of cutters are arranged on the cutting surface;
the pressure detection device comprises two air bags and an air bag type drive, the air bag type drive is fixed at the rear part of the cutter head overall, and the two air bags are symmetrically fixed on the air bag type drive; the two air bags are matched with the air bag type drive for detecting the ground stress in front of the shield head;
the rear end of shield shell I is equipped with the round slip casting hole with the front end junction of shield shell II, and the pitch-row between each slip casting hole equals, carries to be responsible for and a plurality of outer slip casting pipe settings in shield shell II, and the quantity of outer slip casting pipe is the same with the slip casting hole, and a plurality of outer slip casting pipe one end all is responsible for the intercommunication with carrying, and a plurality of outer slip casting pipe other ends communicate with each slip casting hole respectively for to the outer waterproof thick liquid of exporting of shell.
2. The shield head system capable of effectively reducing surrounding rock disturbance according to claim 1, wherein the primary excavation surface accounts for 50% -70% of the total area of the cutter head.
3. The shield head system capable of effectively reducing surrounding rock disturbance according to claim 1, wherein the hole distance between each grouting hole is 5 cm; the aperture of each grouting hole is 3 cm.
4. The shield head system capable of effectively reducing surrounding rock disturbance according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of cutters are arranged on the cutting surface in an inclined manner, and the inclined angle is 15-30 degrees clockwise.
5. The shield head system capable of effectively reducing surrounding rock disturbance according to claim 1, wherein the depth of the cutting surface is 0.8-1.1 m.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| LU101977A LU101977B1 (en) | 2020-05-09 | 2020-08-05 | Shield system capable of effectively reducing disturbance of surrounding rocks |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2020103867540 | 2020-05-09 | ||
| CN202010386754.0A CN111350515A (en) | 2020-05-09 | 2020-05-09 | Shield head structure for effectively controlling surface settlement |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN111648779A CN111648779A (en) | 2020-09-11 |
| CN111648779B true CN111648779B (en) | 2021-07-27 |
Family
ID=71193529
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010386754.0A Pending CN111350515A (en) | 2020-05-09 | 2020-05-09 | Shield head structure for effectively controlling surface settlement |
| CN202010656354.7A Active CN111648779B (en) | 2020-05-09 | 2020-07-09 | Shield head system capable of effectively reducing surrounding rock disturbance |
Family Applications Before (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010386754.0A Pending CN111350515A (en) | 2020-05-09 | 2020-05-09 | Shield head structure for effectively controlling surface settlement |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (2) | CN111350515A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2020100911A4 (en) |
| LU (1) | LU101977B1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111350515A (en) * | 2020-05-09 | 2020-06-30 | 徐州工程学院 | Shield head structure for effectively controlling surface settlement |
| CN111365014A (en) * | 2020-05-09 | 2020-07-03 | 徐州工程学院 | Shield machine special-shaped cutter head capable of effectively improving tunneling efficiency |
| CN113108727B (en) * | 2021-04-13 | 2022-09-23 | 中铁工程装备集团有限公司 | Shield machine and detection system for sensing central region deformation of cutter head of shield machine |
| CN113266376A (en) * | 2021-05-12 | 2021-08-17 | 济南轨道交通集团有限公司 | Model test device for simulating shield approaching underground structure micro-disturbance construction |
| CN113137239B (en) * | 2021-05-15 | 2023-08-22 | 中铁十一局武汉重型装备有限公司 | Method for reinforcing tunnel face of shield cutter head and grouting reinforcing device for method |
| CN113685186A (en) * | 2021-08-09 | 2021-11-23 | 北京城建轨道交通建设工程有限公司 | Tunneling method for geological drilling in shield underpass water area |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2001011875A (en) * | 1999-06-29 | 2001-01-16 | Kajima Corp | Shield machine, construction method for tunnel, and tunnel |
| CN105257310A (en) * | 2015-11-04 | 2016-01-20 | 上海大学 | Heading face advance protective type shield |
| CN205477628U (en) * | 2015-10-28 | 2016-08-17 | 广州建恒机电设备安装有限公司 | Biliquid thick liquid device is annotated in step in shield driving |
| CN109630144A (en) * | 2018-12-05 | 2019-04-16 | 中交二航局第三工程有限公司 | The method of the shield machine replacement twice shield tail brush ring of water rich strata constructing tunnel |
| CN208845229U (en) * | 2018-10-17 | 2019-05-10 | 中铁隧道局集团有限公司 | Big cross section rectangular top pipe tunnel portal sealing device |
| CN111350515A (en) * | 2020-05-09 | 2020-06-30 | 徐州工程学院 | Shield head structure for effectively controlling surface settlement |
-
2020
- 2020-05-09 CN CN202010386754.0A patent/CN111350515A/en active Pending
- 2020-06-01 AU AU2020100911A patent/AU2020100911A4/en not_active Ceased
- 2020-07-09 CN CN202010656354.7A patent/CN111648779B/en active Active
- 2020-08-05 LU LU101977A patent/LU101977B1/en active IP Right Grant
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2001011875A (en) * | 1999-06-29 | 2001-01-16 | Kajima Corp | Shield machine, construction method for tunnel, and tunnel |
| CN205477628U (en) * | 2015-10-28 | 2016-08-17 | 广州建恒机电设备安装有限公司 | Biliquid thick liquid device is annotated in step in shield driving |
| CN105257310A (en) * | 2015-11-04 | 2016-01-20 | 上海大学 | Heading face advance protective type shield |
| CN208845229U (en) * | 2018-10-17 | 2019-05-10 | 中铁隧道局集团有限公司 | Big cross section rectangular top pipe tunnel portal sealing device |
| CN109630144A (en) * | 2018-12-05 | 2019-04-16 | 中交二航局第三工程有限公司 | The method of the shield machine replacement twice shield tail brush ring of water rich strata constructing tunnel |
| CN111350515A (en) * | 2020-05-09 | 2020-06-30 | 徐州工程学院 | Shield head structure for effectively controlling surface settlement |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2020100911A4 (en) | 2020-07-09 |
| CN111648779A (en) | 2020-09-11 |
| CN111350515A (en) | 2020-06-30 |
| LU101977B1 (en) | 2021-02-10 |
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Address after: 221018 Lishui Road, Yunlong District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 2 Patentee after: XUZHOU University OF TECHNOLOGY Address before: 221000 No.18, South Third Ring Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province Patentee before: XUZHOU University OF TECHNOLOGY |
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Application publication date: 20200911 Assignee: XUZHOU XINNANHU TECHNOLOGY Co.,Ltd. Assignor: XUZHOU University OF TECHNOLOGY Contract record no.: X2023320000175 Denomination of invention: A Shield System that Can Effectively Reduce Surrounding Rock Disturbance Granted publication date: 20210727 License type: Common License Record date: 20230731 |
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