CN111630006A - 用于净化饮用水的装置 - Google Patents
用于净化饮用水的装置 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111630006A CN111630006A CN201980009366.6A CN201980009366A CN111630006A CN 111630006 A CN111630006 A CN 111630006A CN 201980009366 A CN201980009366 A CN 201980009366A CN 111630006 A CN111630006 A CN 111630006A
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- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 57
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005660 chlorination reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 9
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 8
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000002421 anti-septic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 5
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- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 3
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium ion Chemical compound [Mg+2] JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000032770 biofilm formation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 description 2
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- WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorite Chemical compound Cl[O-] WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
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- NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;1-ethenyl-2-ethylbenzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000013405 beer Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011362 coarse particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010668 complexation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007857 degradation product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005115 demineralization Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 231100000655 enterotoxin Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003440 toxic substance Substances 0.000 description 1
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- JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N uranium(0) Chemical compound [U] JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003809 water extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种装置，用于多级、模块化的饮用水净化，其中一个模块包括螯合凝胶或螯合杀菌凝胶，用于去除重金属或用于去除重金属和细菌。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种装置，用于多级、模块化的饮用水净化，其中一个模块包括螯合凝胶或螯合杀菌凝胶，用于去除重金属或用于去除重金属和细菌。
背景技术
由于全球人口增长的需求增加，环境污染的加重以及增加的质量要求，水净化的重要性不能被低估。
水质量，尤其是饮用水质量受到大量非常不同的、局部危害的污染物的影响。尤其是来自管道系统(尤其是铅)、来自农业(尤其是镉)、来自煤作燃料的电力(汞)或来自自然资源(锌、铀、镧系元素)的重金属一再令人担心。
另一方面，大量的主要是人为起源的有机微污染物在饮用水中被发现。这里最显著的代表包括激素(最初用于避孕)或药物残留或其降解产物或农药。
细菌构成了饮用水中的第三组不期望的物质。它们常常来自生活用水处理装置本身，或来自尤其是世界的较温暖地区的管道系统。
这些细菌的体现最大的危险是针对婴儿和小孩子或诸如老年人的免疫力弱的人群。
在一些国家，“氯”(次氯酸盐)被添加到饮用水中以消毒和杀灭细菌。这确实保证了无菌，但显著影响了水的味道。
其他的尽管无危害性的但不期望的水中组分是处于高浓度的钙和镁，这些组分作为硬度矿物质是造成水硬的原因。低浓度不仅安全，而且相反地对人体健康有益。但是在高浓度下(水硬度高)，钙和镁引起了味道上的明显变坏，以及在厨房和浴室里产生了不期望的“水渍”、或水加热器(热水器)和炊具中的所谓锅炉水垢。
市场上存在大量不同的用于净化饮用水的局部补充装置。在一些情况下，所提供的设备结合了不同的水净化方法，但在完全消除或去除个别污染物或污染物类别方面留下了空白。同时，许多已建立的技术具有不同的缺点，如低能力、低产量、额外的污染、高耗能、来自泵的噪音污染等等。
反渗透(RO)使用一种为去除污染物在高压下将待净化的水抽出而穿过的膜。不仅仅是污染物，重要矿物质也被留下并且在渗余物中再次被浓缩。该方法具有许多饮用水处理缺点，如水的高流失(>80％渗余物)、必须由额外泵所提供的高运行压力(以及高能耗和噪声污染)、并且尤其是必须通过随后添加钙和镁来局部逆转的去矿化作用。尽管这些许多的缺点，反渗透仍然广泛用于使用点(point-of-use)的水净化。
频繁用于工业食品加工应用(葡萄酒和啤酒生产)中的超滤以相对的可靠性去除悬浮物质和细菌，但不适于去除重金属或“氯”。有机微污染物也得不到解决，或者如果解决也仅仅解决得很差。
活性炭被用在许多家用净水器中，主要用于去除“氯”的味道并同时去除有机微污染物。活性炭不会结合重金属，不会降低水的硬度，并且由于其结构，活性炭非常容易受细菌生长的影响(生物膜形成)，这继而能够导致饮用水被细菌及其代谢物(“肠毒素”)污染。
例如，在商业上可获得的、命名为MetCap-T的、用于去除重金属的滤盒填装有螯合树脂(instrAction MetCap)，该滤盒的生产在DE 10 2014 012 566 A1和DE 10 2016 007662 A1中说明。对滤盒的应用也在DE 10 2016 007 662 A1中以举例的方式说明。
由于其螯合性质，MetCap-T树脂几乎唯独结合重金属。由于碱金属及碱土金属非常低的络合常数，其完全不被结合或者仅非常微弱地结合，并且在存在重金属时被重金属取代。这种选择性恰好与用于软化的离子交换剂的选择性相反。
除了MetCap-T树脂类型以高能力且不可逆地结合所有重金属之外，MetCap-T的变体(如德国申请10 2017 007 273.6所说明的)还同时去除细菌，也就是说，其具有除重金属吸收剂的功能以外的杀菌作用。
颗粒过滤器常常安装在净化装置的输入侧以去除来自自来水中的悬浮物质和颗粒。它们主要用于防止该装置其余部分被阻塞从而防止压力增大和生产力降低。
使用作为水软化模块的离子交换剂以通过去除钙和镁来降低水的硬度。然而，这些离子交换剂不能解决微污染物，就像它们不能解决氯或细菌；相反，它们经常受到生物膜形成的影响。另一缺点是它们尤其在硬水中的低能力。
在特别指出使用水软化模块的地方，离子交换树脂的能力耗尽相当快。在所有水净化技术中，离子交换剂目前为止是最可能要求再生的。这通常通过用浓盐水洗涤来完成。
除了钙和镁之外，离子交换剂也结合重金属。但是结合能力耗尽越多，重金属就被浓度越来越高的钙离子和镁离子所取代，并作为结果最终浓缩在洗脱液中。最终，离子交换剂对重金属缺乏越过钙镁的选择性。因为钙、镁与重金属直接竞争，而钙和镁在简单的离子交换中具有高得多的浓度，所以他们在结合位置方面是优越的。
相反，前述的MetCap-T树脂选择性地且以强烈偏好地结合重金属并允许大部分对健康有害的钙和镁离子不受束缚地通过。
这是无选择性地结合所有阳离子的离子交换剂与从溶液中有选择性地且以强烈偏好结合重金属的MetCap-T螯合树脂之间的核心且本质不同。
如从上述实施例中可以说明的那样，列出的所有部件中没有靠其自身就适合于解决复杂的和多层的杂质分布，或者像反渗透(RO)那样，导致严重的缺点。
为此，市场中已经存在具有结合了若干种所列技术的装置的许多制造商。仅一个示例是在CN206359334U中示出的装置，其中将颗粒过滤器、螯合树脂和超滤单元结合。在这种情况下，“氯”的味道和有机微污染物没有被消除。
许多装置在输入侧具有粗颗粒过滤器。这用于保护所连接设备免受污垢颗粒，从而防止堵塞和压力增加以及相关的生产力降低。所列出的许多净化模块的一个严重缺点是生物膜的形成，(就活性炭和离子交换剂来说)该生物膜的形成可能具有许多负面后果，其中一些可以在这里提及：能力降低、过滤性能丧失、压力增加、生产力降低、有害细菌和/或其有毒代谢物对饮用水污染，通常来说，饮用水的质量下降。
因此，需要克服前述的现存技术缺点。
发明内容
该任务已经通过一种装置实现，用于多级、模块化的饮用水净化，其中的模块包括螯合凝胶或螯合杀菌凝胶，用于去除重金属或用于去除重金属和细菌。
根据一个实施例，所述装置可以由不同的独立的模块或滤盒的组合构成，独立的模块或滤盒经由管道彼此连接或直接彼此连接。
所述装置以通过连续解决不同污染物光谱来满足最高质量要求的方式结合并简化了不同的正交的水净化技术。
所述滤盒具有进入开口，来自管道系统/水龙头或上游滤盒的水通过该进入开口进入所述滤盒并与相应的滤盒填料接触。除此之外，所述滤盒具有流出开口，处理过的、净化过的水通过该流出开口流入下一滤盒或到达去除点。
优选地，多个滤盒彼此连接并以可以分别去除、更换或再生的方式固定在所述装置中。
所述装置优选在0.5-6巴、更优选1-5巴、最有选2-4巴的管线压力下运行。
这里所说明的所述装置的核心是填装有用于去除有毒重金属的、带有或不带有杀菌功能的螯合MetCap-T树脂的滤盒。如果使用了MetCap-T树脂的杀菌变体，如德国专利申请10 2017 007 273.6所说明的那样，则去除细菌的额外单元就不必要了。
该核心滤盒可以与分别解决特定污染光谱(不通过螯合树脂解决)的许多其他滤盒相结合。这些滤盒可以在该核心MetCap-T滤盒的上游或下游。
此外，整个装置可以连接到水池或直接连接到抽取阀。所述装置还用作为水加热系统中的部件。
因为经常需要再生，具有离子交换树脂的滤盒设置有容易再生的装置。这通过用浓盐水洗涤来完成。在优选实施例中，再生的要求由合适的传感器(如水硬度、电导、流动池等)来确定并由警示灯来表示。
再生可以是人工、半自动或自动的，取决于各个实施例中的所述装置是否配备有合适的传感器和盐或盐溶液的存储池。为此目的，在优选实施例中，水软化模块配备有合适的连接件和阀。直接通过喷口进入下水道或通过抽取阀来处置多余的盐。
对于所有其他滤盒，再生在家用产品上是不合适的和/或技术上不可行的。
具体实施方式
在所述装置的优选实施例中，颗粒过滤器的输入连接到供水系统，其输出连接到活性炭过滤器的输入，活性炭过滤器的输出继而连接水到软化模块的输入，水软化模块的输出连接到MetCap滤盒，MetCap滤盒的输出继而连接到RO模块，RO模块的输出则流入抽取点(见图1)。当所述装置的输入侧的水压较低时，连上泵。
或者，颗粒过滤器可以直接连接到活性炭过滤器，然后连接到MetCap滤盒并最终连接到RO模块(见图2)。
在前两个实施例中，MetCap滤盒和水软化器的顺序也可以相反。
另一优选实施例中，颗粒过滤器连接到活性炭滤盒，所述活性炭滤盒连接到水软化模块，然后连接到MetCap滤盒，接着是一种超滤(UF)膜(见图3)。或者，颗粒过滤器也可以直接连接到活性炭滤盒、MetCap滤盒和UF膜(见图4)。如果必要，水软化模块也可以安装在MetCap滤盒的上游。这一实施例的优点在于，通常泵不是必需的，因为该装置具有如此低的背压，使得管线压力对常规操作来说是充足的。
另一优选实施例中，颗粒过滤器连接到活性炭滤盒和水软化模块，该水软化模块继而连接到MetCap滤盒，所述MetCap滤盒包含螯合杀菌凝胶(见图5)。
或者，颗粒过滤器也可以直接连接到活性炭滤盒，并且活性炭滤盒直接连接到MetCap滤盒，该MetCap滤盒填装有螯合杀菌凝胶(见图6)。
在该实施例中，可以省去另外的除菌膜。
另一优选实施例中，颗粒过滤器直接连接到水软化滤盒，并且水软化滤盒直接连接到MetCap滤盒，所述MetCap滤盒填装有螯合杀菌凝胶(见图7)。
所述装置的另一优选实施例中，颗粒过滤器直接连接到MetCap滤盒，所述MetCap滤盒填装有螯合杀菌凝胶(见图8)。该实施例与DE 102016007662 A1中所示的滤盒类似，但与之不同的在于其填装有螯合杀菌凝胶。
所述装置可容易地结合所有其他常见净化模块或储存模块，如储存净化水的相邻水池，或结合其他净化技术，如UV消毒(水池中或管线上)、氧化还原过滤器等等，或进一步用于热水制备、用于苏打水生产的CO2添加模块、用于随后消毒或保存的合适的氯化或过氧化氢添加剂等等。
所述装置不影响或妨碍随后水抽取或水处理的类型。
可以在合适位置，在抽取点或者在各个模块之间的点，由合适的传感器监控所述装置的性能。合适的传感器的示例包括但不限于pH传感器、电导传感器、细菌浓度检测传感器、离子选择性传感器、UV传感器等等。流动池可以测量处理的水量。
在一种优选实施例中，所述传感器连接到数据处理系统，该系统基于测量值监控各个模块的功能并在必须更换或再生滤盒时发出适当的消息。通过传感器的帮助，模块更换也可以是纯粹时间受控或容量受控的。取决于实施例，数据处理系统可以启动水软化模块的自动再生，或关闭阀门以强制更换模块来作为继续操作的先决条件。
本文所描述的装置第一次将饮用水的综合净化作为简单的解决方案用于家庭，其在净化水的质量和生产量或能量消耗方面优于所有已知系统。
一方面，所述装置专注于去除真正有害、尤其有毒的物质，并且另一方面，专注于通过改善味道(例如，通过去除“氯”)对水质量的普遍改善。
所述装置的最小的版本适于用在家中或基于一般消费。所述装置的较大版本也可以用于复式住宅、住宅群、餐厅、医院、轮船或其他具有高质量饮用水需求的设施中。
因此，本发明的另一目的是上述装置用于净化饮用水中的用途。
附图说明
以下附图用于进一步解释本发明。它们显示如下：
图1：水净化的装置示意性结构，具有颗粒过滤器、活性炭模块、水软化模块、MetCap模块和反渗透模块；
图2：水净化的装置的示意性结构，具有颗粒过滤器、活性炭模块、MetCap模块和反渗透膜模块；
图3：水净化的装置的示意性结构，具有颗粒过滤器、活性炭模块、水软化模块、MetCap模块和超滤膜模块；
图4：水净化的装置的示意性结构，具有颗粒过滤器、活性炭模块、MetCap模块和超滤膜模块；
图5：水净化的装置的示意性结构，具有颗粒过滤器、活性炭模块、水软化模块和带有额外杀菌功能的MetCap模块；
图6：水净化的装置的示意性结构，具有颗粒过滤器、活性炭模块和带有额外杀菌功能的MetCap模块；
图7：水净化的装置的示意性结构，具有颗粒过滤器、水软化模块和带有额外杀菌功能的MetCap模块；
图8：水净化的装置的示意性结构，具有颗粒过滤器和带有额外杀菌功能的MetCap模块。
Claims (12)
1.一种装置，用于多级、模块化的饮用水净化，其特征在于，一个模块包括螯合凝胶或螯合杀菌凝胶，用于去除重金属或去除重金属和细菌。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，用于去除重金属的模块串联连接到其他模块，例如颗粒过滤器、水软化模块、活性炭过滤器和过滤膜的。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的装置，其特征在于，以下模块串联连接：
颗粒过滤器、活性炭、水软化器、螯合凝胶、反渗透膜，
或者，以下模块串联连接：
颗粒过滤器、活性炭、水软化器、螯合凝胶、超滤膜，
或者，以下模块串联连接：
颗粒过滤器、活性炭、水软化器、螯合杀菌凝胶，
或者，以下模块串联连接：
颗粒过滤器、活性炭、螯合凝胶、反渗透膜，
或者，以下模块串联连接：
颗粒过滤器、活性炭、螯合凝胶、超滤膜，
或者，以下模块串联连接：
颗粒过滤器、活性炭、螯合杀菌凝胶。
4.根据权利要求1到3中任一项所述的装置，其特征在于，所述装置能够直接连接到自来水系统并在没有使用反渗透模块时通过管线压力运行。
5.根据权利要求1到3中任一项所述的装置，其特征在于，所述装置使用反渗透模块时额外装配有泵。
6.根据权利要求1到5中任一项所述的装置，其特征在于，所述模块能够彼此独立更换或再生。
7.根据权利要求1到5中任一项所述的装置，其特征在于，水软化模块包括用于自动、半自动或人工再生的装置。
8.根据权利要求1到7中任一项所述的装置，其特征在于，所述装置包括pH传感器、电导传感器、UV传感器或用于细菌测定的传感器。
9.根据权利要求1到8中任一项所述的装置，其特征在于，当超过或低于定义的限制时，传感器发出警告。
10.根据权利要求1到9中任一项所述的装置，其特征在于，所述装置包括附加元件。
11.根据权利要求10所述的装置，其特征在于，所述附加元件从水池、水加热系统、(UV)消毒系统、氧化还原过滤器、CO2供给单元或氯化单元中选择。
12.根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的装置用于净化饮用水的用途。
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| KR20240033085A (ko) | 2024-03-12 |
| EP3743385A1 (de) | 2020-12-02 |
| KR20200108452A (ko) | 2020-09-18 |
| CN213623558U (zh) | 2021-07-06 |
| RU2020125872A3 (zh) | 2022-03-30 |
| US20210078889A1 (en) | 2021-03-18 |
| AU2019211004B2 (en) | 2024-02-22 |
| JP2021511207A (ja) | 2021-05-06 |
| AU2019211004A1 (en) | 2020-08-20 |
| WO2019145368A1 (de) | 2019-08-01 |
| ZA202005119B (en) | 2021-07-28 |
| CA3087920A1 (en) | 2019-08-01 |
| RU2020125872A (ru) | 2022-02-24 |
| TR201801845U5 (zh) | 2019-08-21 |
| DE202018100396U1 (de) | 2018-02-19 |
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