CN111622269B - Method for preventing and controlling pollution of ion type rare earth shallow groundwater - Google Patents
Method for preventing and controlling pollution of ion type rare earth shallow groundwater Download PDFInfo
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- CN111622269B CN111622269B CN202010483720.3A CN202010483720A CN111622269B CN 111622269 B CN111622269 B CN 111622269B CN 202010483720 A CN202010483720 A CN 202010483720A CN 111622269 B CN111622269 B CN 111622269B
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Abstract
The invention discloses an ionic rare earth shallow groundwater pollution prevention and control method, which aims at the common geological characteristics of shallow burying and breaking of ionic rare earth ore bedrock in China and adopts the following measures: constructing a horizontal impervious curtain at a deep bedrock fracture zone of a mining area, and constructing a vertical impervious curtain at a shallow bedrock fracture zone at the edge of the mining area to prevent leachate from migrating and diffusing; installing an automatic control extraction well in a water-rich area in the impervious curtain, controlling the water level of the shallow groundwater in a mining area, and avoiding cross-flow pollution; arranging a water quality monitoring well at the periphery of the impervious curtain, monitoring the concentration of the underground water leaching agent, and guiding the control of the water level of the shallow underground water in the mining area; and cleaning the mining end period by using clear water and a low-concentration calcium hydroxide solution. By the measures, the influence of in-situ leaching exploitation on the surface/underground water environment of the mining area is effectively controlled, and the rare earth resource loss in the exploitation process is reduced. The invention is suitable for the ion type rare earth mine with shallow bedrock and broken bedrock, and can assist the construction of ecological mines, digital mines and intelligent mines.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of ionic rare earth in-situ leaching exploitation, and particularly relates to a shallow groundwater pollution prevention and control method in the ionic rare earth in-situ leaching exploitation process.
Background
The ionic rare earth is discovered and named for the first time in 1969 in China, is a rare earth deposit mainly containing heavy rare earth elements, and is an important component of global rare earth resources. According to investigation, the heavy rare earth reserves of about 54.42 ten thousand tons are globally discovered in 2015, wherein the reserves of the heavy rare earth in China are about 22 ten thousand tons and 40.4 percent, and the rest resources are mainly distributed in the United states, Australia and India. The ionic rare earth is widely distributed in south China, wherein rare earth ions are adsorbed on clay minerals such as kaolin, montmorillonite and illite in an ionic form and can be eluted by electrolytes such as sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate and magnesium sulfate.
At present, the ionic rare earth is mainly mined by an in-situ leaching process, namely a mining method that an electrolyte solution is injected into a rare earth ore layer through a liquid injection hole, rare earth ions are selectively leached from clay minerals to generate soluble compounds, and the soluble compounds are collected. The process does not cut down forest trees, peel off surface covering soil, damage ore bodies, has low labor intensity and low production cost, can fully utilize low-grade rare earth resources, and is a relatively efficient, environment-friendly and economic mining mode. The process has high requirements on the properties of ore bodies and the integrity of bedrocks, the production, operation and management of mass production enterprises are extensive in the development and application process, the exploration on the properties of ore bodies and the integrity of bedrocks is neglected, only a simple liquid accumulation pipeline/roadway is constructed for recovering immersion liquid, a large amount of precious rare earth resources are permanently lost through underground leakage in the mining process, environmental pollution events such as surface vegetation exhaustion, mountain landslide, over-standard underground water and ammonia nitrogen occur frequently, and great loss is brought to the life health and the ecological environment of a mining area and surrounding public.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems of resource loss and shallow groundwater pollution in the existing in-situ leaching mining process of an ionic rare earth mine, and provides a shallow groundwater pollution control method in the in-situ leaching mining process of ionic rare earth, which effectively controls the influence of in-situ leaching mining on the surface/underground water environment of a mining area and reduces the rare earth resource loss in the mining process by preventing leachate, controlling the water level of shallow groundwater, monitoring the concentration of a leaching agent in underground water and surface water and a top washing measure in the mining finishing period based on the common geological characteristics of shallow burying and crushing of an ionic rare earth ore bedrock and the technical characteristics of in-situ leaching mining.
The technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
an ionic rare earth shallow groundwater pollution prevention and control method comprises the following steps:
A. based on various geological exploration and rock-soil test work in a mining area, an anti-seepage curtain is constructed by adopting a grouting anti-seepage method, which comprises the following steps: and constructing a horizontal impervious curtain at a bedrock fracture zone in the deep part of the mining area, constructing a vertical impervious curtain at a shallow bedrock fracture zone, and independently taking out the mining area from the underground water environment of the mining area to prevent leachate from permeating and polluting underground water.
B. Based on the range of the constructed horizontal impervious curtain and the vertical impervious curtain, the automatic control extraction well is arranged in the liquid injection enrichment area in the range and is used for controlling the water level of the shallow groundwater in the mining area to be lower than the submergence level outside the mining area, so that the possibility that leachate in the mining area seeps into the groundwater outside the mining area is reduced.
C. The method is characterized in that a plurality of underground water monitoring wells are arranged on the periphery of a mining area, an anti-seepage curtain and an automatic control extraction well extraction project are tested in a pilot mining period to control the water level of shallow underground water in the mining area, for example, water on the periphery of the mining area can not enter or rarely enters, water containing a leaching agent in the mining area can not exit or rarely exits, the extraction wells can effectively reduce the water level of the shallow underground water in the mining area, so that a corresponding monitoring result can be obtained, the monitoring result comprises the water quality and water level monitoring results of the monitoring wells, mainly refers to the water level and the concentration of the leaching agent, the prevention and control project is improved according to the monitoring result, and improvement of two aspects is mainly carried out through the improvement principle that water outside can not enter and water inside cannot exit: the position arrangement and the quantity of the extraction wells and the capacity of the extraction pumps, and the repair, the reinforcement and the strengthening of the impervious curtain.
D. In the mining period, the quality of the groundwater in the region is monitored to adjust the extraction water level control. Because if the concentration of the monitoring well is high, the leaching agent leaks, the water level of the mining area is too high to generate overflow or seepage, and the water level is reduced to avoid the overflow or seepage.
E. At the end of mining, clear water is injected into a liquid injection hole on the surface layer of the ore body, residual leaching agent is recovered by means of an extraction well/a horizontal diversion hole and the like, and then liquid injection top washing is carried out by using a low-concentration calcium hydroxide solution.
Furthermore, materials used for grouting seepage prevention in the step A are clay, water glass or cement and other environment-friendly materials, seepage prevention standards of the horizontal seepage prevention curtain and the vertical seepage prevention curtain are both water permeability rate <1Lu, and the top of the vertical seepage prevention curtain is slightly higher than the average water level of surface water or shallow groundwater.
Further, in the step B, the number of the self-control extraction wells to be installed and the depth of the self-control extraction wells are determined according to the arrangement of the liquid injection holes of the mining area, the single-hole liquid injection strength and the infiltration line when the mining area is not mined; according to the monitoring result of the leaching agent of the monitoring well, the position of a wetting line in the mining area is slightly lower than that of a submerged layer outside the mining area, and the diffusion quantity of the leaching agent is generally controlled to be lower than the corresponding national industrial sewage discharge standard.
Furthermore, in the step B, the control of the shallow underground water level of the mining area is realized by forming a well array by a plurality of self-control extraction wells, and when the content of the leaching agent in the underground water monitoring wells at the periphery of the mining area exceeds a set value, the control water level of the self-control extraction wells needs to be adjusted and reduced.
And further, in the step C, the monitoring wells are distributed on the shallow underground water flow line of the mining area. Specifically, the monitoring wells are arranged at the positions 3-5 meters outside the vertical curtain of the mining area, the depth is slightly larger than the depth of the vertical curtain, and the number of the monitoring wells can be determined according to the confluence direction of surface water/shallow groundwater of the mining area.
And D, monitoring the quality of the underground water in the underground water monitoring wells, and increasing the extraction amount of the self-control extraction well corresponding to the mining area when the leaching agent content in a certain monitoring well is higher than a preset value so as to adjust the water level of the self-control extraction well. The method can monitor the content indexes of ammonia nitrogen, heavy metal, chloride ions or sulfate radicals and the like while monitoring the quality of the sewage outside the monitoring area so as to monitor the environmental influence of the mining process.
And step E, adopting a low-concentration calcium hydroxide solution to perform liquid injection top washing for a small amount of times, wherein the pH value of the low-concentration calcium hydroxide solution is 8-9, the single top washing amount is 500L of weak base solution per cubic meter of ore, and the top washing times are 2-3.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. a horizontal impervious curtain and a vertical impervious curtain are constructed in a bedrock crushing area rich in underground water in a mining area, so that the possibility that leaching agents in the mining area directly enter the underground water is effectively avoided to a certain extent.
2. By constructing a well array consisting of a plurality of self-control extraction wells in the mining area, the water level of shallow groundwater in the mining area is controlled to be lower than the submergence level outside the mining area, and the difficulty of diffusing leaching agents into groundwater in the mining area is further improved.
3. Shallow groundwater level in the mining area is guided and regulated through groundwater monitoring well data on the periphery of the mining area, and environmental influence controllability in the mining process is improved.
4. The top washing with clear water and weak alkaline solution after the mining can recover the leaching agent to the maximum extent and eliminate the influence of the residual leaching agent on the ore body and the surrounding environment.
5. The investment of capital construction, equipment and the like required by popularization and application of the prevention and control method can be completely covered by the reduction of water treatment investment and the increment of resource and income, and additional economic cost cannot be increased;
6. the method is particularly suitable for developing shallow groundwater pollution prevention and control in ion adsorption type rare earth mines with shallow bedrock and broken rocks.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the pollution prevention and control principle of the present invention implemented in a mining area.
Fig. 2 is a schematic plan view of the invention as implemented in a mine.
Wherein the reference numerals are:
1-1 covering a surface soil layer; 1-2 ion type rare earth weathered ore layers; 1-3 weak weathering crushed bedrock; 1-4 liquid injection holes; 1-5 self-control extraction wells; 1-6 infiltration lines when not mined; 1-7 vertical impervious curtains; 1-8 deep well submersible pumps; 1-9 horizontal impervious curtains; 2-1, flowing shallow underground water in a mining area; 2-2 bed rock fracture trend; 2-3 mining area peripheral monitoring wells.
Detailed Description
For a better understanding of the objects and technical embodiments of the present invention, the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples. It should be noted that the present invention can be embodied in many different forms, and the specific embodiments described herein should not be construed as limiting the invention.
The invention provides an ionic rare earth shallow groundwater pollution prevention and control method, which aims at the problems of resource loss and mining area ecological environment in the existing ionic rare earth ore in-situ leaching mining process, and realizes prevention and control by the following steps based on the common geological characteristics of shallow burying and crushing of ionic rare earth ore bedrock, and comprises the following steps: grouting seepage prevention is carried out on a bed rock fracture zone and an ore body edge fracture zone in the deep part of the rare earth ore, and a horizontal seepage prevention curtain 1-9 and a vertical seepage prevention curtain 1-7 are constructed; installing automatic control extraction wells 1-5 in a water-rich area in the impervious curtain, and controlling the water level of shallow groundwater in a mining area; arranging water quality monitoring wells 2-3 in a water-rich area at the periphery of the impervious curtain, monitoring the concentration of a leaching agent in underground water and surface water, and guiding the control of the water level of shallow underground water in a mining area; and at the end of the mining period, clear water is firstly used, then low-concentration calcium hydroxide solution is used, and a small amount of solution is injected for multiple times for top washing.
Corresponding to the above prevention and control method, in this embodiment, the specific implementation steps are as follows:
(1) the method comprises the steps of finding out the spatial distribution characteristics of a bedrock fracture zone and a fracture zone in a mining area by adopting various geological exploration methods, selecting typical area drilling and sampling to find out the stratum structure, the rock-soil characteristics and the shallow groundwater characteristics.
(2) Under the guidance of groundwater dynamics and grouting consolidation theory, constructing horizontal impervious curtains 1-9 in a bedrock fracture zone of a mining area by adopting a drilling grouting mode, and preventing leaching agents from entering deep groundwater through the bedrock fracture zone; vertical impervious curtains 1-7 are constructed in the shallow bedrock fracture zone of the mining area to prevent leaching agents from entering shallow groundwater through the shallow bedrock fracture zone, as shown in figure 1. The seepage-proofing standards of the horizontal seepage-proofing curtain and the vertical seepage-proofing curtain are that the water permeability is less than 1Lu, and the top of the vertical seepage-proofing curtain is slightly higher than the average water level of surface water or shallow groundwater (about 0.3-0.5 m, the edge contact zone of a mountain body and the surface water in a mining area).
(3) According to the arrangement of the liquid injection holes 1-4 of the mining area, the single-hole liquid injection strength and the infiltration line 1-6 when not mined, self-controlled extraction wells 1-5 with different depths are built at different positions, so that a shallow water layer water level control well array of the mining area is formed, and the infiltration line 1-6 in the mining area is controlled to be slightly lower than a submerged layer outside the mining area, so that the possibility that leachate in the mining area seeps into groundwater outside the mining area is reduced.
In the plane arrangement implemented in the mining area, as shown in figure 2, horizontal impervious curtains 1-9, automatic control extraction wells 1-5 and peripheral monitoring wells 2-3 are arranged on the plane of the mining area, and the position relation between the horizontal impervious curtains and the flow direction 2-1 of the shallow groundwater of the mining area and the trend 2-2 of the bedrock fractures can be seen.
(4) During pilot mining, the ground building effect of pollution prevention and control is detected by measuring the groundwater level of a shallow water layer in a mining area and the water level of monitoring wells 2-3 at the periphery of the mining area, and horizontal or vertical impervious curtains 1-9 and 1-7 are reinforced according to the test result.
(5) During mining, the leaching agent enters the ionic rare earth weathered ore layer 1-2 through the liquid injection hole 1-4 in the surface soil covering layer 1-1, enters the weakly weathered broken bedrock 1-3 in a seepage manner, enters the automatic control extraction well 1-5 under the action of the gravity of liquid, is pumped out by the deep well submersible pump 1-8 in the automatic control extraction well 1-5 and is conveyed to a rare earth extraction workshop.
(6) The content of the leaching agent in the underground water is monitored through monitoring wells 2-3 at the periphery of the mining area in the mining process, and when the content of the leaching agent in a certain monitoring well is higher than a preset value, the extraction amount of self-control extraction wells 1-5 corresponding to the mining area is increased.
(7) After the exploitation is finished, firstly, clear water is injected into the injection holes 1-4 for top washing, and the leaching agent is recovered from the automatic control extraction wells 1-5; then, a small amount of low-concentration calcium hydroxide solution with the pH value of 8-9 is injected into the liquid injection hole 1-4 for multiple times, so that the influence of the residual leaching agent on the ore body and the surrounding environment is eliminated.
The invention is particularly suitable for ion type rare earth mines with shallow bedrock and broken bedrock, and can assist the construction of ecological mines, digital mines and intelligent mines.
Claims (6)
1. An ionic rare earth shallow groundwater pollution prevention and control method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
A. in a mining area, a horizontal impervious curtain is constructed in a bedrock fracture zone at the deep part of the mining area by adopting a grouting impervious method, a vertical impervious curtain is constructed in a shallow bedrock fracture zone, and the mining area is separated from the underground water environment of a mining area; the seepage-proofing standards of the horizontal seepage-proofing curtain and the vertical seepage-proofing curtain are that the water permeability rate is less than 1 Lu; the top of the vertical impervious curtain is higher than the average water level of surface water or shallow groundwater;
B. based on the range of the constructed horizontal impervious curtain and the vertical impervious curtain, an automatic control extraction well is arranged in the liquid injection enrichment area in the range and is used for controlling the water level of the shallow groundwater in the mining area to be lower than the submergence level outside the area;
C. arranging a plurality of underground water monitoring wells at the periphery of the mining area, testing the control effect of an impervious curtain and an automatic control extraction well extraction project on the water level of the underground water in the shallow layer of the mining area in a pilot mining period to obtain a corresponding monitoring result, and improving the prevention and control project according to the monitoring result; the monitoring result refers to the water quality and water level monitoring result of the monitoring well, and specifically comprises the water level and the leaching agent concentration of the monitoring well;
D. in the mining period, the quality of the groundwater in the area is monitored to adjust the extraction water level control;
E. and at the end of mining, firstly, injecting a small amount of clear water into the injection hole on the surface layer of the ore body, recovering the residual leaching agent, and then, performing injection top washing by using a low-concentration calcium hydroxide solution.
2. The method for preventing and controlling the pollution of the ionic rare earth shallow groundwater according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step B, the number of the self-control extraction wells to be installed and the depth of the self-control extraction wells are determined according to the arrangement of the liquid injection holes of the mining area, the single-hole liquid injection strength and the infiltration line when the mining area is not mined; wherein the position of the infiltration line in the mining area is lower than the position of the diving layer outside the mining area.
3. The method for preventing and controlling the pollution of the ionic rare earth shallow groundwater according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step B, the control of the shallow underground water level of the mining area is realized by forming a well array by a plurality of self-control extraction wells, and when the content of the leaching agent in the underground water monitoring wells at the periphery of the mining area exceeds a set value, the control water level of the self-control extraction wells needs to be adjusted and reduced.
4. The method for preventing and controlling the pollution of the ionic rare earth shallow groundwater according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and C, distributing the underground water monitoring wells on the shallow underground water flow line of the mining area.
5. The method for preventing and controlling the pollution of the ionic rare earth shallow groundwater according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and D, monitoring the quality of the underground water in the underground water monitoring wells, and increasing the extraction amount of the self-control extraction well corresponding to the mining area when the leaching agent content in a certain monitoring well is monitored to be higher than a preset value so as to adjust the water level of the self-control extraction well.
6. The method for preventing and controlling the pollution of the ionic rare earth shallow groundwater according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step E, a small amount of liquid injection top washing is carried out for multiple times by adopting a low-concentration calcium hydroxide solution, wherein the pH value of the low-concentration calcium hydroxide solution is 8-9, the single top washing amount is 500L of weak base solution per cubic meter of ore, and the top washing times are 2-3 times.
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| CN112453038B (en) * | 2020-11-14 | 2023-04-07 | 上海勘察设计研究院(集团)有限公司 | Reclamation site pollution remediation method based on natural utilization conditions |
| CN115261646A (en) * | 2022-05-05 | 2022-11-01 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | Surrounding cage seepage-proofing method for in-situ leaching of ionic rare earth |
| CN115058610B (en) * | 2022-05-05 | 2024-03-26 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | Self-breaking cage anti-seepage agent and anti-seepage method |
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