CN110066919A - Vacuum extraction device and method for ionic rare earth mining - Google Patents
Vacuum extraction device and method for ionic rare earth mining Download PDFInfo
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- CN110066919A CN110066919A CN201910337873.4A CN201910337873A CN110066919A CN 110066919 A CN110066919 A CN 110066919A CN 201910337873 A CN201910337873 A CN 201910337873A CN 110066919 A CN110066919 A CN 110066919A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B3/00—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes
- C22B3/02—Apparatus therefor
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B3/00—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes
- C22B3/04—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes by leaching
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B59/00—Obtaining rare earth metals
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
Abstract
The invention relates to a vacuum extraction device and a method for ionic rare earth mining, wherein the vacuum extraction device comprises: the system comprises an underground extraction well, air pumping equipment, control equipment and well washing equipment; the underground extraction wells are a plurality of underground extraction wells, go deep into the rare earth ore body of ion, and have a plurality of assemblies such as self-removing tractor, silt cartridge filter, porous casing, extraction pipe and well cementation casing; the air extraction equipment comprises a vacuum pump, a water-gas separator and an air extraction pipeline; the control equipment comprises a controller, a vacuum degree sensor and an electromagnetic valve; the air extraction equipment provides a vacuum negative pressure environment for the underground extraction well, so that the immersion liquid and gas in the ore body are extracted to the ground, an immersion liquid seepage passage can be effectively dredged, the problems of resource loss and environmental pollution caused by immersion liquid seepage are solved, the leaching efficiency and the resource recovery rate of the ionic rare earth are improved, and the occurrence of landslide accidents is reduced to a certain extent.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to ion type rareearth production technique fields, and in particular to vacuum extraction is used in a kind of exploitation of ion type rareearth
Device and method.
Background technique
Ion type rareearth ore also known as weathered superficial leaching rare-earth ore are one kind richness being found in China south jiangxi area earliest
Mineral resources containing middle heavy rare earth.The main preservation of rare earth in ion type rareearth ore in the clay minerals such as kaolin, illite,
And it is adsorbed in clay mineral surface in the form of hydration or hydroxyl hydrated cation, rare earth can be dissociateed through chemistry and biological effect
Ion mostly uses Situ Leaching technique Extraction of rare earth resource at present.
Situ Leaching technique neither overburden removing earthing, does not also excavate mine, but directly opens liquid injection hole and penetrate surface layer and cover
Soil simultaneously arranges fluid injection well pattern, and immersion liquid is injected into the completely decomposed rare earth ore bed of quasi- production zone, ammonium/magnesium/hydrogen plasma and absorption
Exchange reaction occurs for the rare earth ion on clay mineral surface, and immersion liquid penetrates massif by natural gravity osmosis and warp is again long-pending
Liquid tunnel etc. is pooled to hydrops pond, then is extracted Rare Earth Separation by precipitating/extraction mode, and immersion liquid returns to massif and continues to leach.
Existing Situ Leaching process is lower to the artificial controlling extent of leachate and seepage flow, a large amount of leachate via half weathered layer,
Ore body avris and hydrops tunnel etc. enter mining area Soil Surrounding and water system, cause water pollution, eutrophication and salinization of soil etc., sternly
Local environment is threatened again, while also resulting in the rare earth resources waste of a large amount of preciousnesses.
Vacuum technique is the physical environment for establishing subatmospheric power, and carries out technique production, physics in the environment
Technology needed for measurement and scientific experimentation etc..With the development of Attained Vacuum Technique, vacuum application is increasingly expanded to industry and section
The various aspects of research are learned, such as clamped using vacuum, promoted and transported material, exclude to occlude in material or the gas of dissolution
Or moisture and dust suction or filtering etc..Vacuum extraction be using subnormal ambient caused by vacuum come fast liquid seepage speed simultaneously
A kind of engineering technology for controlling seepage direction, is widely used in fields such as material filtering, groundwater extraction, oil exploitations.Due to
It manufactures vacuum environment to need to be equipped with suitable, the good vacuum equipment of pumping performance, increases technical difficulty and production cost, at present
There is not yet using the application example of vacuum extraction technology in the exploitation of southern ion type rareearth mine.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is to solve existing resources loss during the existing Situ Leaching process implementing of ion type rareearth mine
And problem of environmental pollution, the vacuum extraction device and method of a kind of control of reinforcing flow event and immersion liquid recycling, the device are provided
It is suitable for ionic type rare earth ore in-situ production practice with method, realizes that the direction of leachate seepage flow is drawn by vacuum extraction technology
It leads, reduces immersion liquid gravity flow and enter the loss that underground water causes valuable rare earth resources, reduce extract technology in situ to mine week
The pollution of side soil and water body improves resource exploitation efficiency and the rate of recovery, and the environment of control in-situ extraction technique is assisted to influence,
The generation of landslide accident is reduced to a certain extent.
To solve above-mentioned resources loss and problem of environmental pollution, technical scheme is as follows:
A kind of ion type rareearth exploitation vacuum extraction device, including underground extraction well, air-extractor and control equipment；
The underground extraction well gos deep into ion Rare Earth Mine ore body, and for the separation of re dip solution and granular ore, rare earth is leached
Liquid is operated into vacuum extraction to underground extraction well；
The air-extractor is cooperateed with re dip solution in collect air to underground extraction well by vacuum extraction operation, then
Then further vacuum extraction operation carries out aqueous vapor separation so that re dip solution collaboration gas enters exhaust pipe；
The control equipment, for monitoring and comparing the vacuum degree in the extraction well of underground, so that the vacuum degree in the extraction well of underground
When lower than preset value, vacuum extraction operation is carried out, to realize the vacuum extraction of re dip solution.
The vacuum extraction device may include several underground extraction wells, and each underground extraction well includes autospasy traction
Device, silt cartridge filter, porous casing, limit fixed ring, protective casing, extraction tube, water injection pipe, end socket and well cementing casing pipe etc. are multiple
Component, in which: one end of the protective casing is provided with end socket, and well cementing casing pipe, the pipe of protective casing are fixedly installed outside end socket
Extraction tube is set in mouthful；The other end of the protective casing is fixedly connected with porous casing, and limit is provided with outside the pipe of junction
Fixed ring, porous casing pipe are socketed with silt cartridge filter outside, and the end face of limit fixed ring is close in the end face of silt cartridge filter, porous
The end that casing gos deep into ore body is provided with autospasy tractor.
Further, the porous casing is multiple according to that can design the case where going deep into ore body, is fixedly connected each other,
The a large amount of apertures being evenly arranged, can make re dip solution and gas collection enter extraction tube.The silt cartridge filter then has
There is the features such as aperture is small, porosity is high, structure is strong and acid-alkali-corrosive-resisting.
The underground extraction well is according to ore body situation, angularly disposed or vertical setting.
The air-extractor includes vacuum pump, moisture separator and exhaust pipe, and exhaust pipe is divided into pumping supervisor and takes out
Gas branch pipe；The pumping supervisor is for connecting moisture separator, and suction branch with the extraction tube on the extraction well of underground for being connected
And pump drainage leachate therein and gas；After leachate and gas in the extraction well of underground are handled via moisture separator, gas
Atmosphere is entered by vacuum pump pump drainage, leachate is sent to rare earth recovery technique.
The control equipment includes controller, vacuum sensor and solenoid valve, and controller is passed by cable and vacuum degree
Sensor is connected with solenoid valve, and vacuum sensor is placed in the extraction well of underground, and solenoid valve, which is installed on, to be connect with underground extraction well
On suction branch.
The vacuum extraction device is additionally provided with well washing equipment, and well washing equipment includes water injection pipe, water pipe, water pump and spoil disposal
Pipe, water injection pipe and extraction tube are set in the same direction in the nozzle of protective casing, and water injection pipe is connected to water pipe, and water pipe is connected with water pump,
Sludge pipe is fixed on end socket and between protective casing and well cementing casing pipe.When the more influence extracting of mud in the extraction well of underground
When effect, well washing equipment is connected；Clear water enters underground extraction well via water pump, water pipe and water injection pipe and rinses, and via sludge pipe
Exclude mud in well.
A kind of ion type rareearth exploitation vacuum extraction method provided by the invention, includes the following steps:
It in ionic type rare earth ore in-situ displacement leaching process, is operated by vacuum extraction, re dip solution collaboration gas passes through
Silt cartridge filter enters in porous casing, and the mineral grain that a large amount of re dip solutions carry is retained in outside silt cartridge filter；
Re dip solution cooperates with gas under negative pressure of vacuum effect, enters suction branch by the extraction tube in the extraction well of underground,
Then pumping supervisor is imported by the suction branch of multiple underground extraction wells；And then re dip solution and gas enter aqueous vapor separation
It is separated in device, re dip solution enters rare earth recovery process in the outflow of the bottom of moisture separator, and gas is separated in aqueous vapor
The top of device is detached by vacuum pump is discharged into atmosphere；
Further, vacuum degree in well is measured by the vacuum sensor in the extraction well of underground, measured value is via cable transmission
It is compared to controller；When vacuum degree is higher than preset value in the extraction well of underground, accordingly descended on extraction well by controller closing
Solenoid valve；When vacuum degree is lower than preset value in the extraction well of underground, the solenoid valve accordingly descended on extraction well is opened by controller,
By reducing vacuum pump load to realize that vacuum extraction operates.
Beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows:
1, the present invention can strengthen to the osmotic control during ion rare earth Situ Leaching, reduce re dip solution gravity flow
The loss of valuable rare earth resources is caused into underground water；Aeration zone existing in ore body is extracted out, solves ore body aeration zone to infiltration
The negative effect in flow field, so that the rare earth resources in aeration zone are released；To improve rare earth resources production efficiency and recycling
Rate；
2, present invention control diffusing capacity of the re dip solution to underground water and periphery assists to reduce extract technology in situ to mine week
The pollution of side soil and water body；
3, since vacuum extraction acts on, ore body saturated surface will be significantly reduced, to reduce re dip solution collection region massif certainly
The probability so to come down；
4, application of the invention can significantly improve the problem of environmental pollution in southern ion type rareearth development of resources, skill at present
Art using increased resource exploitation efficiency and the rate of recovery can overlay device, management etc. put into, additional economy is not caused to enterprise
Burden；Present invention is especially suited for the ion type rareearth mines that bottom plate depauperation, permeability are poor.
Detailed description of the invention
Preferably to explain technology contents of the invention, the following drawings is provided:
Fig. 1 is the structural schematic diagram of underground extraction well of the invention.
Fig. 2 is the implementation diagram of vacuum extraction device of the invention.
Wherein, appended drawing reference are as follows: 1 extraction tube, 2 water injection pipes, 3 end sockets, 4 sludge pipes, 5 well cementing casing pipes, 6 protective casings, 7 limits
Position fixed ring, 8 silt cartridge filters, 9 porous casings, 10 autospasy tractors, 11 ore bodies and seepage field, 12 underground extraction wells, 13 take out
Air pipe, 14 moisture separators, 15 vacuum pumps, 16 controllers, 17 vacuum sensors, 18 solenoid valves, 19 water pumps.
Specific embodiment
A kind of ion type rareearth exploitation vacuum extraction device disclosed by the invention and method are primarily adapted for use in bottom plate development
Bad, mining environment is complicated and the Rare-earth Mines such as permeability is poor.The well battle array realization pair being made up of several underground extraction wells 12
In-situ ionic rare earth leaches the intensive control of seepage field, and regulation immersion liquid flow direction accelerates percolation flow velocity, reduces immersion liquid loss.Together
When under the conditions of vacuum environment, in ore body aeration zone constitute immersion liquid grid disintegrated, expand immersion liquid the flow domain, improve resource
The rate of recovery.And then immersion liquid is recycled in the hydrops area formed due to geological structure, further improves resource recovery.
As shown in Fig. 2, a kind of ion type rareearth exploitation vacuum extraction device, including underground extraction well 12, air-extractor
With control equipment；The underground extraction well 12 gos deep into the ore body and seepage field 11 of ion Rare Earth Mine, for re dip solution with
The separation of grain ore, re dip solution are operated into vacuum extraction to underground extraction well 12；The air-extractor, by true
Empty extraction procedure cooperates with re dip solution in collect air to underground extraction well 12, and then further vacuum extraction operation, makes
It obtains re dip solution collaboration gas and enters exhaust pipe 13, then carry out aqueous vapor separation；The control equipment, for monitoring and comparing
To the vacuum degree in underground extraction well 12, when so that the vacuum degree in underground extraction well 12 being lower than preset value, vacuum extraction is carried out
Operation, to realize the vacuum extraction of re dip solution.
The vacuum extraction device may include several underground extraction wells 12, and each underground extraction well 12 is led including autospasy
Lead device 10, porous casing 9, limits fixed ring 7, protective casing 6, extraction tube 1, water injection pipe 2, end socket 3 and consolidates silt cartridge filter 8
Multiple components such as casing 5, in which: one end of the protective casing 6 is provided with end socket 3, and well cementation set is fixedly installed outside end socket 3
Pipe 5, the nozzle of protective casing 6 is interior to be arranged extraction tube 1；The other end of the protective casing 6 is fixedly connected with porous casing 9, this
It can be designed as being threadedly coupled in embodiment, limit fixed ring 7 be provided with outside the pipe of junction, porous casing 9 manages outer be socketed with
The end face of limit fixed ring 7 is close in silt cartridge filter 8, the end face of silt cartridge filter 8, and the end that porous casing 9 gos deep into ore body is set
It is equipped with autospasy tractor 10, as shown in Figure 1.
Further, the porous casing 9 is multiple according to that can design the case where going deep into ore body.
The underground extraction well 12 is according to ore body situation, angularly disposed or vertical setting.
The air-extractor includes vacuum pump 15, moisture separator 14 and exhaust pipe 13, and exhaust pipe 13 divides for pumping
Supervisor and suction branch；The pumping is mainly used to connection moisture separator 14, and suction branch is used for and underground extraction well 12
On extraction tube 1 be connected and pump drainage leachate therein and gas；Leachate and gas in underground extraction well 12 is via aqueous vapor
After the processing of separator 14, gas enters atmosphere by 15 pump drainage of vacuum pump, and leachate is sent to rare earth recovery technique.
The control equipment includes controller 16, vacuum sensor 17 and solenoid valve 18, controller 16 by cable with
Vacuum sensor 17 and solenoid valve 18 connect, and vacuum sensor 17 is placed in underground extraction well 12, and solenoid valve 18 is installed on
On the suction branch being connect with underground extraction well 12.
The underground extraction well 12 is additionally provided with well washing equipment, and well washing equipment includes water injection pipe 2, water pipe, water pump 19 and row
Mud pipe 4, water injection pipe 2 and extraction tube 1 are set in the same direction in the nozzle of protective casing 6, and water injection pipe 2 is connected to water pipe, water pipe and water
Pump 19 is connected, and sludge pipe 4 is fixed on end socket 3 and between protective casing 6 and well cementing casing pipe 5.When in underground extraction well 12
When the more influence extraction effect of mud, well washing equipment is connected；Clear water enters underground via water pump 19, water pipe and water injection pipe 2 and extracts
Well 12 rinses, and excludes mud in well via sludge pipe 4.
Specifically, the installation steps of the underground extraction well 12 are as follows: 1. drill in the design position of ion type rareearth mine
Aperture (aperture tilts down certain angle), and gradually installation well cementation sleeve 5；2. assembling autospasy paragraph by paragraph after aperture of drilling
Tractor 10, porous casing 9, silt cartridge filter 8, limit fixed ring 7 and protective casing 6, and push-in is taken out paragraph by paragraph along well cementation sleeve 5
It mentions in hole；3. exiting and retaining sleeve 5 of cementing the well in 5-10 meters of hole depth of extracting, extraction tube 1 is inserted into protective casing 6, is being sealed
Internal extraction tube 1, water injection pipe 2 and sludge pipe 4 are connected on first 3；4. finally connection end socket 3, protective casing 6 and well cementation sleeve 5.
As shown in Fig. 2, the present invention uses the implementation steps of vacuum extraction technology are as follows:
1. completing equipment connection and debugging.Specifically, in the design position of Rare-earth Mine according to the peace of above-mentioned underground extraction well 12
The assembling that step completes underground extraction well 12 is filled, and then vacuum sensor 17 and solenoid valve 18 are installed, it further will severally
The extraction tube 1 of lower extraction well 12 is connect one by one with exhaust pipe 13, moisture separator 14, vacuum pump 15, controller 16, is completed true
Empty sealing test and equipment debugging.
2. immersion liquid vacuum extraction is implemented.Liquids and gases come together in underground pumping under negative pressure of vacuum in ion type rareearth ore body
Well 12 is mentioned, moisture separator 14 is then entered by exhaust pipe 13；Further air is at the top of moisture separator 14 by true
Sky pump 15, which detaches, is discharged into atmosphere, and re dip solution enters rare earth recovery process in the outflow of the bottom of moisture separator 14.
3. 12 automatic control of underground extraction well and maintenance.It is loaded for optimization vacuum pump 15, when vacuum degree is high in underground extraction well 12
When preset value, the solenoid valve 18 accordingly descended on extraction well 12 is closed by controller 16；When vacuum degree in underground extraction well 12
When lower than preset value, the solenoid valve 18 accordingly descended on extraction well 12 is opened by controller 16.Further when underground extraction well 12
When the more influence extraction effect of interior mud, well washing equipment is temporarily connected；Clear water enters underground via water pump 19 and water injection pipe 2 and extracts
Well 12 rinses, and excludes mud in well via sludge pipe 4.
Step 1. in vacuum sealing test, equipment debugging carries out referring to professional standard and equipment operation instruction.
Step 2., 3. in vacuum range be low vacuum, specific range of negative pressure be 105Pa to 102Pa。
Claims (8)
1. a kind of ion type rareearth exploitation vacuum extraction device, including underground extraction well, air-extractor and control equipment；
The underground extraction well gos deep into ion Rare Earth Mine ore body, and for the separation of re dip solution and granular ore, rare earth is leached
Liquid is operated into vacuum extraction to underground extraction well；
The air-extractor is cooperateed with re dip solution in collect air to underground extraction well by vacuum extraction operation, then
Then further vacuum extraction operation carries out aqueous vapor separation so that re dip solution collaboration gas enters exhaust pipe；
The control equipment, for monitoring and comparing the vacuum degree in the extraction well of underground, so that the vacuum degree in the extraction well of underground
When lower than preset value, vacuum extraction operation is carried out, to realize the vacuum extraction of re dip solution.
2. ion type rareearth exploitation vacuum extraction device as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that: the vacuum extraction dress
Several settable underground extraction wells are set, each underground extraction well includes autospasy tractor, silt cartridge filter, porous casing, limit
Position fixed ring, protective casing, extraction tube, water injection pipe, end socket and well cementing casing pipe, in which: one end of the protective casing is provided with
End socket, end socket are fixedly installed well cementing casing pipe outside, extraction tube are arranged in the nozzle of protective casing；The other end of the protective casing
It is fixedly connected with porous casing, limit fixed ring is provided with outside the pipe of junction, is socketed with silt cartridge filter outside porous casing pipe,
The end face of limit fixed ring is close in the end face of silt cartridge filter, and the end that porous casing gos deep into ore body is provided with autospasy tractor.
3. ion type rareearth exploitation vacuum extraction device as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that: the porous casing root
Number is designed according to ore body situation, two adjacent porous casings are fixedly connected.
4. ion type rareearth exploitation vacuum extraction device as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that: the underground extraction well
According to ore body situation, angularly disposed or vertical setting.
5. ion type rareearth exploitation vacuum extraction device as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that: the air-extractor packet
Vacuum pump, moisture separator and exhaust pipe are included, exhaust pipe is divided into pumping supervisor and suction branch；The pumping supervisor is used for
Moisture separator is connected, suction branch is gentle for the simultaneously pump drainage leachate therein that is connected with the extraction tube on the extraction well of underground
Body；After leachate and gas in the extraction well of underground are handled via moisture separator, gas enters atmosphere by vacuum pump pump drainage, leaching
Liquid is sent to rare earth recovery technique out.
6. ion type rareearth exploitation vacuum extraction device as claimed in claim 5, it is characterised in that: the control equipment packet
Controller, vacuum sensor and solenoid valve are included, controller is connect by cable with vacuum sensor and solenoid valve, vacuum degree
Sensor is placed in the extraction well of underground, and solenoid valve is installed on the suction branch connecting with underground extraction well.
7. ion type rareearth exploitation vacuum extraction device as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that: the vacuum extraction dress
It sets and is additionally provided with well washing equipment, well washing equipment includes water injection pipe, water pipe, water pump and sludge pipe, and water injection pipe is set in the same direction with extraction tube
It is placed in the nozzle of protective casing, water injection pipe is connected to water pipe, and water pipe is connected with water pump, and sludge pipe is fixed on end socket and is located at
Between protective casing and well cementing casing pipe.
8. the method for extracting realized using ion type rareearth exploitation described in claim 6 with vacuum extraction device, it is characterised in that
Work step is as follows:
It in ionic type rare earth ore in-situ displacement leaching process, is operated by vacuum extraction, re dip solution collaboration gas passes through
Silt cartridge filter enters in porous casing, and the mineral grain that a large amount of re dip solutions carry is retained in outside silt cartridge filter；
Re dip solution cooperates with gas under negative pressure of vacuum effect, enters suction branch by the extraction tube in the extraction well of underground,
Then pumping supervisor is imported by the suction branch of multiple underground extraction wells；And then re dip solution and gas enter aqueous vapor separation
It is separated in device, re dip solution enters rare earth recovery process in the outflow of the bottom of moisture separator, and gas is separated in aqueous vapor
The top of device is detached by vacuum pump is discharged into atmosphere；
Further, vacuum degree in well is measured by the vacuum sensor in the extraction well of underground, measured value is via cable transmission
It is compared to controller；When vacuum degree is higher than preset value in the extraction well of underground, accordingly descended on extraction well by controller closing
Solenoid valve；When vacuum degree is lower than preset value in the extraction well of underground, the solenoid valve accordingly descended on extraction well is opened by controller,
To realize that vacuum extraction operates.
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| CN201910337873.4A CN110066919B (en) | 2019-04-25 | 2019-04-25 | Vacuum extraction device and method for ionic rare earth mining |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111944997A (en) * | 2020-08-06 | 2020-11-17 | 四川共拓岩土科技股份有限公司 | Horizontal hole electroosmosis pipeline liquid collecting method |
| CN114000859A (en) * | 2021-10-25 | 2022-02-01 | 紫金矿业集团股份有限公司 | Mining device and mining method based on leaching mining method |
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| CN114000859A (en) * | 2021-10-25 | 2022-02-01 | 紫金矿业集团股份有限公司 | Mining device and mining method based on leaching mining method |
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| CN110066919B (en) | 2020-10-27 |
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