CN103967507B - A kind of curtain-grouting technique being suitable for rich water mine down-hole exploitation water blockoff - Google Patents

A kind of curtain-grouting technique being suitable for rich water mine down-hole exploitation water blockoff Download PDF

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CN103967507B
CN103967507B CN201410150803.5A CN201410150803A CN103967507B CN 103967507 B CN103967507 B CN 103967507B CN 201410150803 A CN201410150803 A CN 201410150803A CN 103967507 B CN103967507 B CN 103967507B
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hole
grouting
curtain
water
slip casting
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CN103967507A (en
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王运敏
汪为平
李何林
范庆
娄广文
武飞
汪绍元
路洪斌
李同鹏
唐开元
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Huawei National Engineering Research Center of High Efficient Cyclic and Utilization of Metallic Mineral Resources Co Ltd
Sinosteel Maanshan General Institute of Mining Research Co Ltd
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Engineering Investigation & Design Institute Of Sinosteel Maanshan Co Ltd
Huawei National Engineering Research Center of High Efficient Cyclic and Utilization of Metallic Mineral Resources Co Ltd
Sinosteel Maanshan General Institute of Mining Research Co Ltd
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Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of curtain-grouting technique being suitable for rich water mine down-hole exploitation water blockoff.Injected hole arrangement is: each chamber arrangement face upward 5 °, 15 ° and 25 ° on to injected hole each 6, the injected hole of each degree mutually staggers in the plane 60 ° and is evenly arranged; At end chamber arrangement to outside lower to-5 ° ,-30 ° and-60 ° of injected holes.Its grouting process is: ground depot sacked cement is transported to down-hole needs slip casting level, face through work mix station, secondary pulp storage tank, grouting pump, Grouting Pipe, aperture high-pressure installation carry out slip casting, after reaching the final grouting pressure of design, terminate slip casting, after further maintenance, cleaning bottom of hole, complete whole curtain-grouting operation.The present invention is directed to top board Karst Fissures, build the grouting curtain of high water plugging rate in down-hole, the double action of water proof and reinforcing can be played; safely and efficiently ore body is freed under the protection of grouting curtain; for the safety and high efficiency in mine provides technical guarantee, less engineering investment, the duration is short.

Description

A kind of curtain-grouting technique being suitable for rich water mine down-hole exploitation water blockoff
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of underground mine stopping up water work technology, especially relate to a kind of ore body roof Karst Fissures to grow and underground mine exploitation stopping up water work technology under strong rich water condition, be specially adapted to aquifer Karst Fissures, solution cavity is grown, moisture abundant and apply in the stopping up water work of the underground mine of ore body Relatively centralized exploitation.
Background technology
To the mine of rich groundwater, for ensureing that downhole safety is produced, often draining drainage will be carried out, mine pump drainage underground water will inevitably produce large-area precipitation funnel, easy initiation surface collapse, and cause groundwater table to decline, cause stop flow of spring water, well dry, as Shuikoushan Lead-zinc Mine, all Kou Kuang, the plumbous franklinite in nasal mucus top etc., have a strong impact on local people life and industrial and agricultural production.The cost that mine drainage costs a lot of money, meanwhile, periphery hydrogeological environment is subject to grievous injury.For this reason, China's mine water management worker uses for reference Hydropower Dam grouting experience and develops mining area drapery injected technology.Put into practice through nearly 40 years, develop, China's mining area drapery injected technology steps into the practical stage, reaches its maturity.Current China attracts great attention to Mine Geological Disasters, can say, drapery injected technology certainly will become one of major technique of flood mine water management.
External mining area curtain-grouting mostly is shallow section of curtain in Quaternary system topsoil, and major part digs the underground impervious wall of method construction, compares, cannot be mentioned in the same breath with the dark large curtain of China.Can say, from range of application, the curtain scale of mining area curtain, and the aspect such as the economic benefit obtained, social benefit is weighed, and the mining area drapery injected technology of China's original creation is all in world lead level.
Have nearly 20 case histories at ground, mining area curtain-grouting both at home and abroad at present, down-hole country rock curtain-grouting then rare report, both are in water plugging rate and safety, all there is obvious difference, the former has certain distance apart from exploiting field, not by the impact of mining engineering, requires certain water plugging rate, and in curtain, have perfect drainage system, there is not the threat of water inrush and inundate mine; And the latter is close to ore body, easily destroy by mining activity (explosion, sedimentation etc.), guarantee water inrush and inundate mine accident does not occur, therefore its technical difficulty is well imagined simultaneously.
" application of curtain-grouting in water-control in mine " literary composition that " western mineral exploration engineering " the 3rd phase in 2008 delivers is pointed out: " curtain grouting is exactly in the peripheral certain distance of main mine body; utilize the method for curtain grouting to be cut off in ore body location and extraneous hydraulic connection, reduce pit inflow of water to greatest extent ".In " application of curtain-grouting in the water blockoff of mine, all mouth areas " literary composition delivered " engineering construction " in February, 2009, the construction method of carrying out curtain-grouting under strong river channels is introduced, its resolution and principle are: carry out slip casting by the boring running through underground water mobile layer to permeable stratum (being mainly kettle sky group's dolomitic limestone and Datang rank argillaceous limestone), blocking underground water active tunnel, makes stratum local property change and forms relatively waterproof cylindrical region.The approach that main underflow enters pit is crossed in line, line carries out Equidistant Nodes formula bored grouting, columnar phase is made to be joined together to form relatively fluid-tight curtain together to waterproof region, curtain connects relative water resisting layer emperor ridge group graniphyric limestone, block with this path that underground water flows into pit, reach the object stoping mine pit water discharge.But this drapery injected technology, is difficult to adapt to ore body roof Karst Fissures and grows and the drapery injected in strong Fu Shui mineral deposit.
Summary of the invention
Object of the present invention is exactly the above-mentioned defect for existing in prior art, and provides a kind of curtain-grouting technique being suitable for rich water mine down-hole exploitation water blockoff, not only can strengthen steady of roof, play impermeable role simultaneously, and water plugging rate is high, safe and reliable.
For realizing above-mentioned purpose of the present invention, the present invention is a kind of is suitable for the curtain-grouting technique of rich water mine down-hole exploitation water blockoff by the following technical solutions:
1) first should analyze the hydrological engineering geologic information of exploratory bore-hole and tunnel, exploratory bore-hole in early stage situation about disclosing in early stage, find out mine Karst Fissures developmental state and mine water inrush situation;
2) choose suitable curtain anti-seepage standard, require that its water plugging rate reaches 80 ~ 95%;
3) utilize underworkings and chamber to carry out the construction of slip casting tunnel and detecting water by pilot hole injected hole, and the supporting of shotcrete with steel bar nets method is taked to the unsteady tunnel of lithology;
4) the curtain thickness of the leakage slope determination curtain-grouting that the maximal head that can bear according to curtain and injecting paste material can allow: T=H s/ J 0, m,
In formula: H sthe maximal head that-curtain can bear, m,
J 0the leakage slope that-injecting paste material can allow;
5) each chamber arrangement face upward 5 °, 15 ° and 25 ° on to injected hole each 6, grouting borehole design with chamber center for basic point, each degree injected hole mutually staggers in the plane 60 ° and is evenly arranged, hole depth 45 ~ 60m, mutually staggers in the plane 20 ° between 5 °, 15 ° and 25 ° of injected holes and is evenly arranged.At the scene in implementation process, and the requirement of accurate engineering mustn't be adopted and adjust according to the hydrology slip casting situation disclosed.
The boring Controling network degree formed to injected hole on described controls within 8m × 8m as good.
At end chamber arrangement to outside lower to-5 ° ,-30 ° and-60 ° of injected holes, hole depth 45 ~ 60m, to hold chamber center for basic point, to be respectively arranged symmetrically with in the plane to injected hole down, mutual angle is 10 °; At the scene in implementation process, and the requirement of accurate engineering must be adopted and adjust according to the hydrology slip casting situation disclosed.
6) adopt in down-hole underground drill rig and hidden hole drilling to construct the injected hole of each degree, and arrange aperture safety device, aperture safety device is made up of orifice tube, aperture water dam;
7) grout spreading range that diffuse to form of slurries in crack must meet simultaneously:
1. design formulas: R=
In formula: R-is grout spreading range, m,
K-is rock stratum transmission coefficient,
T-slip casting perdurabgility, h,
R-feed pipe for mortar radius, mm,
μ 1the coefficient of viscosity of-water,
μ 2the coefficient of viscosity of-slurries,
H grouting pressure, MPa,
The porosity of n-rock stratum;
2. according to " slurry injection technique code " regulation, in marble fissured waterbearing stratum, the effective dilation angle of slurries gets 6 ~ 15m;
8) in whole slip casting process, grouting pressure changes at any time along with the change of the situation such as diffusion, precipitating, filling pressure break of slurries around injected hole, respectively according to initial pressure, pressure process and final value pressure three phases, design the force value of this three phases respectively;
Generally, the initial pressure of design is 1.0 times of hydrostatic pressure, and pressure process controls between 1.5 ~ 2 times of hydrostatic pressing force value, and the final value pressure of design is 2.0 ~ 3.0 times of hydrostatic pressures.
9) in order to reach best slip casting effect, enough slurries amounts must be injected, to ensure that slurries have certain range of scatter, forming enough slip casting thickness.According to similar mine slip casting com-parison and analysis, the slurry consumption amount of injected hole is 0.3 ~ 0.8t/m,
10) other parameter: injecting paste material, concentration of slurry, slip casting ending standard meet designing requirement; When injected hole adopts single fluid grouting, under final value pressure, slip casting section midge amount can terminate slip casting after being less than 20 ~ 35L/min, lasting 30min.
Choose slurry viscosity low, the property noted is good, and grout spreading range is suitable for, and slurries calculus rate is high, impervious good, good stability, and calculus is soaked for a long time and material that state becomes do not occurred as injecting paste material, as neat slurry and clay cement grout in water; For the crack of different in width, take the slurries of several variable concentrations, first rare rear dense.
A kind of technical characteristics being suitable for the curtain-grouting technique of rich water mine down-hole exploitation water blockoff of the present invention has: in underground construction boring, with strong points, invalid creeping into is lacked; For top board Karst Fissures, play the double action of water proof and reinforcing; Less engineering investment, the duration is short, and has following effect:
(1), after visiting water hole mortar depositing construction by level, occurrence and the scale in ore body permeable structure crack can substantially be found out, the features such as groundwater regularities of distribution, the quiet dynamic reserve of qualitative analysis underground water.
(2) after implementing down-hole curtain encryption Grouting engineering, the hydrogeological characteristics of nearly ore body country rock is investigated thoroughly substantially, the water producing fractures of the overwhelming majority and leak " skylight " are by shutoff, pit inflow of water obviously reduces, estimation can reduce pit inflow of water about 70% ~ 80%, analysis of possibility of water inrush reduces greatly, ensures for ore body safety and high efficiency provides strong technology;
(3) by the enforcement to down-hole, mineral deposit Grouting Curtain Engineering, possessing under certain technical safety measures condition, the safe working that below grouting curtain ore deposit is measured can substantially be ensured;
(4), after ore body forms overall underground grouting curtain, can save a large amount of effluent costs, economic interests are remarkable;
(5), after Grouting Curtain Engineering is implemented, can substantially ensure that groundwater in mining area does not decline, subsiding does not appear in ground substantially;
(6) reduce Karst Fissures to grow and the exploitation risk in strong Fu Shui mine, and can apply in various conditions of similarity mine.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is a kind of curtain-grouting technique longitudinal projection figure being suitable for rich water mine down-hole exploitation water blockoff of the present invention.
Fig. 2 be the present invention a kind of be suitable for rich water mine down-hole exploitation water blockoff curtain-grouting technological level to perspective view.
Fig. 3 be the present invention a kind of be suitable for rich water mine down-hole exploitation water blockoff curtain-grouting technique grouting process flow chart.
Reference numeral is: 1-chamber; 2-tunnel; 3-5 ° of Water prospect grouting hole; 4-15 ° of Water prospect grouting hole; 5-25 ° of Water prospect grouting hole; 6-waterline.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, the present invention is described in further details.
A kind of curtain-grouting technique longitudinal projection being suitable for rich water mine down-hole exploitation water blockoff of the present invention as shown in Figure 1 schemes and composition graphs 2 is found out, tunnel 2 is positioned under waterline 6, and each chamber 1 is along tunnel 2 lateral arrangement.
1) arrange to Water prospect grouting hole on: arrange at each chamber 1 and face upward 5 °, 15 ° and each 6 of 25 ° of Water prospect grouting holes, forming boring Controling network degree is within 8m × 8m.Visit note drilling design with chamber center for basic point, mutually stagger in the plane 60 ° separately and be evenly arranged in 25 ° of Water prospect grouting holes 5,4,6,15 ° of Water prospect grouting holes, 63,6,5 ° of Water prospect grouting holes, hole depth 50m.Mutually stagger between 5 °, 15 ° and 25 ° of Water prospect grouting holes 20 ° and be evenly arranged.At the scene in implementation process, and the requirement of accurate engineering mustn't be adopted and adjust according to the hydrology slip casting situation disclosed.
2) arrange to Water prospect grouting hole under: to-5 ° ,-30 ° and-60 ° of Water prospect grouting holes under end chamber is outwards arranged, hole depth 50m.To hold chamber center for basic point, to be respectively arranged symmetrically with in the plane to Water prospect grouting hole down, mutual angle is 10 °.At the scene in implementation process, and the requirement of accurate engineering must be adopted and adjust according to the hydrology slip casting situation disclosed.
3) according to adopting the requirement of accurate engineering, carry out holing, slip casting, form grouting curtain, design parameter is:
(1) curtain thickness is: T=H s/ J 0, m,
In formula: H sthe maximal head that-curtain can bear, m,
J 0the leakage slope that-injecting paste material can allow;
(2) grout spreading range that diffuse to form of slurries in crack must meet simultaneously:
1. design formulas: R=
In formula: R-is grout spreading range, m,
K-is rock stratum transmission coefficient,
T-slip casting perdurabgility, h,
R-feed pipe for mortar radius, mm,
μ 1the coefficient of viscosity of-water,
μ 2the coefficient of viscosity of-slurries,
H grouting pressure, MPa,
The porosity of n-rock stratum;
2. according to " slurry injection technique code " regulation, in marble fissured waterbearing stratum, the effective dilation angle of slurries gets 6 ~ 15m;
(3) other parameter: injecting paste material, grouting pressure, concentration of slurry, slip casting ending standard meet designing requirement.
1. grouting pressure
Grouting pressure is the power that slurries overcome that flow resistance carries out diffusion, is the principal element determining slip casting effect.In whole slip casting process, grouting pressure changes at any time along with the change of the situation such as diffusion, precipitating, filling pressure break of slurries around injected hole, is generally divided into initial pressure, pressure process and final value pressure three phases.
Initial pressure: now because slip casting just starts, should adopt thin pulp low-pressure grouting, makes slurries excessively loose, filling slowly, and general initial pressure is 1.0 times of hydrostatic pressure.
Pressure process: the mid-term appearing at slip casting process, now slurries diffuses flow, precipitating, filling in crack, large crack reduces gradually, rimala starts into slurry filling.Pressure process controls between 1.5 ~ 2 times of hydrostatic pressing force value.
Final value pressure: appear at slip casting latter stage, pressure at the end of being slip casting, now occur that grouting amount raises and the phenomenon of reduction with pressure, still need keep grouting pressure and stablize a period of time, its objective is the space under high pressure compacting further making filling full, the duration in this stage is shorter, because pressure curve obviously rises, mark slip casting closes on end, should terminate slip casting work by slip casting ending standard, and design final grouting pressure is 2.0 ~ 3.0 times of hydrostatic pressures.In actual slip casting work, should consider, apply in a flexible way, when there being more charges in rock fracture agensis or Karst Fissures, especially the broken contact zones of ore body upper lower burrs, should adopt to it, high-pressure slip-casting carries out that densification is compacted, filling slight crack or consolidation process; If Karst Fissures is grown, then should adopt low pressure, underflow, quantitatively interval grouting method, in order to avoid slurries diffuse through far, cause waste.
2. concentration of slurry
The concentration of the slurries of injected hole directly affects the property noted and the set strength of slurries, due to the crack containing different in width in slip casting section, therefore all should adopt the slurries of several concentration in each slip casting, principle is first rare rear dense, deacclimatizes the crack of various different in width with the slurries of variable concentrations respectively.The initial concentration of single liquid cement paste is determined by the rock stratum water absorption rate of each bored grouting section.Single liquid cement paste initial concentration carries out proportioning by four ranks such as water/binder ratio 2:1,1.5:1,1:1 and 0.8:1, selects for during slip casting; Cement, water glass dual slurry generally adopt the volume of the cement paste of 1:1 and the volume proportion of water glass, and volume ratio is 1:1 and 1:0.8 bis-ranks.
3. slurries injection rate
In order to reach best slip casting effect, enough slurries amounts must be injected, to ensure that slurries have certain range of scatter, forming enough slip casting thickness.Slurries injection rate is relevant with slip casting section thickness, rock fracture rate, rate of karstification, slurries gel time etc., but is difficult to accurately provide due to the crack rate of rock, the therefore slurries injection rate calculated value in every hole, can only for reference when preparing material.According to similar mine slip casting com-parison and analysis, the slurry consumption amount of every meter of injected hole is 0.3 ~ 0.8t/m.
4. slip casting ending standard: during injected hole single fluid grouting, under the final value pressure of design, slip casting section midge amount is less than 20 ~ 35L/min, after continuing 30min, can terminate slip casting.
5. injecting paste material.Injecting paste material should meet following requirement: slurry viscosity is low, and the property noted is good, and grout spreading range is suitable for; Slurries calculus rate is high, impervious good, good stability, and calculus is soaked for a long time and state change is not occurred in water.According to above-mentioned requirements, neat slurry and clay cement grout can be selected.Compared with neat slurry, the cost of clay cement grout only has 60% of neat slurry, and the property noted, stability and anti-dilution are better, and should preferentially select when condition is suitable for, its shortcoming is that intensity is lower, and pulping process is complicated.
4) carry out in strict accordance with relevant technical requirements in boring and slip casting process.
The present invention is as shown in Figure 3 a kind of be suitable for the curtain-grouting technique of rich water mine down-hole exploitation water blockoff grouting process flow chart and composition graphs 1, Fig. 2 find out, its grouting process simplified summary is: ground depot sacked cement is transported to down-hole needs slip casting level, face through work mix station, secondary pulp storage tank, grouting pump, Grouting Pipe, aperture high-pressure installation carry out slip casting, after reaching the final grouting pressure of design, terminate slip casting, after further maintenance, cleaning bottom of hole, complete whole curtain-grouting operation.Specifically carry out according to following technological process:
1) first should analyze the hydrological engineering geologic information of exploratory bore-hole and tunnel, exploratory bore-hole in early stage situation about disclosing in early stage, find out mine Karst Fissures developmental state and mine water inrush situation;
2) choose suitable anti-seepage standard, its water plugging rate of General Requirements reaches about 90%, just may meet the smooth enforcement that mining is produced;
3) utilize underworkings and chamber to carry out the construction of slip casting tunnel and detecting water by pilot hole injected hole, and the supporting of shotcrete with steel bar nets method is taked to the unsteady tunnel of lithology;
4) thickness of the leakage slope determination curtain-grouting that the maximal head that can bear according to curtain and injecting paste material can allow;
5) usually adopt in down-hole underground drill rig and hidden hole drilling to construct the injected hole of each degree, and arrange aperture safety device, aperture safety device is made up of orifice tube, aperture water dam;
6) in conjunction with the situation of change of the factors such as transmission coefficient, fracture opening, grouting pressure, concentration of slurry and injection length, and according to " slurry injection technique code " regulation, slurry dilation angle is determined;
7) in whole slip casting process, grouting pressure changes at any time along with the change of the situation such as diffusion, precipitating, filling pressure break of slurries around injected hole, generally be divided into initial pressure, pressure process and final value pressure three phases, design the force value of this three phases respectively;
8) choose slurry viscosity low, the property noted is good, and grout spreading range is suitable for, and slurries calculus rate is high, impervious good, good stability, and calculus is soaked for a long time and material that state becomes do not occurred as injecting paste material, as neat slurry and clay cement grout in water;
9) for the crack of different in width, the slurries of several variable concentrations are taked, first rare rear dense;
10) in order to reach best slip casting effect, enough slurries amounts must be injected, to ensure that slurries have certain range of scatter, forming enough slip casting thickness.According to similar mine slip casting com-parison and analysis, the slurry consumption amount of every meter of injected hole is 0.3 ~ 0.8t/m.
11) during injected hole single fluid grouting, under final value pressure, slip casting section midge amount is less than 20 ~ 35L/min, after continuing 30min, can terminate slip casting.

Claims (3)

1. be suitable for a curtain-grouting technique for rich water mine down-hole exploitation water blockoff, it is characterized in that by the following technical solutions:
1) first should analyze the hydrological engineering geologic information of exploratory bore-hole and tunnel, exploratory bore-hole in early stage situation about disclosing in early stage, find out mine Karst Fissures developmental state and mine water inrush situation;
2) choose suitable curtain anti-seepage standard, require that its water plugging rate reaches 80 ~ 95%;
3) utilize underworkings and chamber to carry out the construction of slip casting tunnel and detecting water by pilot hole injected hole, and the supporting of shotcrete with steel bar nets method is taked to the unsteady tunnel of lithology;
4) the curtain thickness of the leakage slope determination curtain-grouting that the maximal head that can bear according to curtain and injecting paste material can allow: T=H s/ J 0, m,
In formula: H sthe maximal head that-curtain can bear, m,
J 0the leakage slope that-injecting paste material can allow;
5) each chamber arrangement face upward 5 °, 15 ° and 25 ° on to injected hole each 6, grouting borehole design with chamber center for basic point, each degree injected hole mutually staggers in the plane 60 ° and is evenly arranged, hole depth 45 ~ 60m, mutually staggers in the plane 20 ° between 5 °, 15 ° and 25 ° of injected holes and is evenly arranged; At end chamber arrangement to outside lower to-5 ° ,-30 ° and-60 ° of injected holes, hole depth 45 ~ 60m, to hold chamber center for basic point, to be respectively arranged symmetrically with in the plane to injected hole down, mutual angle is 10 °;
6) adopt in down-hole underground drill rig and hidden hole drilling to construct the injected hole of each degree, and arrange aperture safety device, aperture safety device is made up of orifice tube, aperture water dam;
7) grout spreading range that diffuse to form of slurries in crack must meet simultaneously:
1. design formulas: R=
In formula: R-is grout spreading range, m,
K-is rock stratum transmission coefficient,
T-slip casting perdurabgility, h,
R-feed pipe for mortar radius, mm,
μ 1the coefficient of viscosity of-water,
μ 2the coefficient of viscosity of-slurries,
H grouting pressure, MPa,
The porosity of n-rock stratum;
2. according to " slurry injection technique code " regulation, in marble fissured waterbearing stratum, the effective dilation angle of slurries gets 6 ~ 15m;
8) in whole slip casting process, respectively according to initial pressure, pressure process and final value pressure three phases, design the force value of this three phases respectively, the initial pressure of design is 1.0 times of hydrostatic pressure, pressure process controls between 1.5 ~ 2 times of hydrostatic pressing force value, and the final value pressure of design is 2.0 ~ 3.0 times of hydrostatic pressures;
9) the slurry consumption amount of injected hole is 0.3 ~ 0.8t/m;
10) other parameter: injecting paste material, concentration of slurry, slip casting ending standard meet designing requirement.
2. as claimed in claim 1 a kind of be suitable for rich water mine down-hole exploitation water blockoff curtain-grouting technique, it is characterized in that: on described to injected hole formed boring Controling network degree within 8m × 8m.
3. as claimed in claim 1 or 2 a kind of be suitable for rich water mine down-hole exploitation water blockoff curtain-grouting technique, it is characterized in that: when injected hole adopts single fluid grouting, under final value pressure, slip casting section midge amount can terminate slip casting after being less than 20 ~ 35L/min, lasting 30min.
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CN102493822B (en) * 2011-12-29 2014-04-02 中铁二十三局集团有限公司 Method for performing curtain grouting construction on tunnel by water rich fault influence zone
CN103470267B (en) * 2013-09-28 2016-05-18 中铁二十局集团第二工程有限公司 The one Rapid Construction of Tunnels technique of growing up

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CN108843343A (en) * 2018-05-30 2018-11-20 陕煤集团神木张家峁矿业有限公司 A kind of coal mine waits for covering the grouting method of burnt rock water seal curtain on mining face
CN108843343B (en) * 2018-05-30 2019-07-30 陕煤集团神木张家峁矿业有限公司 A kind of coal mine waits for covering the grouting method of burnt rock water seal curtain on mining face

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