CN111620985B - 共价固定dna的水凝胶及其应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供一种共价固定DNA模板的水凝胶的制备方法,具体为在水凝胶单体中碳碳双键自由基聚合形成水凝胶骨架的同时,利用N‑丙烯酰氧基琥珀酰亚胺中的碳碳双键参与上述自由基聚合过程,从而将N‑丙烯酰氧基琥珀酰亚胺共价连接到水凝胶的骨架中。并提供利用该制备方法制备的水凝胶共价固定DNA的方法,以及由此获得的共价固定DNA水凝胶的应用,尤其是在无细胞蛋白质合成中的应用。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于生物技术领域,具体涉及一种共价固定DNA模板的水凝胶的制备方法及利用该水凝胶表达蛋白质的方法。
背景技术
为了提高DNA分子的稳定性,通常将DNA固定在固态基质表面。DNA的共价固定在PCR、分子检测等领域拥有广泛的应用,现有技术中,常用共价固定DNA分子的技术主要包括利用肽键的方式、利用各种硅烷偶联剂的方式、利用巯基的方式等,常用于DNA固定化的固态基质有金刚石、金属、金属氧化物、陶瓷、塑料等,上述材料拥有良好的物理性能,然而由于上述材料多孔结构的制备较为复杂,所以通常DNA是直接固定在材料的外表面上。
水凝胶作为一种制备工艺简单的多孔材料,是具有高分子网络骨架的材料,其化学性质及物理性质与天然的细胞环境较为相似,在诸多领域具有广泛应用,如药物载体、细胞培养、反应腔室等。水凝胶的化学骨架一般含有大量的亲水基团,因而可以通过与水分子之间形成氢键的作用而将大量水保持在凝胶的三维骨架中。水凝胶具备两种物理状态:含有液态水的凝胶和不含液态水的凝胶骨架,含有液态水的凝胶可以通过去除水分形成不含液态水的凝胶骨架,不含液态水的凝胶骨架可以通过重新接触液态水形成含有液态水的凝胶。水凝胶可以通过简单调控形成水凝胶不同组分之间的比例来形成不同大小的化学骨架,即不同大小的孔隙结构,具备多孔结构的水凝胶有助于提高DNA分子的固定量、有助于DNA转录翻译过程中物质的交换、有助于合成的蛋白质的向外扩散和输出。部分研究成熟的水凝胶拥有优良的生物兼容性和生物惰性,适合成为优良的载体。
常用做水凝胶的化合物有聚乙二醇、聚乙烯醇、丙烯酸酯、丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、聚丙烯酸等。其中,聚乙二醇(PEG,polyethylene glycol)是一种水溶性高分子,其水凝胶无毒,生物相容性好;而且聚乙二醇分子量的范围很宽。PEG和其他分子偶合时,其许多优良性质也会随之体现在相应的结合物中。同样的,丙烯酰胺等聚合物也具有其各自的优点。
发明内容
鉴于此,本发明为解决DNA在水凝胶中的共价固定问题提供了DNA的一种新的共价固定于水凝胶中的方法。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供如下技术方案:在形成水凝胶的同时将用来共价固定DNA的连接分子N-丙烯酰氧基琥珀酰亚胺(CAS No:38862-24-7)同时形成到水凝胶的化学骨架中。利用水凝胶单体分子中碳碳双键自由基聚合形成水凝胶化学骨架的同时,N-丙烯酰氧基琥珀酰亚胺分子中的碳碳双键可参与上述自由基聚合过程,从而实现N-丙烯酰氧基琥珀酰亚胺分子共价连接到水凝胶的化学骨架中。由于聚乙二醇水凝胶拥有优异的生物兼容性和生物惰性,选择聚乙二醇水凝胶作为DNA的载体,进一步的,两端丙烯酸酯修饰的聚乙二醇长链分子由于两端的碳碳双键可以和N-丙烯酰氧基琥珀酰亚胺中的碳碳双键在光引发剂的作用下,经对应光线照射共聚合形成共价连接的三维化学骨架,在氢键的作用下与液态水形成水凝胶。聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶也可作为DNA的载体,丙烯酰胺单体分子中的碳碳双键能和N-丙烯酰氧基琥珀酰亚胺中的碳碳双键在引发剂(过硫酸铵和四甲基乙二胺)和交联剂(有两个碳碳双键的双官能团化合物,优选为N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺)的作用下,聚合形成共价连接的三维化学骨架,在氢键的作用下与液态水形成水凝胶。
为了使整块的水凝胶便于各种体积规格的蛋白质合成体系的使用,采取破碎的方式将水凝胶从一个整体变为均匀的微小颗粒。采用低温冻干技术将水凝胶中的水分去除,以获得不含液态水的凝胶骨架,此骨架在重新接触待固定DNA的水溶液时能够快速将溶液吸收至凝胶内部,即可保证水凝胶内部各位置的DNA浓度与初始DNA溶液一致,从而实现DNA在水凝胶中的均匀固定。为了使目标DNA能够共价固定到凝胶骨架中,我们对DNA的一端或两端进行氨基化修饰,末端氨基化修饰的DNA能够通过修饰的氨基与骨架中的DNA连接分子N-丙烯酰氧基琥珀酰亚胺形成共价化学键,从而实现DNA的共价固定。将上述固定有DNA的水凝胶加入至无细胞体外蛋白质合成体系中,从而实现此DNA的转录翻译,获得目标蛋白质。
具体的,本发明主要包括以下几个方面:
第一方面,提供一种共价固定DNA分子的水凝胶的制备方法,即在水凝胶单体中碳碳双键自由基聚合形成水凝胶骨架的同时,利用N-丙烯酰氧基琥珀酰亚胺中的碳碳双键参与上述自由基聚合过程,从而将N-丙烯酰氧基琥珀酰亚胺共价连接到水凝胶的骨架中。
进一步的,所述水凝胶单体中含有一个或多个碳碳双键。
进一步的,所述水凝胶单体选自聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯或丙烯酰胺。
第二方面,提供一种利用第一方面制备方法制备的水凝胶,所述水凝胶骨架分子结构中含有式(I)所示基团,式(I)基团如下:
(I)
该基团是N-丙烯酰氧基琥珀酰亚胺中的碳碳双键参与水凝胶反应后所形成的基团。
第三方面,利用第二方面所述的水凝胶共价固定DNA的方法,水凝胶与氨基化修饰的DNA进行反应,通过DNA中修饰的氨基与骨架中的所述式(I)基团形成酰胺键,从而实现DNA的共价固定。
第四方面,提供一种利用第三方面所述方法制备的水凝胶,其中,水凝胶中共价固定有DNA分子。
第五方面,提供一种第四方面所述水凝胶的应用,尤其是在无细胞蛋白合成体系中的应用。
本发明的主要优点包括:
1.与N-丙烯酰氧基琥珀酰亚胺共聚合的PEG水凝胶、以及聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶可预先制备并在破碎、冻干后储存,便于后期DNA便捷的共价固定;
2.该DNA固定方法可以将DNA简单、便捷、有效地共价固定到水凝胶中;
3.该方法适用于多种水凝胶体系,优选的PEG水凝胶具有优异的生物兼容性和生物惰性,应用广泛;
4.固定有DNA的水凝胶可以作为无细胞蛋白合成体系的载体,发挥容器和承载的功能,为蛋白合成体系提供多孔结构,增加反应表面。
5.对于所固定的DNA模板只需进行氨基修饰,如5’端、3’端或者DNA分子的任意部位进行氨基修饰,优选在末端进行氨基修饰。而无需其他修饰即可与水凝胶进行共价连接,操作简单、方便。
附图说明
图1.示出聚乙二醇水凝胶共价固定DNA分子中所用化合物的结构式:(A)为聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯;(B)N-丙烯酰氧基琥珀酰亚胺;(C)5’端修饰有NH2-C12的DNA;(D)聚乙二醇水凝胶;(E)DNA共价固定的聚乙二醇水凝胶。D、E仅是示意性的结构图,并不代表水凝胶每一个网格均是如图所示的结构,实际上由于自由基共聚反应的复杂性,实际结构很难表示,本图仅用于示意性说明DNA分子在水凝胶中的固定方式及反应位点。
图2.DNA共价固定的聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶中所用化合物的结构式:(B)N-丙烯酰氧基琥珀酰亚胺;(C)5’端修饰有NH2-C12的DNA;(F)丙烯酰胺;(G)N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺;(H)聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶;(I)DNA共价固定的聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶。H、I仅是示意性的结构图,并不代表水凝胶每一个网格均是如图所示的结构,实际上由于自由基共聚反应的复杂性,实际结构很难表示,本图仅用于示意性说明DNA分子在水凝胶中的固定方式及反应位点。
图3.琼脂糖凝胶电泳图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例,进一步阐述本发明。应理解,这些实施例仅用于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明的范围。下列实施例中未注明具体条件的实验方法,通常按照常规条件,例如Sambrook等人,分子克隆:实验室手册(New York:Cold Spring HarborLaboratory Press,1989)中所述的条件,或按照制造厂商所建议的条件。除非另外说明,否则百分比和份数是重量百分比和重量份数。
除非有特别说明,否则本发明实施例中的试剂和材料均为市售产品。
本发明以乳酸克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces lactis,K.lactis)为实施例,但同样的设计和分析、实验方法也适用于其他细胞(如大肠杆菌、CHO细胞等)以及高等动物细胞。
术语
为了可以更容易地理解本公开,首先定义某些术语。如本申请中所使用的,除非本文另有明确规定,否则以下术语中的每一个应具有下面给出的含义。在整个申请中阐述了其它定义。
水凝胶单体
水凝胶单体是用以形成水凝胶的组成成分,且提供主要结构的单体或者是聚合物。如聚乙二醇、聚乙烯醇、丙烯酸酯、丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、聚丙烯酸等。本发明实施例中主要采用的是聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、丙烯酰胺。
体外无细胞蛋白合成体系
本发明提供了一种表达外源蛋白的体外无细胞蛋白合成体系,所述合成体系主要至少包括:细胞裂解液或细胞提取物。
进一步的,所述合成体系还包括选自下组的一种或多种组分:用于合成蛋白质的底物、用于合成RNA的底物、RNA聚合酶、镁离子、钾离子、缓冲剂、能量再生系统、聚乙二醇(PEG)或其类似物、二硫苏糖醇(DTT)和任选的溶剂,所述溶剂为水或水性溶剂。
进一步的,所述细胞提取物的细胞来源选自下组的一种或多种类型的细胞:原核细胞和真核细胞。
进一步的,所述细胞提取物的细胞来源选自下组的一种或多种类型的细胞:大肠杆菌、哺乳动物细胞(如HF9、Hela、CHO、HEK293)、植物细胞、酵母细胞或其组合。
进一步的,所述细胞为真核细胞。所述真核细胞为哺乳动物细胞、植物细胞、酵母细胞、昆虫细胞之一或其任意组合。其中,所述酵母细胞选自酿酒酵母、毕氏酵母、克鲁维酵母之一或其组合;克鲁维酵母属酵母选自乳酸克鲁维酵母、马克斯克鲁维酵母、多布克鲁维酵母之一或其任意组合;较佳地,所述的酵母细胞为克鲁维酵母,更佳地为乳酸克鲁维酵母。
进一步的,所述细胞提取物为对酵母细胞的水性提取物。
进一步的,所述细胞提取物不含酵母内源性的长链核酸分子。
进一步的,所述的合成RNA的底物包括:核苷单磷酸、核苷三磷酸之一或其组合。
进一步的,所述的合成蛋白质的底物包括:20种天然氨基酸以及非天然氨基酸。
进一步的,所述镁离子来源于镁离子源,所述镁离子源选自下组:醋酸镁、谷氨酸镁之一或其组合。
进一步的,所述钾离子来源于钾离子源,所述钾离子源选自下组:醋酸钾、谷氨酸钾之一或其组合。
进一步的,所述能量再生系统选自下组:磷酸肌酸/磷酸肌酸酶系统、糖酵解途径及其中间产物能量系统之一、蔗糖或其组合。
进一步的,所述缓冲剂选自下组:4-羟乙基哌嗪乙磺酸、三羟甲基氨基甲烷之一或其组合。
进一步的,所述蛋白合成体系含有聚乙二醇(PEG)或其类似物。聚乙二醇或其类似物的浓度没有特别限制,通常,聚乙二醇或其类似物的浓度(w/v)为0.1-8%,较佳地,0.5-4%,更佳地,1-2%,以所述蛋白合成体系的总重量计。代表性的PEG选自下组:PEG3000、PEG3350、PEG6000、PEG8000之一或其组合。
进一步的,所述聚乙二醇包括分子量(Da)为200-10000的聚乙二醇,如PEG200、400、1500、2000、4000、6000、8000、10000等,较佳地,分子量为3000-10000的聚乙二醇。
可选的方案为,本发明提供的蛋白合成体系包括:酵母细胞提取物,4-羟乙基哌嗪乙磺酸,醋酸钾,醋酸镁,腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(ATP),鸟嘌呤核苷三磷酸(GTP),胞嘧啶核苷三磷酸(CTP),胸腺嘧啶核苷三磷酸(TTP),氨基酸混合物,磷酸肌酸,二硫苏糖醇(DTT),磷酸肌酸激酶,RNA聚合酶,聚乙二醇,蔗糖。
在本发明中,所述的细胞提取物不含完整的细胞,典型的细胞提取物包括用于蛋白翻译的核糖体、转运RNA、氨酰tRNA合成酶、蛋白质合成需要的起始因子和延伸因子以及终止释放因子。此外,细胞提取物中还含有一些源自细胞的细胞质中的其他蛋白,尤其是可溶性蛋白。
在本发明中,所述的细胞提取物所含蛋白含量为20-100mg/ml,较佳为50-100mg/ml。所述的测定蛋白含量方法为考马斯亮蓝测定方法。
在本发明中,所述的细胞提取物的制备方法不受限制,一种优选的制备方法包括以下步骤:
(i)提供细胞;
(ii)对细胞进行洗涤处理,获得经洗涤的细胞;
(iii)对经洗涤的细胞进行细胞破碎处理,从而获得细胞粗提物;
(iv)对所述细胞粗提物进行固液分离,获得液体部分,即为细胞提取物。
在本发明中,所述的固液分离方式不受特别限制,一种优选的方式为离心。
在本发明中,所述离心条件不受特别限制,一种优选的离心条件为5000-100000×g,较佳地,8000-30000×g。
在本发明中,所述离心时间不受特别限制,一种优选的离心时间为0.5min-2h,较佳地,20min-50min。
在本发明中,所述离心的温度不受特别限制,优选的,所述离心在1-10℃下进行,较佳地,在2-6℃下进行。
在本发明中,所述的洗涤处理方式不受特别限制,一种优选的洗涤处理方式为采用洗涤液在pH为7-8(较佳地,7.4)下进行处理,所述洗涤液没有特别限制,典型的所述洗涤液选自下组:4-羟乙基哌嗪乙磺酸钾、醋酸钾、醋酸镁、或其组合。
在本发明中,所述细胞破碎处理的方式不受特别限制,一种优选的所述的细胞破碎处理包括高压破碎、冻融(如液氮低温)破碎。
所述蛋白合成体系中的核苷三磷酸混合物为腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸、鸟嘌呤核苷三磷酸、胞嘧啶核苷三磷酸和尿嘧啶核苷三磷酸。在本发明中,各种单核苷酸的浓度没有特别限制,通常每种单核苷酸的浓度为0.5-5mM,较佳地为1.0-2.0mM。
所述蛋白合成体系中的氨基酸混合物可包括天然或非天然氨基酸,可包括D型或L型氨基酸。代表性的氨基酸包括(但并不限于)20种天然氨基酸:甘氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸、色氨酸、丝氨酸、酪氨酸、半胱氨酸、蛋氨酸、天冬酰胺、谷氨酰胺、苏氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸和组氨酸。每种氨基酸的浓度通常为0.01-0.5mM,较佳地0.02-0.2mM,如0.05、0.06、0.07、0.08mM。
在优选例中,所述体外无细胞蛋白合成体系还含有蔗糖,所述蔗糖的浓度为0.03-40wt%,较佳地,0.08-10wt%,更佳地,0.1-5wt%,以所述蛋白合成体系的总重量计。
一种特别优选的体外无细胞蛋白合成体系,除了酵母细胞提取物之外,还含有以下组分:22mM pH为7.4的4-羟乙基哌嗪乙磺酸,30-150mM醋酸钾,1.0-5.0mM醋酸镁,1.5-4mM核苷三磷酸混合物,0.08-0.24mM的氨基酸混合物,25mM磷酸肌酸,1.7mM二硫苏糖醇,0.27mg/mL磷酸肌酸激酶,1%-4%聚乙二醇,0.5%-2%蔗糖,0.027-0.054mg/mL T7 RNA聚合酶。
实施例1
称量1g聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯(分子量3400),0.1g 2-羟基-4'-(2-羟基乙氧基)-2-甲基苯丙酮(光引发剂,CAS No:106797-53-9),0.006g N-丙烯酰氧基琥珀酰亚胺置于15mL离心管中,加入5mL蒸馏水和3mL丙三醇,充分混合形成溶液后,置于紫外灯(波长365nm)下照射10分钟,形成聚乙二醇水凝胶。
实施例2
称量29g丙烯酰胺和1g N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺,加蒸馏水定容至100mL,配得丙烯酰胺的单体储备液;称量1g过硫酸铵,加蒸馏水定容至10mL,配得过硫酸铵的储备液。移取16.7mL的丙烯酰胺单体储备液,加入2.5mL的过硫酸铵储备液,称取0.03g的2-羟基-4'-(2-羟基乙氧基)-2-甲基苯丙酮溶于81.6mL后并全部加入上述混合物中,然后立刻加入0.3mL四甲基乙二胺,快速形成聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶。
实施例3
将实施例1所得聚乙二醇水凝胶和实施例2所得的聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶分别转移至含有液氮的破碎机中进行破碎处理,然后将破碎后的水凝胶转移至玻璃瓶中,待液氮完全气化后,将玻璃瓶置于-80℃冰箱中12小时,然后将水凝胶置于冻干机中进行-30℃真空冻干处理24小时。将冻干后的水凝胶分别置于10mL浓度为0.1mg/mL的DNA(DNA的5’端修饰有氨基)溶液中在室温下反应10小时进行连接反应。
之后,对每份样品中加入1mL蒸馏水浸泡20小时,取浸泡液进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳,用以检测DNA是否共价固定在水凝胶中,如非共价固定,浸泡洗脱将使得游离的DNA分子脱离水凝胶而进入水溶液中。经检测共价固定DNA的水凝胶离心(5000rpm)2分钟去除上清液,蒸馏水清洗5次,加入10mL蒸馏水混合均匀,取30μL上述混合物加入30μL无细胞体外蛋白质合成体系中,室温下反应3小时后,对目标蛋白(即以固定DNA为模板所获得的蛋白)含量进行测定;测定方法为取10μL室温下反应3小时后的反应液置于384孔板中,4000rpm离心1分钟,置于Envision 2120多功能酶标仪(Perkin Elmer)读数,测定相对荧光单位值(Relative fluorescence Unit,RFU),并通过拟合的蛋白质含量和RFU值的标准曲线,计算出反应液中的蛋白质含量。
所用的无细胞体外蛋白质合成体系如下:
无细胞体外蛋白质合成体系中含有质量分数为20%的生物化学冻干粉末和质量分数为80%的蒸馏水。生物化学冻干粉末:冻干前混合物里包含50%体积的乳酸克鲁维酵母细胞提取物和50%体积的缓冲液。其中缓冲液包括10-50mM的磷酸缓冲液、10-100mM的三羟甲基氨基甲烷、20-300mM的醋酸钾、10-100mM的醋酸镁、1-20mM的二硫苏糖醇、0.1%-5%的聚乙二醇8000、2-50mM的葡萄糖、10-200mg/mL的糊精、0.001-0.01mg/mL的淀粉酶、0.1-30mM的核苷三磷酸混合物、0.08-0.24mM的氨基酸混合物。
其中无细胞体外蛋白质合成体系的DNA模板为5’端修饰有NH2-C12的绿色荧光蛋白DNA,优选为eGFP(增强绿色荧光蛋白)。
实验结果
每份样品中加入1mL蒸馏水浸泡20小时,取浸泡液进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳,结果如图3所示,A和B两列分别对应聚乙二醇水凝胶的两份样品,C和D两列分别对应聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶的两份样品,E列对应配制的对比样品:浓度为0.1mg/mL的DNA溶液经过与试验组同样的处理,电泳图中可以明显看到E列中的DNA条带,而A、B、C、D四列中的DNA条带基本没有,说明DNA可以较为完全地被共价固定到水凝胶中。
将共价固定DNA(eGFP的DNA模板)的水凝胶加入无细胞体外蛋白质合成体系中进行无细胞蛋白合成反应,测得聚乙二醇水凝胶体系中eGFP含量为4μg/mL,聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶体系中eGFP含量为3.6μg/mL。
在本发明提及的所有文献都在本申请中引用作为参考,就如同每一篇文献被单独引用作为参考那样。此外应理解,在阅读了本发明的上述内容之后,本领域技术人员可以对本发明作各种改动或修改,这些等价形式同样落于本申请所附权利要求书所限定的范围。
Claims (3)
1.一种利用水凝胶共价固定DNA的方法,其特征在于:采取破碎的方式将水凝胶从一个整体变为均匀的微小颗粒,采用低温冻干技术将水凝胶中的水分去除,以获得不含液态水的凝胶骨架;将所述凝胶骨架接触待固定的DNA水溶液,在凝胶骨架成为水凝胶的同时,DNA水溶液中的DNA分子均匀固定在水凝胶中;
所述水凝胶与氨基化修饰的DNA进行反应,通过DNA中修饰的氨基与骨架中的所述式(I)基团形成酰胺键,从而实现DNA的共价固定;
所述水凝胶的制备方法为:在水凝胶单体中碳碳双键自由基聚合形成水凝胶骨架的同时,利用N-丙烯酰氧基琥珀酰亚胺中的碳碳双键参与上述自由基聚合过程,从而将N-丙烯酰氧基琥珀酰亚胺共价连接到水凝胶的骨架中,所述水凝胶骨架分子结构中含有式(I)所示基团,式(I)如下:
(I)
所述水凝胶骨架分子的结构是网格状;所述水凝胶单体选自聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯或丙烯酰胺;当水凝胶单体选用丙烯酰胺时,还添加交联剂。
2.一种用于无细胞蛋白合成体系的三维DNA模板体系,其特征在于:包括通过权利要求1中的水凝胶制备方法得到的水凝胶,并在所述水凝胶中共价固定有DNA分子。
3.一种无细胞蛋白合成体系,其特征在于:其中包括如权利要求2所述的三维DNA模板体系。
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