CN111543158A

CN111543158A - Fertilizing method for improving peanut yield in acid soil

Info

Publication number: CN111543158A
Application number: CN202010406249.8A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 戴良香; 张智猛; 张冠初; 徐扬; 丁红; 袁光; 慈敦伟; 秦斐斐; 李泽伦; 梁新波
Original assignee: Shandong Peanut Research Institute
Current assignee: Shandong Peanut Research Institute
Priority date: 2020-05-14
Filing date: 2020-05-14
Publication date: 2020-08-18

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of plant cultivation, and particularly discloses a fertilizing method for improving peanut yield in acid soil, which comprises the steps of selecting calcium fertilizer, silicon fertilizer, organic fertilizer and boron fertilizer as factor levels to perform four-level three-repeat orthogonal experiments, measuring net photosynthetic rate, SPAD value and agronomic characters of each treatment in a pod stage, measuring yield in a harvest stage, measuring the agronomic characters such as main stem height and side branch length, determining different fertilizer ratios for improving net photosynthetic rate of leaves, SPAD value, dry weight of overground parts of peanuts and dry weight of single-plant pods of peanuts, further determining a fertilizing mode for improving the peanut yield in the acid soil, wherein the acid soil is poor in fertility, thin in acidity, the soil is acid-thin, strong leaching enables exchangeable Ca in the soil to be lost, so that peanut blighted or seed development is blocked, the boron fertilizer, the calcium fertilizer, the organic fertilizer and the silicon fertilizer are uniformly mixed according to a specific ratio and then are ploughed and applied to soil in a layer at one time as a whole farmland, the yield of the peanuts cultivated by the fertilizing method is improved by 15.8-21.4%.

Description

Fertilizing method for improving peanut yield in acid soil

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of plant cultivation, and particularly relates to a fertilizing method for improving peanut yield in acid soil.

Background

Peanuts are important economic crops and oil crops in China, and are planted in Henan, Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning, Guangdong, Hunan and other places. With the development of economy and the improvement of the demand of people on materials, the demand of peanuts increases year by year, and the contradiction that the planting area of the peanuts in the original farmland is increased to increase the land competition of grains and oil is increased, so that the optimization of the fertilizer proportion to improve the unit yield of the peanuts is one of the feasible ways of increasing the total yield of the peanuts. The cultivated land soil in China has differences due to the soil matrix, rainfall and the input of artificial auxiliary energy, and the characteristics of high temperature, much rain, same humidity and heat season and the like in south areas lead the salt base to be highly unsaturated and the soil to be thin and sour. Leaching action causes loss of exchangeable Ca in soil, which leads to peanut blight or seed growth obstruction, insufficient exchangeable Ca in soil causes peanut blight or seed growth obstruction, and reduces yield, while Ca²⁺The accumulation and harm of ROS are reduced by improving the activity of antioxidant enzyme, the thylakoid membrane of the peanut is protected, and the stress tolerance of the peanut is improved. Researches such as Lipeng and the like show that the mixed application of chemical fertilizers, farmyard organic fertilizers and calcium fertilizers obviously improves the crop yield compared with the single application of the chemical fertilizers, and similar conclusions can be obtained by the Chen nations and the like. Boron and silicon are also essential elements for plant growth, and silicon fertilizer can be used as fertilizer for providing nutrientsAnd can be used as soil conditioner to improve soil. The boron fertilizer can promote the growth of plant roots and play an important role in the synthesis and transportation of carbohydrate which is a product for photosynthesis, so that the reasonable application of the calcium fertilizer, the silicon fertilizer, the boron fertilizer and the organic fertilizer has important significance in developing agriculture in China. Therefore, through orthogonal experiments, the influence of different fertilizer ratios on the growth, development and yield of peanuts is explored, and the main effect of the peanuts is determined, so that theoretical guidance is provided for high and stable yield of peanuts planted in acid soil.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the component proportion of the fertilizer application is determined by an orthogonal test, and a fertilizer application method for improving the peanut yield in acid soil is further provided.

The invention provides a fertilizing method for improving the yield of peanuts in acid soil, which comprises the steps of selecting a calcium fertilizer, a silicon fertilizer, an organic fertilizer and a boron fertilizer as horizontal factors to carry out a four-level three-repeat orthogonal experiment, measuring the net photosynthetic rate, the SPAD value and the agronomic characters of each treatment in a pod stage, measuring the yield in a harvest stage, measuring the agronomic characters such as the height of a main stem, the length of a lateral branch and the like, determining different fertilizer ratios for improving the net photosynthetic rate and the SPAD value of leaves, the dry weight of the overground part of the peanuts and the dry weight of the pods of single plants of the peanuts, and further determining a fertilizing mode for improving the yield of the peanuts in the acid soil.

Further, the calcium fertilizer is calcium oxide, the silicon fertilizer is water-soluble silicon fertilizer, and SiO in the silicon fertilizer₂The mass fraction of the organic matter is more than 55%, the boron fertilizer is borax, the organic fertilizer is common granular organic fertilizer, and the mass fraction of the organic matter is more than 50%.

Furthermore, in the orthogonal experiment, the proportion of the calcium fertilizer is 0-75 Kg/mu, the proportion of the boron fertilizer is 0-1.50 Kg/mu, the proportion of the organic fertilizer is 0-300 Kg/mu, and the proportion of the silicon fertilizer is 0-15 Kg/mu.

Further, the method for measuring the dry weight of the overground part of the peanut and the dry weight of the pod of the single peanut plant comprises the following steps: after cleaning peanut plants, separating organs according to requirements, putting the organs into an envelope with a label, putting the envelope into an oven, deactivating enzymes, drying to constant weight, and weighing.

Further, the water-removing temperature is 105 ℃, the time is 30min, and the drying temperature is 75 ℃.

Further, the proportion of the fertilizer for improving the net photosynthetic rate of the peanuts in the acid soil is 1 Kg/mu of boron fertilizer, 50 Kg/mu of calcium fertilizer and 300 Kg/mu of organic fertilizer.

Further, the proportion of the fertilizer for improving the SPAD value of the leaves is 1.5 Kg/mu of boron fertilizer, 25 Kg/mu of calcium fertilizer, 100 Kg/mu of organic fertilizer and 5 Kg/mu of silicon fertilizer.

Further, the proportion of the fertilizer for improving the dry weight of the overground part of the peanuts in the acid soil is 0.5 Kg/mu of boron fertilizer, 100 Kg/mu of organic fertilizer and 50 Kg/mu of calcium fertilizer.

Further, the optimal fertilizer application ratio for improving the dry weight of the single plant pods of the single-acid soil peanuts is 1.5 Kg/mu of boron fertilizer, 200 Kg/mu of organic fertilizer and 50 Kg/mu of calcium fertilizer.

Furthermore, the fertilizer application mode for improving the peanut yield of the acid soil is that 1 Kg/mu of boron fertilizer, 50 Kg/mu of calcium fertilizer, 200 Kg/mu of organic fertilizer and 5 Kg/mu of silicon fertilizer are uniformly mixed to be used as base fertilizer and are applied to plough layer soil once along with soil preparation and ploughing.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages and the technical effects that: the net photosynthetic rate and the SPAD value of the peanut leaves are increased by the calcium fertilizer and the organic fertilizer; the dry weight of the overground part of a single peanut plant can be increased by calcium fertilizer, organic fertilizer, boron fertilizer and silicon fertilizer; the calcium fertilizer, the organic fertilizer and the boron fertilizer can increase the pod weight of a single plant, so that the boron fertilizer, the calcium fertilizer, the organic fertilizer and the silicon fertilizer are selected to be uniformly mixed according to a specific proportion and then are used as base fertilizers to be applied to plough layer soil once along with soil preparation, the peanut yield cultivated by the fertilizing method reaches 640 Kg/mu, and the peanut yield is improved by 15.8% -21.4%.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a bar graph of the effect of different fertilizer formulations on the net photosynthetic rate of leaves according to the invention.

FIG. 2 is a bar graph showing the effect of different fertilizer ratios on the SPAD value of leaves according to the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a bar graph showing the effect of different fertilizer formulations on the dry weight of the above-ground parts according to the invention.

FIG. 4 is a bar graph of the effect of different fertilizer formulations on peanut pod dry weight according to the present invention.

Detailed Description

The technical solution of the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and the detailed description.

1. Design experiment

This experiment was a 4-factor orthogonal experiment, repeated three times. Wherein the calcium fertilizer is calcium oxide, and the silicon fertilizer is water-soluble silicon fertilizer, wherein SiO₂The content is more than 50 percent, the boron fertilizer is borax, the organic fertilizer is common granular organic fertilizer, and the organic matter content is more than 55 percent. The boron fertilizer (B) is 4 levels, namely no boron fertilizer (B-0) is added, 0.5Kg of boron fertilizer is added per mu (B-0.5), 1Kg of boron fertilizer is added per mu (B-1), and 1.5Kg of boron fertilizer is added per mu (B-1.5); the calcium fertilizer is 4 levels, namely calcium fertilizer (Ca0), CaO25 Kg/mu calcium fertilizer (Ca25), CaO 50 Kg/mu calcium fertilizer (Ca50) and CaO 75 Kg/mu calcium fertilizer (Ca75) are not added; the organic fertilizer is 4 levels, namely whether the organic fertilizer (F0) is added, 100 Kg/mu of the organic fertilizer (F100) is added, 200 Kg/mu of the organic fertilizer (F200) is added, and 300 Kg/mu of the organic fertilizer (F300) is added; the silicon fertilizer is 4 levels, namely no silicon fertilizer (Si0), 5 Kg/mu (Si5), 10 Kg/mu (Si10) and 15 Kg/mu (Si15) are added, and an orthogonal test table (table 1) is generated by SPSS software. The net photosynthetic rate, SPAD and agronomic traits of each treatment were determined at the pod stage, and yield was determined and agronomic traits such as stem height, lateral branch length, etc. were measured at the harvest stage.

TABLE 1 orthogonal table for different fertilizer ratios

2. Carry out the experiment

A variety 3106 was selected, said variety 3106 being a peanut variety suitable for planting in acid soil in the south of the lake, tested in the city of shanyang, francisco, 27 ° 27 '11 "N, 111 ° 46' 37" E, the south of the lake, in the subtropical zone, and belonging to the typical wet monsoon climate of the middle and subtropical zone. The method has the advantages of clear four seasons, sufficient light and heat, abundant rainwater, same rain and heat season, annual average temperature of 16.1-17.1 ℃ in the whole market, and annual sunshine duration of 1350-plus-one 1670 hours in the market.

2-1, plant dry matter weight determination

After the plants are cleaned, the organs are separated according to the requirements and put in an envelope with a label, after the envelope is put in an oven, the water is removed for 30min at 105 ℃, and then the envelope is dried to constant weight at 75 ℃ and weighed.

2-2 measurement of photosynthetic Properties

Photosynthesis of functional leaves was measured using CIRAS-3 type portable photosynthesis system (PP Systems, Amesbury, USA) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) and stomatal conductance (Gs) were recorded. And selecting clear weather for observation at 9:00-11:00 every time of measurement. The leaf measured part was in the middle-upper part of the leaf and avoided the veins, 5 replicates of each treatment, i.e. 5 leaves were measured per treatment. SPAD values were determined using a SPAD Chlorophyll apparatus (SPAD-502Chlorophyl Meter Model SPAD-502), with 5 leaves per treatment replicate and 3 replicates.

2-3, pod yield and yield component

And (4) inspecting the agronomic characters, the single plant fruiting number and the single plant pod dry weight in the harvest period. Uniformly harvesting the rest plants, air-drying pods, randomly selecting double-plump pods, and calculating the weight of the hundred fruits, the weight of the hundred kernels and the rice yield. The differences were found by analysis using SPSS 19.0 data statistics software and mapping using Origin 8.5, and determining the relative indices of each treatment under the same standard.

And (3) correlation analysis among indexes: the indexes such as SPAD, Ci, Pn, Gs, Tr, double plumpness, single plumpness, blighted fruit number, single pod weight and the like in the treatment room have different correlation degrees, and part of the indexes reach obvious or extremely obvious levels. SPAD is in positive correlation with Pn, Ci and pod weight, and the number of bifidus is in positive correlation with the dry weight of aerial parts and the pod weight. The highest correlation between pod weight and aerial dry weight was 0.767, as shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 index correlation analysis

3. Influence of different fertilizer ratios on growth process of peanut

3-1, influence of different fertilizer ratios on net photosynthetic rate of leaves

As can be seen in figure 1, the dry weight of the overground part of the peanut can be increased by both the calcium fertilizer and the organic fertilizer, and the influence of the boron fertilizer and the silicon fertilizer on the net photosynthetic rate of peanut leaves is not obvious. The net photosynthetic rate of leaves between organic fertilizer treatment levels is respectively L4 > L3 > L2 > L1, and L2, L3 and L4 have obvious difference with L1. The net photosynthetic rate of the leaves in the calcium fertilizer treatment level is respectively L3 > L4 > L2 > L1, and the net photosynthetic rates of L3, L4 and L2 are respectively 19.59%, 11.73% and 4.34% higher than that of L1, and the difference between treatments is obvious. The influence of silicon fertilizer and boron fertilizer on the net photosynthetic rate of peanut leaves is weaker than that of other fertilizers, and the difference among L1, L2, L3 and L4 treatments is not obvious. The examination of the effect between the treatments of the net photosynthetic rate of the peanut leaves (table 3) shows that the effect between the fertilizers on the net photosynthetic rate of the leaves is respectively calcium fertilizer > organic fertilizer > boron fertilizer > silicon fertilizer, and the optimal fertilizer ratio for improving the net photosynthetic rate of the leaves is B3F4Ca3Si 1.

TABLE 3 examination of the Effect between the treatments on the Net photosynthetic Rate of leaves

3-2, influence of different fertilizer ratios on SPAD of leaves

As shown in figure 2, the SPAD value of the peanut leaves can be increased by the boron fertilizer, the calcium fertilizer and the organic fertilizer, and the effect of the silicon fertilizer on the SPAD value of the peanut leaves is not obvious. The SPAD values of the leaves between the boron fertilizer levels are respectively L4 > L2 > L3 > L1, but the difference between treatments is not obvious. The SPAD values of leaves among the organic fertilizer levels are respectively L2 > L4 > L3 > L1, and the differences between L2, L3 and L4 and L1 are obvious. The SPAD values of the leaves between the calcium fertilizer levels are respectively L2 > L4 > L3 > L1, and the difference between L2 and L1 is obvious. The silicon fertilizer has no obvious influence on the SPAD value of peanut leaves, and the difference between treatments is not obvious. The examination of SPAD value treatment effect of peanut leaves shows that the influence of the fertilizers on the SPAD value effect of the leaves is respectively calcium fertilizer > organic fertilizer > boron fertilizer > silicon fertilizer, and the optimal fertilizer ratio for improving the SPAD value of the leaves is B4F2Ca2Si2 (Table 4).

TABLE 4 leaf SPAD inter-treatment Effect test

3-3, influence of different fertilizer ratios on dry weight of overground part of peanut

As can be seen in figure 3, the boron fertilizer, the calcium fertilizer and the organic fertilizer can increase the dry weight of the overground part of the peanut, and the silicon fertilizer reduces the dry weight of the overground part of the peanut. The dry weight of the aerial parts between the treatment levels of the boric fertilizer is respectively L2 > L4 > L3 > L1, and the difference of L1 with L2 and L4 is obvious. The dry weight of the aerial parts between the organic fertilizer treatment levels is respectively L2 & gtL 3 & gtL 4 & gtL 1, and the differences between L2, L3 and L4 treatments are not obvious, but are all obvious from L1. The dry weight of the aerial parts between the treatment levels of the calcium fertilizer is respectively L3 > L2 > L4 > L1, L3, L2 and L4 are respectively higher than L1 by 36.65%, 16.85% and 13.38%, and the difference between treatments is obvious. The silicon fertilizer has weaker influence on the dry weight of the overground part of the peanut than other fertilizers, and only the treatment difference between L1 and L2 is obvious. The examination of the effect of the dry weight treatment of the overground part of the peanut shows that the influence of the fertilizer on the dry weight effect of the overground part is respectively calcium fertilizer > organic fertilizer > boron fertilizer > silicon fertilizer, and the optimal fertilizer ratio for increasing the dry weight of the overground part is B2F2Ca3Si1 (Table 5).

TABLE 5 examination of the effects of the dry weight treatment on the aerial parts

3-4, influence of different fertilizer ratios on pod dry weight of peanut individual plant

As can be seen in FIG. 4, boron fertilizer, calcium fertilizer, and organic fertilizer all increase the dry weight of individual pods of peanuts. The dry weights of the individual pods in the boron fertilizer treatment period are respectively L4 > L3 > L2 > L1, and the differences of L1 and L2, L3 and L4 are obvious. The dry weight of the individual pods among the organic fertilizer treatments is respectively L3 > L4 > L2 > L1, and the difference between L3 and L4 is not obvious, but is obvious from L1 and L2. The dry weights of the single pod plants in the calcium fertilizer treatment period are respectively L3 > L4 > L2 > L1, and the dry weights of L3, L4 and L2 are 21.87%, 10.81% and 5.74% higher than that of L1, so that the difference between the treatment periods is obvious. The silicon fertilizer has no significant effect on the dry weight of the pod of the peanut individual plant, and the differences among the treatments of L1, L2, L3 and L4 are not significant. The effect test of the treatment on the dry weight of the individual pod shows that the effects of the fertilizers on the dry weight of the pod are respectively organic fertilizer > calcium fertilizer > boron fertilizer > silicon fertilizer, and the optimal fertilizer ratio for increasing the dry weight of the individual pod is B4F3Ca3Si1 (Table 6).

TABLE 6 peanut pod dry weight treatment response test

3-5 influence of different fertilizer ratios on flower production

The calcium fertilizer, the organic fertilizer and the boron fertilizer can increase the peanut yield. Under the fertilizer proportion of B3F3Ca3Si2, namely B3F3Ca3Si2 refers to 1 Kg/mu of boron fertilizer, 50 Kg/mu of calcium fertilizer, 200 Kg/mu of organic fertilizer and 5 Kg/mu of silicon fertilizer, the peanut yield is the highest and reaches 640 Kg/mu, the lowest yield is 468.0 Kg/mu and is 172.0 Kg/mu higher than the yield, and the yield is improved by 36.75 percent (Table 7)

TABLE 7 peanut yields for each fertilization treatment

4. Conclusion

The net photosynthetic rate and the SPAD value of the peanut leaves are increased by the calcium fertilizer and the organic fertilizer; the dry weight of the overground part of a single peanut plant can be increased by calcium fertilizer, organic fertilizer, boron fertilizer and silicon fertilizer; the calcium fertilizer, the organic fertilizer and the boron fertilizer can increase the pod weight of a single plant. Under the fertilizer proportion of B3F3Ca3Si2, namely B3F3Ca3Si2 means 1 Kg/mu of boron fertilizer, 50 Kg/mu of calcium fertilizer, 200 Kg/mu of organic fertilizer and 5 Kg/mu of silicon fertilizer, the yield of peanuts is the highest and reaches 640 Kg/mu, and the peanut yield in acid soil is improved by 15.8-21.4% in the fertilizing way, and is improved by 36.75% compared with the lowest yield.

The above description is only an example of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way, and those skilled in the art can make many variations and modifications of the present invention without departing from the scope of the present invention by using the method disclosed above, and the present invention is covered by the claims.

Claims

1. A fertilizing method for improving peanut yield in acid soil is characterized in that: selecting calcium fertilizer, silicon fertilizer, organic fertilizer and boron fertilizer as factor levels to carry out four-level three-repeat orthogonal experiment, measuring net photosynthetic rate, SPAD value and agronomic characters of each treatment in a pod stage, measuring yield in a harvest stage and measuring the agronomic characters such as main stem height, lateral branch length and the like, thereby determining different fertilizer ratios for improving net photosynthetic rate of leaves, SPAD value, dry weight of overground part of peanut and dry weight of single plant pod of peanut, and further determining a fertilizing mode for improving peanut yield in acid soil.

2. The fertilizing method for improving peanut yield in acid soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: the calcium fertilizer is calcium oxide, the silicon fertilizer is water-soluble silicon fertilizer, and SiO in the silicon fertilizer₂The mass fraction of the organic matter is more than 55%, the boron fertilizer is borax, the organic fertilizer is common granular organic fertilizer, and the mass fraction of the organic matter is more than 50%.

3. The fertilizing method for improving peanut yield in acid soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the orthogonal experiment, the proportion of the calcium fertilizer is 0-75 Kg/mu, the proportion of the boron fertilizer is 0-1.5 Kg/mu, the proportion of the organic fertilizer is 0-300 Kg/mu, and the proportion of the silicon fertilizer is 0-15 Kg/mu.

4. The fertilizing method for improving peanut yield in acid soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: the method for measuring the dry weight of the overground part of the peanut and the dry weight of the pod of the single peanut plant comprises the following steps: after cleaning peanut plants, separating organs according to requirements, putting the organs into an envelope with a label, putting the envelope into an oven, deactivating enzymes, drying the envelope to constant weight, and weighing the envelope.

5. The fertilization method for improving peanut yield in acid soil according to claim 4, wherein: the water-removing temperature is 105 ℃, the time is 30min, and the drying temperature is 75 ℃.

6. The fertilizing method for improving peanut yield in acid soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: the fertilizer for improving the net photosynthetic rate of the peanuts in the acid soil is prepared from 1 Kg/mu of boric fertilizer, 50 Kg/mu of calcium fertilizer and 300 Kg/mu of organic fertilizer.

7. The fertilizing method for improving peanut yield in acid soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: the proportion of the fertilizer for improving the SPAD value of the leaves is 1.5 Kg/mu of boron fertilizer, 25 Kg/mu of calcium fertilizer, 100 Kg/mu of organic fertilizer and 5 Kg/mu of silicon fertilizer.

8. The fertilizing method for improving peanut yield in acid soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: the proportion of the fertilizer for improving the dry weight of the overground part of the peanuts in the acid soil is 0.5 Kg/mu of boron fertilizer, 100 Kg/mu of organic fertilizer and 50 Kg/mu of calcium fertilizer.

9. The fertilizing method for improving peanut yield in acid soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: the fertilizer for improving the dry weight of the single-acid soil peanut plant pods is prepared from 1.5 Kg/mu of boric fertilizer, 200 Kg/mu of organic fertilizer and 50 Kg/mu of calcium fertilizer.

10. The fertilizing method for improving peanut yield in acid soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: : the fertilizing method for improving the peanut yield of the acid soil is that 1 Kg/mu of boron fertilizer, 50 Kg/mu of calcium fertilizer, 200 Kg/mu of organic fertilizer and 5 Kg/mu of silicon fertilizer are uniformly mixed to be used as base fertilizer and are applied to plough layer soil once along with soil preparation and ploughing.