CN111514267A - A Chinese medicinal composition for treating traumatic injury, sprain, and joint swelling and pain - Google Patents

A Chinese medicinal composition for treating traumatic injury, sprain, and joint swelling and pain Download PDF

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CN111514267A
CN111514267A CN202010457231.0A CN202010457231A CN111514267A CN 111514267 A CN111514267 A CN 111514267A CN 202010457231 A CN202010457231 A CN 202010457231A CN 111514267 A CN111514267 A CN 111514267A
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root
pain
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sprain
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范博亨
范长发
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Abstract

The invention discloses a traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating traumatic injury, sprain, and joint swelling and pain, which relates to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicines and is mainly prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 40-80 parts of clematis root, 20-50 parts of lycopodium clavatum, 20-80 parts of teasel root, 30-80 parts of cortex acanthopanacis, 20-60 parts of paniculate swallowwort root, 20-80 parts of philippine flemingia root, 30-80 parts of obscured homalomena rhizome, 20-50 parts of rhizoma drynariae, 20-100 parts of rhizoma sparganii, 20-100 parts of curcuma zedoary, 40-100 parts of scorpion, 10-50 parts of centipede, 30-80 parts of eupolyphaga, 30-100 parts of ant, 100 parts of gargaria dhumnades, 30-100 parts of earthworm and 20-50 parts of honeycomb. The prepared traditional Chinese medicine composition is sprayed on an affected part, permeates into skin, penetrates through tendons and bones, directly reaches a focus of infection, has no toxic or side effect, is convenient to use, is particularly suitable for traumatic injuries and sprains and joint swelling and pain, and has a remarkable curative effect.

Description

A Chinese medicinal composition for treating traumatic injury, sprain, and joint swelling and pain
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicines.
Background
At present, the medicines sold in the market for treating traumatic injuries and joint swelling and pain are various in types, common oral medicines and external application medicines have certain curative effects on the traumatic injuries, but the medicines have the defects of long treatment course, high medicine price, limited treatment range, slow detumescence, large medicine flavor and unobvious treatment effect, and particularly, the external application medicines only have the effect of relieving and have low cure rate.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating traumatic injury, sprain, and joint swelling and pain.
Based on the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating traumatic injury, sprain and joint swelling and pain is mainly prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 40-80 parts of clematis root, 20-50 parts of lycopodium clavatum, 20-80 parts of teasel root, 30-80 parts of cortex acanthopanacis, 20-60 parts of paniculate swallowwort root, 20-80 parts of philippine flemingia root, 30-80 parts of obscured homalomena rhizome, 20-50 parts of rhizoma drynariae, 20-100 parts of rhizoma sparganii, 20-100 parts of curcuma zedoary, 40-100 parts of scorpion, 10-50 parts of centipede, 30-80 parts of eupolyphaga, 30-100 parts of ant, 100 parts of gargaria dhumnades, 30-100 parts of earthworm and 20-50 parts of honeycomb.
A Chinese medicinal composition for treating traumatic injury, sprain, and joint swelling and pain, further comprises Borneolum 20-80 parts, and Camphora 10-60 parts.
A traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating traumatic injury, sprain and joint swelling and pain is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 50-70 parts of clematis root, 30-40 parts of lycopodium clavatum, 40-60 parts of teasel root, 50-70 parts of cortex acanthopanacis, 40-60 parts of paniculate swallowwort root, 30-50 parts of philippine flemingia root, 45-75 parts of obscured homalomena rhizome, 20-40 parts of rhizoma drynariae, 40-90 parts of rhizoma sparganii, 30-80 parts of curcuma zedoary, 60-90 parts of scorpion, 20-40 parts of centipede, 30-70 parts of eupolyphaga, 40-80 parts of ant, 700 parts of garter snake 200, 60-90 parts of earthworm, 30-40 parts of honeycomb, 40-70 parts of borneol and 10-40 parts of camphor.
A traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating traumatic injury, sprain and joint swelling and pain is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 54 parts of clematis root, 35 parts of lycopodium clavatum, 56 parts of teasel root, 65 parts of cortex acanthopanacis, 45 parts of cynanchum paniculatum, 42 parts of philippine flemingia root, 58 parts of obscured homalomena rhizome, 35 parts of drynaria baronii, 68 parts of rhizoma sparganii, 75 parts of curcuma zedoary, 70 parts of scorpion, 35 parts of centipede, 65 parts of eupolyphaga, 65 parts of ant, 600 parts of zaocys dhumnade, 66 parts of earthworm, 35 parts of honeycomb, 62 parts of borneol and 25 parts of camphor.
A method for preparing a traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating traumatic injury, sprain and joint swelling and pain comprises the steps of cleaning all raw materials (viscera are removed from zaocys dhumnade (non-dry product)), putting all the raw materials into a container in proportion, adding white spirit which is 5-8 times of the total weight of all the raw materials, sealing, placing in a cool and dry environment at room temperature, soaking for 50-70 days, and bottling to obtain liquid medicine, wherein the liquid medicine is the traditional Chinese medicine composition.
The degree of the white spirit is more than 50 degrees.
The using method comprises the following steps: it can be sprayed or applied to the affected part.
Clematis root, which mainly contains protoanemonin, anemonin, saponin and other components, has the efficacies of dispelling wind and removing dampness, dredging collaterals and relieving pain, eliminating bony peduncle and bony spur and reducing blood sugar, and can be clinically used for treating diseases such as gall-stone, calcaneal spur, heel pain, fall and sprain, esophageal cancer and the like.
Lycopodium clavatum, also known as lycopodium clavatum and caulis perllae, mainly contains lycopodine, flavonoid glycoside and other ingredients, has the efficacies of dispelling wind and cold, eliminating dampness and detumescence, relaxing muscles and tendons and activating blood circulation, and can be clinically used for treating wind-cold-dampness arthralgia, joint pain, incised wound, traumatic injury and other symptoms.
Dipsacus asperoides has effects of dredging blood vessels, nourishing liver and kidney, strengthening tendons and bones, reuniting tendons and bones, and relieving metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, and can be used for treating soreness of waist and back, limb atrophy and paralysis, traumatic injury, broken tendons and bones, fetal movement and metrostaxis, metrorrhagia, nocturnal emission, leukorrhagia, superficial infection, sore, and swelling.
Cortex Acanthopanacis is pungent in flavor and warm in property, enters liver and spleen nerves, has effects of dispelling pathogenic wind and removing dampness, nourishing liver and kidney, and strengthening tendons and bones, and can be used for treating rheumatism, lumbago and gonalgia, and tendons and bones spasm.
The paniculate swallowwort root mainly contains paeonol, iso-paeonol, flavonoid glycoside and other components, has the effects of dispelling wind, relieving pain, relieving itching and reducing swelling, and is mainly used for treating symptoms such as rheumatalgia, urinary incontinence caused by food and heat retardation, venomous snake bite, eczema, rubella, intractable tinea and the like.
Qianjin mainly contains flavonoid, Qianjin, lupeol, etc., has effects of dispelling pathogenic wind, promoting diuresis, removing blood stasis, removing toxic substance, traumatic injury, and strengthening tendons and bones, and can be used for treating rheumatalgia, chronic nephritis, traumatic injury, carbuncle, etc.
Qiannianjian with pungent and warm properties enters liver, kidney and lung channels, has the effects of dispelling wind and removing dampness, relaxing tendons and activating collaterals, and relieving pain and swelling, and can be used for treating rheumatism, limb joint soreness, tendons and bones debility, traumatic injury, stomach pain, carbuncle, ulcer and swelling, etc.
Rhizoma Drynariae, also known as ramulus et folium Aristolochiae Kaempferi, radix Vladimiriae, and radix Dipsaci, has sweet and cool nature, and has effects of clearing heat and promoting diuresis, rheumatalgia, traumatic injury, fracture, and gingival swelling and pain.
Rhizoma Sparganii contains volatile vegetable oil, ethanol, dehydrocostus lactone, succinic acid, and Sparganic acid, has effects of removing blood stasis, activating qi-flowing, and relieving pain, and can be used for treating abdominal mass, dysmenorrhea, blood stasis, amenorrhea, thoracic obstruction, cardialgia, and food stagnation distending pain.
Zedoary has the effects of promoting blood circulation, invigorating qi, removing food stagnation and relieving pain, and can be used for treating abdominal pain due to blood stasis, hepatosplenomegaly, heart and abdomen swelling and pain, female amenorrhea due to blood stasis, and food stagnation due to traumatic injury, qi formation and pain relieving etc.
The scorpion, also called quan Xie, is salty in nature and taste, slightly warm in nature and with little toxicity, enters liver meridian, and has the efficacies of extinguishing wind and relieving spasm, detoxifying and resolving hard mass, dredging collaterals and relieving pain, and strengthening tendons and bones.
Scolopendra, also known as Gekko Swinhonis and Ardisia Arctii, has effects in relaxing muscles and tendons, expelling collateral obstruction, removing toxic materials, resolving hard mass, relieving swelling and pain, calming endogenous wind, relieving spasm, and preventing and treating cancer, and can be used for treating infantile convulsion, spasm, facial palsy, hemiplegia, rheumatism, facial paralysis, and intractable headache.
Eupolyphaga Seu Steleophaga, also called Eupolyphaga Seu Steleophaga, mainly contains protein, amino acids, fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins, etc., and has effects of removing blood stasis, promoting lactation, dredging carbuncle, reuniting bone, and resisting blood coagulation.
Ant has effects of invigorating kidney, replenishing vital essence, dredging meridian passage, removing toxic substance and relieving swelling, and can be used for treating kidney essence deficiency, dizziness, tinnitus, insomnia and dreaminess, sexual impotence and nocturnal emission, rheumatism and arthralgia, apoplexy and hemiplegia, limbs anesthesia, carbuncle, furuncle, etc.
Zaocys dhumnades, sweet in taste and neutral in nature, enters lung, spleen and liver meridians, has the efficacies of dispelling wind-damp, dredging channels and collaterals and relieving spasm, and is mainly used for treating symptoms such as wind-damp obstinate arthralgia, skin numbness, tendon and vessel spasm, limb paralysis, tetanus, leprosy, rubella and mange.
Lumbricus, mainly contains lumbrukinase, succinic acid, glutamic acid, thermokalite, xanthine, adenine, guanine, choline, etc., has effects of clearing heat and arresting convulsion, dredging meridian passage, relieving cough and asthma, lowering blood pressure, promoting urination, and resisting cancer, and can be used for treating convulsion, epilepsy, qi deficiency and blood stagnation, adverse channels and collaterals, apoplexy sequela, arteriosclerosis, cough and asthma, dysuria, etc.
The honeycomb has the efficacies of counteracting toxic substances, killing parasites, dispelling wind and arresting itching, and is mainly used for treating diseases such as rheumatism, arthralgia, pyocutaneous disease, pyogenic infection, toothache and the like.
Borneol, also known as pian qian, long xiang nao, has faint scent and pungent and cool taste, has the efficacies of dispelling stagnated fire, promoting bone heat, killing parasites, haemorrhoids, promoting growth, promoting granulation and relieving pain, and is used for treating epilepsy, phlegm stagnation, throat impediment, tongue distension, toothache, deafness, nasal obstruction, conjunctival congestion, nebula, acne toxin invagination and the like.
The Camphora has effects of dredging orifices, promoting qi stagnation, removing filth, killing parasites, relieving itching, and relieving swelling and pain, and can be used for treating scabies, pruritus, traumatic injury, pain, toothache, etc.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1) lumbricus, Scolopendra, ant, nidus Vespae, Scorpio, Zaocys, and Eupolyphaga Seu Steleophaga as principal drugs, and has effects of dispelling pathogenic wind, removing dampness, promoting blood circulation for removing blood stasis, reuniting bone, and clearing away heat and toxic materials; the clematis root, the lycopodium clavatum, the teasel root, the cortex acanthopanacis, the paniculate swallowwort root, the philippine flemingia root, the obscured homalomena rhizome, the drynaria, the common burreed rhizome and the zedoary are added, so that the effects of relieving swelling and pain, relaxing tendons and activating collaterals and strengthening the muscles and bones are achieved, the drug effect of the main drug is enhanced, and the curative effect range of the drug is also enlarged;
2) the prepared traditional Chinese medicine composition is sprayed on an affected part, permeates into skin, penetrates through tendons and bones, directly reaches a focus of infection, has no toxic or side effect, is convenient to use, is particularly suitable for traumatic injury and sprain and joint swelling and pain, has obvious curative effect, and has good curative effect on treating ulcer, mosquito bite and other symptoms.
Detailed Description
Example 1
A traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating traumatic injury, sprain and joint swelling and pain is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 54 parts of clematis root, 35 parts of lycopodium clavatum, 56 parts of teasel root, 65 parts of cortex acanthopanacis, 45 parts of cynanchum paniculatum, 42 parts of philippine flemingia root, 58 parts of obscured homalomena rhizome, 35 parts of drynaria baronii, 68 parts of rhizoma sparganii, 75 parts of curcuma zedoary, 70 parts of scorpion, 35 parts of centipede, 65 parts of eupolyphaga, 65 parts of ant, 600 parts of zaocys dhumnade, 66 parts of earthworm, 35 parts of honeycomb, 62 parts of borneol and 25 parts of camphor.
Example 2
A traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating traumatic injury, sprain and joint swelling and pain is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 62 parts of clematis root, 30 parts of lycopodium clavatum, 45 parts of teasel root, 69 parts of cortex acanthopanacis, 50 parts of cynanchum paniculatum, 50 parts of philippine flemingia root, 45 parts of obscured homalomena rhizome, 20 parts of drynaria rhizome, 80 parts of rhizoma sparganii, 65 parts of curcuma zedoary, 90 parts of scorpion, 20 parts of centipede, 70 parts of eupolyphaga, 40 parts of ant, 300 parts of zaocys dhumnade, 60 parts of earthworm, 32 parts of honeycomb, 40 parts of borneol and 10 parts of camphor.
Example 3
A traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating traumatic injury, sprain and joint swelling and pain is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 50 parts of clematis root, 40 parts of lycopodium clavatum, 60 parts of teasel root, 50 parts of cortex acanthopanacis, 40 parts of cynanchum paniculatum, 35 parts of philippine flemingia root, 75 parts of obscured homalomena rhizome, 25 parts of drynaria fortunei, 40 parts of rhizoma sparganii, 30 parts of curcuma zedoary, 60 parts of scorpion, 40 parts of centipede, 55 parts of eupolyphaga, 50 parts of ant, 500 parts of zaocys dhumnade, 80 parts of earthworm, 40 parts of honeycomb, 70 parts of borneol and 40 parts of.
Example 4
A traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating traumatic injury, sprain and joint swelling and pain is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 70 parts of clematis root, 38 parts of lycopodium clavatum, 40 parts of teasel root, 55 parts of cortex acanthopanacis, 60 parts of cynanchum paniculatum, 30 parts of philippine flemingia root, 65 parts of obscured homalomena rhizome, 40 parts of drynaria rhizome, 90 parts of rhizoma sparganii, 50 parts of curcuma zedoary, 85 parts of scorpion, 30 parts of centipede, 30 parts of eupolyphaga, 80 parts of ant, 700 parts of zaocys dhumnade, 90 parts of earthworm, 37 parts of honeycomb, 48 parts of borneol and 35 parts of camphor.
Example 5
A traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating traumatic injury, sprain and joint swelling and pain is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 40 parts of clematis root, 50 parts of lycopodium clavatum, 20 parts of teasel root, 30 parts of cortex acanthopanacis, 60 parts of cynanchum paniculatum, 75 parts of philippine flemingia root, 80 parts of obscured homalomena rhizome, 45 parts of drynaria rhizome, 98 parts of rhizoma sparganii, 100 parts of curcuma zedoary, 40 parts of scorpion, 10 parts of centipede, 75 parts of eupolyphaga, 30 parts of ant, 800 parts of zaocys dhumnade, 30 parts of earthworm, 20 parts of honeycomb, 80 parts of borneol and 55 parts of camphor.
Example 6
A traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating traumatic injury, sprain and joint swelling and pain is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 78 parts of clematis root, 20 parts of lycopodium clavatum, 80 parts of teasel root, 80 parts of cortex acanthopanacis, 23 parts of cynanchum paniculatum, 28 parts of philippine flemingia root, 35 parts of obscured homalomena rhizome, 20 parts of drynaria rhizome, 22 parts of rhizoma sparganii, 20 parts of curcuma zedoary, 95 parts of scorpion, 45 parts of centipede, 37 parts of eupolyphaga, 95 parts of ant, 150 parts of zaocys dhumnade, 88 parts of earthworm, 48 parts of honeycomb, 25 parts of borneol and 15 parts of camphor.
The method for preparing the Chinese medicinal composition of the embodiment 1 to 6 comprises the steps of cleaning all the raw materials (discarding the internal organs of the zaocys dhumnades), putting the raw materials into a container in proportion, adding white spirit with the degree of 50 degrees or more which is 5 to 8 times of the total weight of all the raw materials, sealing, placing in a cool and dry environment at the temperature of between 20 and 30 ℃, soaking for 64 days (during the soaking period, shaking the liquid medicine in the container uniformly for 1 to 3 times every day), and obtaining the liquid medicine which is the Chinese medicinal composition.
Example 7 cases
The therapeutic effects of the Chinese medicinal composition of the present invention will be further explained below with reference to the cases:
case 1
When a woman in 58 years old in Sunzhi, the knee is swollen and painful at night and can not walk, oral medicines and plasters are bought in local clinics, no effect is produced when the medicines are taken for two days, the plaster places are difficult to feel painful and have pruritus phenomena, the plasters are torn off, the plasters have red rash, and the plasters are smeared with red flower oil for three days and still have no effect. The traditional Chinese medicine composition prepared in the embodiment 1 of the invention is sprayed on the affected part, the affected part is sprayed again after being dried, the spraying is repeated for 3 times, the affected part can stand by itself after half an hour, the wall is supported to walk slowly, the affected part is sprayed for 5 times every day, the swelling and pain are obviously relieved on the next day, the affected part can walk freely, and the swelling and pain completely disappear and heal after three days.
Case 2
Wangzhi, male, 40 years old, sprain of ankle, ankle and foot surface swelling in lower step, order to brew with cold water, and the swelling of the whole foot is shiny in the next morning, so that the pain can not land, so the Chinese medicinal composition prepared in the embodiment 2 of the invention is sprayed on the affected part, the affected part is dried and then sprayed, the spraying is repeated for 3 times and twenty minutes or so, the pain is obviously relieved, and then the Chinese medicinal composition is sprayed on the affected part for 5 times every day, and after five days, the Chinese medicinal composition can be walked on the ground, can be self-managed in life and can be normally used for working.
Case 3
A man who is 37 years old likes sports, feels uncomfortable with one knee sleepiness and distension in certain days, feels soft in the knee when doing exercises, feels soft in the knee when going upstairs later, and cannot exert strength (limited going upstairs), the traditional Chinese medicine composition prepared in the embodiment 3 of the invention is sprayed on an affected part, the sleepiness and distension are obviously relieved after the traditional Chinese medicine composition is used for a few minutes, the man can go upstairs and downstairs normally in the same day, and then the affected part is sprayed for 5 times every day, and the man can do exercises normally after two days.
Case 4
A woman in age of 48 can hold a child by a relative family, suddenly feels pain on shoulders and arms, has the etiology that cervical vertebra protrudes to press nerves, is subjected to hot compress elsewhere, and is ineffective when acupuncture and moxibustion are added with traditional Chinese medicines, so that the woman cannot fall asleep or wear clothes. The traditional Chinese medicine composition prepared in the embodiment 3 of the invention is sprayed on cervical vertebrae, the cervical vertebrae are sprayed after being dried, the spraying is repeated for 3 times, after half an hour, the pain of a patient is relieved, the patient can fall asleep at night, then the affected part is sprayed for 4 times every day, and the pain completely disappears after three days.
Case 5
For a woman in age 67, the heel pain is treated by corresponding specialist treatment in local clinics, county hospitals and municipal hospitals, the effect is not good, then the traditional Chinese medicine composition prepared in the embodiment 5 of the invention is sprayed on the heel 3 times a day for 7 days, the heel is not painful any more, the heel is consolidated for 7 days, and follow-up visits are not performed until now.
Case 6
For a male, 43 years old, and more than ten days old, pain in waist, one side of buttocks and legs, and the cause of the disease is lumbar disc herniation, the traditional Chinese medicine composition prepared in the embodiment 5 of the invention is sprayed on lumbar vertebrae, repeated spraying is carried out, the humidity of the lumbar vertebrae is kept for half an hour, the pain of strong tiredness is relieved after half an hour, then the traditional Chinese medicine composition is sprayed on the lumbar vertebrae for 3 times every day, and the pain of tiredness and distension disappears after the medicine is taken for 7 days.
The traditional Chinese medicine composition is sprayed on the affected part, permeates into the skin, penetrates through the tendon and the bone, directly reaches the focus, has no toxic or side effect, is convenient to use, is particularly suitable for traumatic injury and sprain and joint swelling and pain, has a remarkable curative effect, and also has a good curative effect on treating ulcer, mosquito bite and other diseases.

Claims (4)

1. A traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating traumatic injury, sprain and joint swelling and pain is characterized by being mainly prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 40-80 parts of clematis root, 20-50 parts of lycopodium clavatum, 20-80 parts of teasel root, 30-80 parts of cortex acanthopanacis, 20-60 parts of paniculate swallowwort root, 20-80 parts of philippine flemingia root, 30-80 parts of obscured homalomena rhizome, 20-50 parts of rhizoma drynariae, 20-100 parts of rhizoma sparganii, 20-100 parts of curcuma zedoary, 40-100 parts of scorpion, 10-50 parts of centipede, 30-80 parts of eupolyphaga, 30-100 parts of ant, 100 parts of gargaria dhumnades, 30-100 parts of earthworm and 20-50 parts of honeycomb.
2. The traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating traumatic injury, sprain and joint swelling and pain as claimed in claim 1, further comprising 20-80 parts of borneol and 10-60 parts of camphor.
3. The traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating traumatic injury, sprain and joint swelling and pain as claimed in claim 2, which is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 50-70 parts of clematis root, 30-40 parts of lycopodium clavatum, 40-60 parts of teasel root, 50-70 parts of cortex acanthopanacis, 40-60 parts of paniculate swallowwort root, 30-50 parts of philippine flemingia root, 45-75 parts of obscured homalomena rhizome, 20-40 parts of rhizoma drynariae, 40-90 parts of rhizoma sparganii, 30-80 parts of curcuma zedoary, 60-90 parts of scorpion, 20-40 parts of centipede, 30-70 parts of eupolyphaga, 40-80 parts of ant, 700 parts of garter snake 200, 60-90 parts of earthworm, 30-40 parts of honeycomb, 40-70 parts of borneol and 10-40 parts of camphor.
4. The traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating traumatic injury, sprain and joint swelling and pain as claimed in claim 3, which is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 54 parts of clematis root, 35 parts of lycopodium clavatum, 56 parts of teasel root, 65 parts of cortex acanthopanacis, 45 parts of cynanchum paniculatum, 42 parts of philippine flemingia root, 58 parts of obscured homalomena rhizome, 35 parts of drynaria baronii, 68 parts of rhizoma sparganii, 75 parts of curcuma zedoary, 70 parts of scorpion, 35 parts of centipede, 65 parts of eupolyphaga, 65 parts of ant, 600 parts of zaocys dhumnade, 66 parts of earthworm, 35 parts of honeycomb, 62 parts of borneol and 25 parts of camphor.
CN202010457231.0A 2020-05-26 2020-05-26 A Chinese medicinal composition for treating traumatic injury, sprain, and joint swelling and pain Pending CN111514267A (en)

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