CN111513925A - 一种高强防水透气的复合敷料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种高强防水透气的复合敷料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111513925A CN111513925A CN202010394009.0A CN202010394009A CN111513925A CN 111513925 A CN111513925 A CN 111513925A CN 202010394009 A CN202010394009 A CN 202010394009A CN 111513925 A CN111513925 A CN 111513925A
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- Prior art keywords
- hydrogel
- composite dressing
- wound
- dressing
- polytetrafluoroethylene film
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- Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种高强防水透气的复合敷料及其制备方法,包括外层和内层,外层为聚四氟乙烯薄膜,内层为水凝胶,所述聚四氟乙烯薄膜具有孔道结构,所述聚四氟乙烯薄膜通过接枝亲水高分子化合物与内层水凝胶复合相连。本发明制备得到的复合敷料采用膨化聚四氟乙烯薄膜作为外层结构,使敷料具有良好的防水、防污性能,其具备的特殊孔道结构能够有效阻止细菌深入伤口,有效防止伤口感染;同时,伤口渗出液和皮肤上的汗液也能够通过这种特殊孔道结构迅速蒸发,这种复合敷料保留了膨化聚四氟乙烯的优良性能,使得敷料能够满足战场和野外复杂条件下伤口处理的需要。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及医用敷料技术领域,具体涉及一种高强防水透气的复合敷料及其制备方法。
背景技术
传统外科利用纱布来覆盖伤口,但纱布在伤口结痂前每隔几小时就需要更换。而纱线容易与伤口进行粘连,在更换时容易导致伤口二次损伤,形成慢性伤口,延缓愈合,甚至可能威胁生命。为此现代医学开发了水凝胶敷料直接覆盖在伤口上,其内层往往为能够促进伤口愈合并能够直接粘结在皮肤上的水凝胶,其外层为无纺布或者聚氨酯布。具有良好的透气性,但这种材料的防水性较差,而且本身不具备对细菌的隔离能力。
对于战场、野外等场合被处理后伤口随时可能被雨水、泥水以及血液等污染,敷料表面容易粘附泥土等污染物。在这些污染物中的细菌,容易渗入造成伤口感染。通过对敷料进行表面处理能够有效提高其防水性,但防水涂层会降低敷料的透气性,伤口渗出液、汗液不能被快速的排出也影响伤口的愈合。为此开发一种具有高强防水能力且能够抵御其他污物的污染,又能将伤口渗出液、汗液快速排出的新型伤口敷料对于战场和野外救援具有重要的现实意义。
现有技术中,虽然聚四氟乙烯具有良好的防水性、透气性,是非常理想的防水材料,水凝胶也常用作伤口敷料的内层材料,但是由于聚四氟乙烯表面能极低,与水的接触角高达140°以上,无法与被称为“固态水”的水凝胶进行有效结合。专利CN201810087777.4中公开了一种可洗脱的医用水凝胶及其水凝胶敷料的制备方法,其中虽然也选用聚四氟乙烯薄膜作为基材,但采用增粘剂将水凝胶与基材粘接在一起,由于增粘剂的加入会堵塞聚四氟乙烯膜的孔道,所以,这样制备的敷料存在透气性不好的缺陷。因此要实现高强防水、透气性敷料的制备必须实现两者的有效连接。
发明内容
针对现有技术存在的上述不足,本发明的目的在于提供一种高强防水透气的复合敷料,以解决现有技术中利用增粘剂连接聚四氟乙烯与水凝胶会影响其透气效果的技术问题。
本发明还提供制备这种复合敷料的方法,以解决聚四氟乙烯与水凝胶结合困难的技术问题。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用的技术方案如下:
一种高强防水透气的复合敷料,包括外层和内层,外层为聚四氟乙烯薄膜,内层为水凝胶,所述聚四氟乙烯薄膜具有网孔结构,所述聚四氟乙烯薄膜通过接枝亲水高分子化合物与内层水凝胶复合相连。
本发明外层采用通过双向拉伸工艺制备得到的聚四氟乙烯薄膜,这样处理后的聚四氟乙烯薄膜具有均匀的网孔结构,再对其表面进行等离子体活化,然后直接在其表面引发自由基反应,接枝含有双键的亲水性高分子单体,通过这样的改性后,聚四氟乙烯薄膜表面由超疏水性转变为亲水性,并且其表面生长有一层“绒毛状”的亲水性高分子链,更利于与水凝胶进行复合。同时,本发明只对聚四氟乙烯薄膜进行了单面改性,未经改性的一面仍然具有较高的疏水性,且网孔结构未被破坏,因此本发明所述的复合敷料具有良好的防水、防污、抗菌、透气的性能。
进一步,所述聚四氟乙烯薄膜经过膨化和双向拉伸加工得到,所述聚四氟乙烯薄膜上孔道结构的平均孔径小于0.5μm。本发明采用的聚四氟乙烯薄膜经过膨化和双向拉伸加工后,会形成均匀的网孔结构,并且这种网孔结构的孔径远小于细菌直径,能够阻止细菌渗入,防止伤口感染,非常适用于战场和野外救援等复杂场景的需要。
进一步,所述聚四氟乙烯薄膜的孔隙率大于90%,其厚度为20~500微米。聚四氟乙烯薄膜的孔隙率达到90%以上,具有较高的孔隙率和良好的透气性。
进一步,所述水凝胶包括PVA水凝胶、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯水凝胶、聚甲基丙烯酸水凝胶或聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯水凝胶。所述水凝胶为符合医疗要求的水凝胶,内层的水凝胶能够降低伤口处的温度,减少伤口处的疼痛感,还能够保持伤口处湿润,促进伤口生长,同时有效吸收伤口渗出液,通表面膜将其排出,并且还应具有一定的抗菌能力,能够有效避免伤口的感染。
进一步,所述亲水性高分子化合物包括丙烯酰胺、亚甲基丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、乙烯基吡咯烷酮或甲基丙烯酸酯类化合物。通过在聚四氟乙烯薄膜表面引发自由基反应,将亲水性高分子化合物接枝在聚四氟乙烯薄膜表面,并以这些亲水性高分子化合物为模板,使有助于伤口愈合的水凝胶能够聚四氟乙烯薄膜表面生长并与聚四氟乙烯薄膜很好的连接在一起,而且亲水性高分子具有很强的亲水性,不会堵塞疏水性的聚四氟乙烯薄膜的孔道,使复合敷料具有良好的透气性。
一种高强防水透气的复合敷料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)活化:选取具有孔道结构的聚四氟乙烯薄膜进行裁剪,通过真空等离子体清洗机进行活化10~300s,调节等离子气体的流量为10~100mL/min,控制真空系统保持真空度在0.01~0.1MPa,得到活化基膜。其中,等离子体发生频率为100kHz-40MHz,通入等离子发生气可以为氮气、氩气、氦气、二氧化碳或空气中的一种;通过真空等离子体清洗机进行活化优选20~200s,控制真空系统保持真空度优选为0.08~0.095MPa。
(2)接枝:将活化基膜放入含有亲水高分子化合物的水溶液中,通入氮气5~10min除氧,用紫外灯对浸泡在水溶液中的活化基膜的一侧表面进行照射5~10h。其中,紫外灯采用365nm紫外灯进行照射。
(3)清洗:将步骤(2)处理后的基膜移入去离子水中浸泡12~48h,浸泡期间更换三次去离子水,将基膜表面未反应的化合物洗去。
(4)复合:将步骤(3)处理后的基膜转移到夹具中,并向夹具中的模具里依次加入水凝胶的原料,水凝胶在活化基膜接枝后的一侧表面进行合成生长,与基膜进行复合。其中,步骤(3)处理后的基膜的一侧已经接枝有亲水高分子化合物,将基膜放入专用的水凝胶夹具中,并使接枝的一侧与水凝胶的原料接触,水凝胶在合成的过程中也同时在基膜接枝一侧的表面生长,从而使合成得到的水凝胶能够很好的与聚四氟乙烯薄膜相连。
(5)后处理:将水凝胶固化后的基膜取出,在基膜上水凝胶周围的空白区域涂覆压敏胶,并在其背面贴隔离纸,采用密封包装后即可得到新型敷料。
进一步,步骤(2)中所述亲水高分子化合物的水溶液中亲水高分子化合物的浓度为0.2~5mol/L。
进一步,制备所述水凝胶的原料为丙烯酰胺、亚甲基丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸或甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯一种或任意几种的单体;或者,制备所述水凝胶的原料为透明质酸、聚乙烯醇或聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯一种或任意几种高分子化合物。
进一步,所述水凝胶由小分子单体在交联剂和引发剂的作用下,通过自由基反应合成。
进一步,所述水凝胶由高分子化合物通过物理或化学交联方式制备。
采用本发明制备方法得到的高强防水透气的复合敷料具有以下特点:
1、通过低温等离子体技术对膨化聚四氟乙烯薄膜进行活化处理,并在其活化表面利用自由基聚合方式生长一层“绒毛状”的亲水性高分子,这样改性后的膨化聚四氟乙烯薄膜的表面由超疏水性转变为亲水性,更有利于与水凝胶进行复合。
2、由于只对膨化聚四氟乙烯薄膜进行了单面改性,未经改性的一面仍然具有很高的疏水性,同时,网状结构未被破坏,改性的一面网孔结构能够允许伤口处皮肤的汗液和伤口渗出液以分子的形态透过,从而及时将伤口处皮肤的汗液和伤口渗出液排出,减少伤口处的液体淤积,保持创面清洁,促进伤口的愈合;未改性的一面仍然具有良好的疏水性,能够有效的阻止外界液体的渗入,并且网状结构能够阻止细菌伸入伤口,预防伤口感染,使所述复合敷料满足战场和野外救援的复杂场景应用的需要。
3、内层为符合医疗要求的水凝胶,其具有以下特征:
1)能够降低伤口处的温度,减少伤口处的疼痛感;
2)能够保持伤口处湿润,促进伤口生长;
3)能够有效吸收伤口渗出液,并通表面膜将其排出;
4)应具有一定的抗菌能力,能够有效避免伤口的感染。
与现有的技术相比,本发明具有如下有益效果:
1、本发明制备得到的复合敷料采用膨化聚四氟乙烯薄膜作为外层结构,该外层结构表面对水接触角高达135°,属于疏水性,液体不容易湿润该外层结构,容易在外层结构的外表面上移动,从而使复合敷料具有良好的防水、防污性能,外层结构具备均匀的网孔结构能够有效阻止细菌深入伤口,防止伤口感染;同时,伤口渗出液和皮肤上的汗液也能够通过这种网孔结构迅速蒸发,这种复合敷料具有优良的透气性和吸收渗液能力,其透气率达到了10000 g·m-2·24h-1,吸收渗液能力为40 g·100cm-2,而且在水的浸泡下水凝胶层厚度膨胀率低于5%,使复合敷料在使用时不会发生变形,保留了膨化聚四氟乙烯的优良性能,又使得敷料能够满足战场和野外复杂条件下伤口处理的需要;内层采用水凝胶能够有效降低伤口处的温度,以减轻伤口处的疼痛感,而且不会粘连伤口,同时湿润的环境也能促进伤口的愈合,还能吸收伤口的渗出液,并通过外层薄膜的孔道结构将其排出。
2、本发明制备方法利用等离子对膨化聚四氟乙烯薄膜表面进行活化,在其活化表面原位生长的方式实现类膨化聚四氟乙烯与水凝胶间的高效复合,保证了膨化聚四氟表面防水和防污性能,也为膨化聚四氟乙烯与其他材料的复合提供的新的思路。
附图说明
图1为高强防水透气的复合敷料的结构示意图。
图2为制备的伤口敷料的照片。
图3为图1敷料的表面的接触角。
图中:外层1、内层2。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步详细说明。
一、一种高强防水透气的复合敷料
参见图1,一种高强防水透气的复合敷料,包括外层和内层,外层为聚四氟乙烯薄膜,内层为水凝胶,所述聚四氟乙烯薄膜为双向拉伸聚四氟乙烯薄膜,具有均匀的网孔结构,所述聚四氟乙烯薄膜通过接枝亲水高分子化合物与内层水凝胶复合相连。在实际使用时,还可在聚四氟乙烯薄膜的外侧表面覆盖有机材料膜,即未活化的一侧表面进行覆膜,可在该侧表面热压复合聚酰胺、PU、PP布等有机材料膜,覆膜后可以提高聚四氟乙烯薄膜的强度。
表1 一种高强防水透气的复合敷料的主要组成
二、一种高强防水透气的复合敷料的制备方法
实施例1:膨化聚四氟乙烯与PVA水凝胶的复合
(1)活化:选取孔径为0.1微米的厚度为150微米的未覆膜的双拉膨化聚四氟乙烯薄膜,薄膜裁剪为10cmx10cm的方形;将膨化聚四氟乙烯薄膜固定在平板玻璃上,放入20MHz的真空等离子体发生仓内;抽真空并通入氩气流量为20mL/min,调节设备功率为115w,控制体系真空度为0.095MPa,等离子体处理100s。
(2)接枝:立即将膜转移到专用的模具中加入1mol/L乙烯吡咯烷酮水溶液中,并通入氮气除氧后转移到紫外灯下进行照射接枝6h。
(3)清洗:将膜浸入去离子水中,每隔8h换一次水,一共浸泡24h。
(4)复合:将清洗后的基膜转移到专业的水凝胶夹具中,加入10%PVA的水溶液(其中季铵盐壳聚糖质量分数为5 wt%),将其灌入玻璃模具中并通入氮气除氧,然后放入零下18℃的冰箱中进行冷冻处理,然后进行解冻。
(5)后处理:在未覆盖水凝胶的边缘位置涂覆聚丙烯酸酯压敏胶后帖隔离纸后进行剪切,即得到所需的伤口复合敷料。
其中,聚乙烯醇溶液能够更好的铺展于经接枝改性后的膨化聚四氟乙烯薄膜表面,通过冷冻-融解法,对聚乙烯醇溶液进行固化,形成水凝胶。通过聚乙烯醇和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮之间的物理缠绕和范德华力,实现水凝胶与膨化聚四氟乙烯薄膜的有效复合,解决现有技术中成品水凝胶与膨化聚四氟乙烯薄膜复合效果不佳的技术问题。
实施例2:膨化聚四氟乙烯与甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯水凝胶复合
实施例2中,关于膨化聚四氟乙烯膜的预处理方法与实施例1相同,不同之处在于水凝胶的制备,即步骤(4)有所不同。
(4)复合:将经等离子体活化并接枝PVP的基膜转移到水凝胶制备夹具中。配置浓度为1mol/L的甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯溶液,并在其中加入交联剂N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(浓度为单体浓度的1 mol%)和引发剂α-通戊二酸(浓度为单体浓度的0.1 mol%)。在上述溶液中通入氮气除氧,并转移至带基膜的模具中,在365nm紫外光下照射12h。取出在去离子水中浸泡24 h,期间更换三次去离子水,制备得到复合水凝胶。
(5)后处理:在未覆盖水凝胶的边缘位置涂覆聚丙烯酸酯压敏胶后帖隔离纸后进行剪切,即得到所需的伤口复合敷料。
实施例3:膨化聚四氟乙烯与聚甲基丙烯酸水凝胶复合
实施例3中,关于膨化聚四氟乙烯膜的预处理方法与实施例1相同,不同之处在于水凝胶的制备,即步骤(4)有所不同。
(4)复合:将经等离子体活化并接枝PVP的基膜转移到水凝胶制备夹具中。配置浓度为1 mol/L的甲基丙烯酸溶液,并在其中加入引发剂a-通戊二酸(浓度为单体浓度的0.1mol%)。在上述溶液中通入氮气除氧,并转移至带基膜的模具中,在365 nm紫外光下照射12h。取出在去离子水中浸泡24 h,期间更换三次去离子水,制备得到复合水凝胶。
(5)后处理:在未覆盖水凝胶的边缘位置涂覆聚丙烯酸酯压敏胶后帖隔离纸后进行剪切,即得到所需的伤口复合敷料。
实施例4:膨化聚四氟乙烯与聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯水凝胶复合
实施例4中,关于膨化聚四氟乙烯膜的预处理方法与实施例1相同,不同之处在于水凝胶的制备,即步骤(4)有所不同。
(4)复合:将经等离子体活化并接枝PVP的基膜转移到水凝胶制备夹具中。配置浓度为0.5 mol/L的甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯溶液,并在其中加入引发剂a-通戊二酸(浓度为单体浓度的0.1 mol%)。在上述溶液中通入氮气除氧,并转移至带基膜的模具中,在365 nm紫外光下照射12 h。取出在去离子水中浸泡24 h,期间更换三次去离子水,制备得到复合水凝胶。
(5)后处理:在未覆盖水凝胶的边缘位置涂覆聚丙烯酸酯压敏胶后帖隔离纸后进行剪切,即得到所需的伤口复合敷料。
实施例5:膨化聚四氟乙烯与聚亚甲基丙烯酰胺水凝胶复合
实施例5中,关于膨化聚四氟乙烯膜的预处理方法与实施例1相同,不同之处在于水凝胶的制备,即步骤(4)有所不同。
(4)复合:将经等离子体活化并接枝PVP的基膜转移到水凝胶制备夹具中。配置浓度为0.5 mol/L的亚甲基丙烯酰胺溶液,并在其中加入引发剂a-通戊二酸(浓度为单体浓度的0.1 mol%)。在上述溶液中通入氮气除氧,并转移至带基膜的模具中,在365 nm紫外光下照射12 h。取出在去离子水中浸泡24 h,期间更换三次去离子水,制备得到复合水凝胶。
(5)后处理:在未覆盖水凝胶的边缘位置涂覆聚丙烯酸酯压敏胶后帖隔离纸后进行剪切,即得到所需的伤口复合敷料。
实施例6~9制备方法与实施例1相同,不同之处在于选用的膨化聚四氟乙烯薄膜孔径大小不同,制备得到的复合敷料的孔径不同。实施例1~9制备得到的复合敷料依据国家标准接触性创面敷料试验方法(第2部分:透气膜敷料的水蒸气透过率)(YYT 0471.2-2004)进行测定,利用接触角仪器测试复合敷料表面的接触角,在水的浸泡下测试水凝胶厚度膨胀率。
表2 实施例1~9制备得到的复合敷料的性能参数
实施例 | 透气率(g·m<sup>-2</sup>·24h<sup>-1</sup>) | 吸收渗液能力(g·100cm<sup>-2</sup>) | 接触角(°) | 在水浸泡下水凝胶厚度膨胀率(%) |
实施例1 | 6500 | 20 | 135 | <5 |
实施例2 | 10000 | 40 | 132 | <5 |
实施例3 | 6500 | 85 | 130 | <10 |
实施例4 | 9500 | 70 | 136 | <10 |
实施例5 | 9300 | 35 | 135 | <10 |
实施例6 | 6400 | 21 | 131 | <10 |
实施例7 | 6500 | 19 | 131 | <10 |
实施例8 | 6700 | 22 | 131 | <10 |
实施例9 | 6600 | 21 | 131 | <10 |
制备的伤口敷料的照片如图2所示,利用接触角仪测试敷料的表面的接触角如图3所示,从表2可以看出,实施例1~9制备得到的复合敷料外侧表面对水接触角高达135°,保持了聚四氟乙烯薄膜的疏水特性,使复合敷料外侧表面具有优良的防水和防污性能。同时,透气率为6500~10000 g·m-2·24h-1,具有优异的透气性。
本发明的上述实施例仅仅是为说明本发明所作的举例,而并非是对本发明的实施方式的限定。对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说,在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其他不同形式的变化和变动。这里无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举。凡是属于本发明的技术方案所引申出的显而易见的变化或变动仍处于本发明的保护范围之列。
Claims (10)
1.一种高强防水透气的复合敷料,包括外层和内层,外层为聚四氟乙烯薄膜,内层为水凝胶,其特征在于,所述聚四氟乙烯薄膜具有网孔结构,所述聚四氟乙烯薄膜通过接枝亲水高分子化合物与内层水凝胶复合相连。
2.根据权利要求1所述的高强防水透气的复合敷料,其特征在于,所述聚四氟乙烯薄膜经过膨化和双向拉伸加工得到,所述聚四氟乙烯薄膜上孔道结构的平均孔径小于0.5μm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的高强防水透气的复合敷料,其特征在于,所述聚四氟乙烯薄膜的孔隙率大于90%,其厚度为20~500微米。
4.根据权利要求1所述的高强防水透气的复合敷料,其特征在于,所述水凝胶包括PVA水凝胶、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯水凝胶、聚甲基丙烯酸水凝胶或聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯水凝胶。
5.根据权利要求1所述的高强防水透气的复合敷料,其特征在于,所述亲水高分子化合物包括丙烯酰胺、亚甲基丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、乙烯基吡咯烷酮或甲基丙烯酸酯类化合物。
6.一种高强防水透气的复合敷料的制备方法,制备如权利要求1至5所述的高强防水透气的复合敷料,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)活化:选取具有孔道结构的聚四氟乙烯薄膜进行裁剪,通过真空等离子体清洗机进行活化10~300s,调节等离子气体的流量为10~100mL/min,控制真空系统保持真空度在0.01~0.1MPa,得到活化基膜;
(2)接枝:将活化基膜放入含有亲水高分子化合物的水溶液中,通入氮气5~10min除氧,用紫外灯对浸泡在水溶液中的活化基膜的一侧表面进行照射5~10h;
(3)清洗:将步骤(2)处理后的基膜移入去离子水中浸泡12~48h,浸泡期间更换三次去离子水,将基膜表面未反应的化合物洗去;
(4)复合:将步骤(3)处理后的基膜转移到夹具中,并向夹具中的模具里依次加入水凝胶的原料,水凝胶在接枝有亲水高分子的活化基膜的一侧表面进行合成生长,与基膜进行复合;
(5)后处理:将水凝胶固化后的基膜取出,在基膜上水凝胶周围的空白区域涂覆压敏胶,并在其背面贴隔离纸,采用密封包装后即可得到新型敷料。
7.根据权利要求6所述高强防水透气的复合敷料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中所述亲水高分子化合物的水溶液中亲水高分子化合物的浓度为0.2~5mol/L。
8.根据权利要求6所述高强防水透气的复合敷料的制备方法,其特征在于,制备所述水凝胶的原料为丙烯酰胺、亚甲基丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸或甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯一种或任意几种的单体;或者,制备所述水凝胶的原料为透明质酸、聚乙烯醇或聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯一种或任意几种高分子化合物。
9.根据权利要求6所述高强防水透气的复合敷料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述水凝胶由小分子单体在交联剂和引发剂的作用下,通过自由基反应合成。
10.根据权利要求6所述高强防水透气的复合敷料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述水凝胶由高分子化合物通过物理或化学交联方式制备。
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