CN111494641A - 肿瘤微环境响应性的表面电荷可反转纳米药物递送载体 - Google Patents
肿瘤微环境响应性的表面电荷可反转纳米药物递送载体 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开一种肿瘤微环境响应性的表面电荷可反转纳米药物递送载体,可应用于MMP9高表达型肿瘤的特异性检测与高效治疗。功能性两亲性分子结构由三部分组成:油酸是该分子的疏水区,中间连接部分是MMP9响应性断裂多肽,另一部分为富含谷氨酸的多肽片段,组成负电荷的两亲分子。纳米递送载体由(2,3‑二油酰基‑丙基)‑三甲胺、二油酰基卵磷脂、大豆卵磷脂、胆固醇、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺‑聚乙二醇2000组成带有正电荷的基础框架,经功能性两亲分子OMPE修饰后,表面电荷反转成负电荷。细胞和动物实验表明,该纳米递送载体能有效的递送检测探针和肿瘤药物,对MMP9高表达型肿瘤具有很强的特异性检测与高效治疗效果。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于纳米药物领域,具体涉及肿瘤微环境响应性的表面电荷可反转纳米药物递送载体。
背景技术
纳米技术在癌症诊断和治疗方面得到人们日益浓厚的兴趣和关注,很大程度上要归功于它独具特色的优良性能,如提高药物递送效率、实现体内长效循环和降低毒性等。大量纳米药物载体,如脂质体、聚合物胶束、树状大分子以及其他纳米技术模式等,已被用于临床研究,甚至被批准用于癌症治疗。由于肿瘤血管的渗漏特征,合适尺寸的纳米颗粒可优先被富集于肿瘤病灶,而有效提供化疗药物或成像探针。然而将负载物有效的传递到肿瘤部位的过程中存在多个复杂的生物学步骤,如纳米载体/蛋白相互作用、血液循环、外渗、肿瘤穿透性及细胞摄取等。此外,纳米载体的特性(如表面电荷、大小、几何形状、孔隙度和靶向配体等)已被证明可以影响这些生物过程或与之相互作用。与阴离子相比,聚乙二醇化阳离子纳米颗粒在抑制肿瘤生长方面效果较好,但在血液循环时间和肿瘤富集的效果较差。虽然如此,具有敏感生物反应的智能纳米材料仍在癌症诊断和治疗上极具吸引力。
生物特异性刺激响应性纳米材料通常是由病灶微环境触发。生物响应性纳米材料一般含有功能性分子对肿瘤微环境特征具有特异敏感性,如酶、pH、低氧、氧化还原态、葡萄糖等特异性功能响应的因素。由于酶在诸多生物学过程中具有重要的作用,肿瘤相关酶已成为药物治疗的新靶点。其中,基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)作为一种蛋白水解酶,通过降解细胞外基质在肿瘤发展的各个阶段都发挥着至关重要的作用。MMPs能够调控细胞凋亡、血管生成和肿瘤生长、转移等多个方面,从而成为恶性肿瘤的特异性生物学候选分子。MMPs中的MMP9作为分泌型IV胶原酶/明胶酶在局部炎症组织中可以被释放并激活。MMP9在肿瘤组织中的表达水平,与多种癌症包括乳腺癌、结肠癌和胃癌等的恶性程度都具相关性。目前,基于MMPs响应而开发的药物传递系统主要以下几种类型,如结合配体、酶响应性裂解前药、MMPs相关的效应靶点和基质降解。MMPs在多种实体肿瘤中过表达使MMPs敏感性抗体或多肽成为了备受青睐的靶向成分。多肽作为靶向性功能配体,因其制备方法简单、低成本、低免疫原性与调理素作用低等优点,更加受到人们的青睐。此外,长循环基序修饰肽还能克服快速金属化的明显缺陷。
目前,在肿瘤临床治疗过程中或治疗后,无创性、可重复性、高准确性地检测肿瘤还难以实现,因而迫切需要特异性的影像检测技术来指导肿瘤治疗。分子影像在免疫治疗和个性化医学中发挥越来越重要的作用。其中分子探针的制备是分子影像的关键,只有高灵敏度和特异性的分子探针引入体内后可与细胞内特定的靶分子发生特异性结合并产生某种信号,再在体外通过特定的影像设备,如:正电子发射计算机断层扫描(PET-CT)、单光子发射计算机断层成像术(SPECT)、磁共振成像(MRI)以及化学发光设备等进行信号采集,从而达到特异性诊断的目的。因此,采用非侵入方式,针对肿瘤标志物合理设计对癌细胞响应的分子,继而发展成为肿瘤的诊断试剂及治疗药物,是解决上述难题的有效途径。简言之,研发针对MMP9高表达肿瘤特异靶向/响应性的纳米药物递送载体,在多种癌症的诊断和治疗上将有重大突破性意义。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题为:如何提供一种肿瘤微环境响应性的表面电荷可反转纳米药物递送载体,特别适用在生物酶高表达的肿瘤,如结直肠癌、胃肠癌、膀胱癌、脑癌等能促使本发明发生电荷反转的微环境。
本发明的技术方案为:功能性两亲性分子OMPE,由油酸和多肽片段连接构成,所述多肽片段的氨基酸序列为GPLGLPGGEEEEEG(SEQ ID No.1),结构为:
功能性两亲性分子结构由三部分组成:油酸是该分子的疏水区,中间连接部分是MMP9响应性断裂多肽,另一部分为富含谷氨酸的多肽片段,组成为负电荷的两亲性分子。
肿瘤微环境响应性电荷反转纳米载体,它由(2,3-二油酰基-丙基)-三甲胺、二油酰基卵磷脂、大豆卵磷脂、胆固醇、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇2000按质量比为m︰4︰m︰1︰1(m=2~4)组成带有正电荷的基础框架,经OMPE修饰形成表面负电荷的纳米载体。
上述所述的肿瘤微环境响应性电荷反转纳米载体的制备方法,步骤如下:
1)按质量比m︰4︰m︰1︰1︰m/2(m=2~4)称取(2,3-二油酰基-丙基)-三甲胺、二油酰基卵磷脂、大豆卵磷脂、胆固醇、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇2000和所述的OMPE,溶于三氯甲烷/甲醇溶液中;
2)完全溶解后,在39℃旋转蒸发溶剂,形成均匀的薄膜,惰性气体除去残余的有机溶剂;
3)加入PBS,60℃水浴加热水化15min后,水浴超声15min,得到澄清的混悬剂;将混悬剂过滤膜,即得到肿瘤微环境响应性电荷反转纳米载体。
递送系统,由上述所述的肿瘤微环境响应性电荷反转纳米载体和负载的活性成分构成。
进一步地,所述活性成分为能杀伤癌细胞的化学药物、生物药物、纳米药物、放射性药物、光热治疗、光动力治疗药物或包裹这些药物的载体中的任意一种。
进一步地,所述活性成分为烷化剂、抗代谢药物、抗肿瘤天然药物、抗肿瘤抗生素、激素、金属络合物或肿瘤放射靶向标记物中的任意一种。
本发明的功能性两亲分子OMPE衍生的被其他基质金属酶等响应性切断而发生电荷反转的功能两亲性大分子。
本发明的肿瘤微环境响应性电荷反转纳米载体衍生出的功能性纳米药物/探针递送载体。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下有益效果:
(1)本发明可以广泛地应用于MMP9高表达的肿瘤诊断和治疗中。与能杀伤癌细胞的制剂或检测探针相缀合或混合,可用于多种肿瘤的靶向治疗或诊断。
(2)本发明中的两亲性功能分子,可被特异性响应切断,反转纳米载体表面电荷,实现药物的高效递送。
(3)纳米载体负载诊断试剂或杀伤性药物实现高效的肿瘤诊断和治疗效果。
(4)本发明制备方法简单,经济成本低廉,具有很广的应用前景;可用以实时监控药物的疗效及其相应的患者病情。本发明为实时监控肿瘤治疗后的复发、转移提供了简便快捷、经济、准确的检测手段,以便及时调整治疗方案,尽早进行临床干预,防止病情进展,改善患者预后提供了新的手段。
附图说明
图1为OMPE结构图;
图2为O-NP组成图及表征图;
图3为O-NP的细胞摄取图;
图4为O-NP的体内递送药物图。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施方式来进一步说明本发明的技术方案。本领域技术人员应该明了,所述实施例仅仅是帮助支持本发明,不应视为对本发明的具体限制。
下述实施例中所使用的实验方法如无特殊说明,均为常规方法。
下述实施例中所用的材料、试剂等,如无特殊说明,均可从商业途径得到。
实验例1本发明涉及的两亲性分子OMPE的合成
(1)实验材料
N-甲基吗啉(NMM),哌啶,三氟乙酸(TFA),二氯甲烷(DCM),茚三酮,维生素C,苯酚,苯并三氮唑-N,N,N',N'-四甲基脲六氟磷酸盐(HBTU),二异丙基乙胺(DIPEA),三异丙基硅烷(TIS),N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF),无水乙醚,Wang-树脂,甲醇,各种Fmoc保护氨基酸,油酸,多肽合成管,摇床,真空水泵,旋转蒸发仪,上述试剂和材料均从商业途径获得。
(2)溶剂配制
反应液(ACT)——N-甲基吗啉:N,N二甲基甲酰胺(1︰24)
脱保护溶剂——哌啶:N,N二甲基甲酰胺(1︰4)
裂解液——三氟乙酸(95%)、三异丙基硅烷(2.5%)、超纯水(2.5%)。
茚三酮检测液——5%茚三酮︰5%维生素C︰4g/mL苯酚(1︰1︰1)
(3)OMPE(Oleic acid-GPLGLPGG-EEEEEG)的合成
采用Fmoc固相肽合成方法合成OMPE,具体方法如下:
1)称Fmoc-Gly-Wang树脂,放入到多肽合成管中,加入8mL DMF,溶胀30min。
2)脱保护:加入脱保护溶剂,室温脱保护10min;清洗:DMF和DCM交替各洗涤3次;
3)偶联:根据序列由C端到N端依次称量5倍冗余量的相应氨基酸,与等摩尔比的HBTU混合,加入6mL活化反应试剂(ACT)使其溶解后,加到上述的多肽合成管中,置于摇床上,室温下反应40min~1h;N端连接油酸反应,即将10倍冗余量的相应氨基酸,与等摩尔比的HBTU混合,加入6mL含1%DIPEA的活化反应试剂使其溶解后,加到上述的多肽合成管中,置于摇床上,室温下反应过夜;
4)清洗:DMF和DCM交替各洗涤3次(同上述清洗过程);脱保护:加入脱保护试剂,室温条件下脱保护10min;清洗:DMF和DCM交替各洗涤3次。
每一步偶连和脱保护都要通过茚三酮检测试剂来检测游离氨基,来判断脱保护和偶联是否完全。只有在检验偶联完全后,才可进行脱保护;同样,只有脱保护完全后才能进行下一个氨基酸残基的偶联反应。
循环反应:按照上述脱保护-清洗-偶联-清洗-脱保护循环操作,直至偶联完所有氨基酸。其中每一步可通过茚三酮检测试剂来检测游离氨基,来判断脱保护和偶联是否完全。
树脂收缩:目标序列合成完之后,洗涤树脂。向多肽合成管中加入甲醇洗涤收缩,抽干。
将已合好的OMPE-树脂,转移到一个10mL棕色瓶中,加入5mL裂解液,置于冰上,避光温和搅拌裂解3h。随后,42℃真空旋转蒸发多肽裂解液,至裂解液基本挥发,向瓶中加入10mL预冷的乙醚沉淀粗产物,乙醚多次清洗离心。真空干燥OMPE的粗品,干燥后的粗产品放入-20℃保存,备用。
图1为OMPE的结构图。结构序列为:Oleic acid-GPLGLP-GGEEEEEG,经高效液相色谱和飞行时间质谱鉴定确定我们所合成的OMPE可以进行后续实验。
实验例2构建功能性纳米载体O-NP
(1)实验材料
(2,3-二油酰基-丙基)-三甲胺(DOTAP)、二油酰基卵磷脂(DOPC)、大豆卵磷脂(SPC)、胆固醇(CHO)、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇2000(DSPE-PEG2000),甲醇,三氯甲烷,磷酸缓冲盐溶液(PBS)。
(2)制备O-NP
采用薄膜分散法制备纳米脂质体O-NP,具体步骤如下:
精确称取1mg DOTAP,2mg DOPC,1mg SPC,0.5mg DSPE-PEG2000,0.5mg CHO和0.5mgOMPE溶于5mL的溶剂(三氯甲烷/甲醇,体积比2︰1)中,完全溶解后,置于圆底烧瓶中。温度39℃,旋转蒸发仪缓慢均匀旋转,有机溶剂挥发后,形成均匀的薄膜贴于烧瓶壁。惰性气体除去烧瓶内残余的有机溶剂。加入5mL PBS,60℃水浴加热水化15min后,水浴超声15min,得到澄清的混悬剂。制备所得样品过滤膜(0.22μm)三次,得到样品O-NP(1mg/mL),4℃保存,备用。
将1mL的纳米颗粒混悬液O-NP(1mg/mL)置于动态光散射(Dynamic LightScattering,DLS)样品池中,即可通过动态光散射(DLS)粒度仪测得O-NP的大小及其表面电位(ζ)。测试温度为25℃,激光波长为633nm,探头角度为173°,样品平衡时间为2min,重复测试三次。实验数据通过软件Zetasizer Software处理分析得到样品的。
透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察纳米颗粒形貌。取O-NP(1mg/mL)8μL滴于普通碳膜支持铜网上,2min后滤纸吸走多余的样品,之后滴加6μL的1%磷钨酸负染5min,滤纸吸走多余的液体,最后水洗一次。放于干燥箱中烘干待用。在200kV电压下,通过生物透射电镜TalosTMF200C(TEM,FEI,USA)观察。
实验例3细胞对O-NP的摄取
(1)显像制剂(O-NP-Cy2)的制备:根据O-NP的制备方法,精确称取1mg DOTAP,2mgDOPC,1mg SPC,0.5mg DSPE-PEG2000,0.5mg CHO和0.5mg OMPE,0.5mg Cy2,溶于5mL的溶剂(三氯甲烷/甲醇,体积比2︰1)中,完全溶解后,置于圆底烧瓶中。温度39℃,旋转蒸发仪缓慢均匀旋转,有机溶剂挥发后,形成均匀的薄膜贴于烧瓶壁。惰性气体除去烧瓶内残余的有机溶剂。加入5mL PBS,60℃水浴加热水化15min后,水浴超声15min,得到澄清的混悬剂。制备所得样品过膜(0.22μm)三次,得到样品O-NP(1mg/mL),4℃保存,备用。
(2)细胞培养:人结直肠癌细胞LS180和人乳腺癌细胞Hela于5%二氧化碳的37℃培养箱中,用含10%胎牛血清及1%双抗(100U/mL盘尼西林和100μg/mL链霉素)的高糖DMEM进行培养。
(3)O-NP-Cy2与细胞相互作用,观察细胞摄入。
Hela以1×105/mL的细胞浓度,将1mL细胞悬液置于圆形玻底培养皿(35mm),37℃,5%CO2细胞培养箱中培养,12h后,弃去培养液,加入不同浓度外源MMP9(0、1或10ng/mL)孵育1h,接着加入O-NP-Cy2(30μg/mL,1mL),孵育2小时。之后用预冷1×PBS洗涤2次。细胞中加入含10μg/mL Hoechst 33342,37℃孵育10min,预冷的1×PBS洗涤2次。用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(ZEISS TCS SP8)检测细胞中的荧光分布。
图3中A表明,外源MMP9的加入促进O-NP进入细胞,特别10ng/mL MMP9明显促进了O-NP进入Hela细胞。
Hela和LS180分别以1×105/mL的细胞浓度,将1mL细胞悬液置于圆形玻底培养皿(35mm),37℃,5%CO2细胞培养箱中培养12h后,弃去培养液,MMP9抑制剂SB-3CT(0或20μg/mL)孵育30min,接着加O-NP-Cy2(30μg/mL,1mL)孵育2小时。之后用预冷的1×PBS洗涤2次。细胞中加入含10μg/mL Hoechst 33342,37℃孵育10min,预冷的1×PBS洗涤2次。用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(ZEISS TCS SP8)检测细胞中的荧光分布。
图3中B表明,MMP9高表达的肿瘤细胞系LS180对O-NP的摄取高于Hela细胞。而加入抑制剂SB-3CT则能够明显抑制细胞摄取O-NP的效率。
实验例4实体瘤富集O-NP
(1)实验动物为6-8周的雌性BALB/c裸鼠,购于维通利华。动物实验均在无特定病原微生物的环境中饲养。所有动物实验均按照天津市科委《实验室动物护理和使用指南》进行。
(2)制备O-NP-Cy7。参考O-NP-Cy2的制备方法,0.5mg Cy2被等质量的Cy7替代,得到样品O-NP-Cy7(1mg/mL),4℃保存,备用。
(3)构建体内肿瘤动物模型。
在小鼠左大腿皮下接种1×108/mL(100μL)Hela细胞,右侧大腿处皮下接种LS180细胞5×107/mL(100μL)。待肿瘤大小约150mm3时,尾静脉给予O-NP-Cy7(1mg/mL,200μL),对应200ng Cy7。给药6h,小动物活体成像系统IVIS Lumina II(Xenogen/PerkinElmer)观察710nm激发,ICG发射滤光接收信号。
图4显示,相比Hela肿瘤组织,LS180肿瘤对O-NP有更高的滞留摄取。
综上所述,从实验例1-4可以得出,本发明纳米药物递送载体具有特异性电荷反转的特性而增加细胞摄取药物效率。在实际应用中,可以将本发明的载体作为功能性递送系统,与能杀伤或指示癌细胞的制剂相缀合或混合,用于肿瘤的靶向治疗或成像。
序列表
<110> 南开大学
<120> 肿瘤微环境响应性的表面电荷可反转纳米药物递送载体
<160> 1
<170> SIPOSequenceListing 1.0
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<211> 14
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列(Artificial Sequence)
<400> 1
Gly Pro Leu Gly Leu Pro Gly Gly Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu Gly
1 5 10
Claims (6)
2.肿瘤微环境响应性电荷反转纳米载体,它由(2,3-二油酰基-丙基)-三甲胺、二油酰基卵磷脂、大豆卵磷脂、胆固醇、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇2000按质量比为m︰4︰m︰1︰1,m=2~4,组成带有正电荷的基础框架,经权利要求1所述的OMPE修饰形成表面负电荷的纳米载体。
3.权利要求2所述的肿瘤微环境响应性电荷反转纳米载体的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤如下:
1)按质量比m︰4︰m︰1︰1︰m/2,m=2~4,称取(2,3-二油酰基-丙基)-三甲胺、二油酰基卵磷脂、大豆卵磷脂、胆固醇、二硬脂酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇2000和权利要求1所述的OMPE,溶于三氯甲烷/甲醇溶液中;
2)完全溶解后,在39℃旋转蒸发,形成均匀的薄膜,惰性气体除去残余的有机溶剂;
3)加入PBS,60℃水浴加热水化15min后,水浴超声15min,得到澄清的混悬剂;将混悬剂过滤膜,即得到肿瘤微环境响应性电荷反转纳米载体。
4.递送系统,由权利要求2所述的肿瘤微环境响应性电荷反转纳米载体和负载的活性成分构成。
5.根据权利要求4所述的递送系统,其特征在于,所述活性成分为能杀伤癌细胞的化学药物、生物药物、纳米药物、放射性药物、光热治疗、光动力治疗药物或包裹这些药物的载体中的任意一种。
6.根据权利要求4所述的递送系统,其特征在于,所述活性成分为烷化剂、抗代谢药物、抗肿瘤天然药物、抗肿瘤抗生素、激素、金属络合物或肿瘤放射靶向标记物中的任意一种。
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