CN111430903A - Radiation scattering integrated low-RCS antenna housing and design method thereof - Google Patents

Radiation scattering integrated low-RCS antenna housing and design method thereof Download PDF

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CN111430903A
CN111430903A CN202010251117.2A CN202010251117A CN111430903A CN 111430903 A CN111430903 A CN 111430903A CN 202010251117 A CN202010251117 A CN 202010251117A CN 111430903 A CN111430903 A CN 111430903A
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phase
field
radiation
antenna
arrangement
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CN111430903B (en
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王甲富
朱瑞超
随赛
屈绍波
范亚
韩亚娟
刘同豪
邱天硕
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Air Force Engineering University of PLA
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/42Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06NCOMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
    • G06N20/00Machine learning
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/0013Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices working as frequency-selective reflecting surfaces, e.g. FSS, dichroic plates, surfaces being partly transmissive and reflective

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Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of antenna housing, and discloses a radiation scattering integrated low RCS antenna housing and a design method thereof, wherein the radiation scattering integrated low RCS antenna housing comprises the following steps: optimizing the arrangement of a plurality of phase units on the transmission type super surface of the antenna housing by a random gradient descent method; optimizing the objective function of the phase unit arrangement by using a random gradient descent method to obtain the optimal phase arrangement; obtaining optimal phase arrangement according to the optimized objective function, and fitting the sizes of the phase units and the phase relation of the phase units by using an artificial neural network to find out the sizes of patches corresponding to the multiple phase units; according to the size and optimal arrangement of patches corresponding to the multiple phase units, the transmission type super-surface of the antenna housing is designed, and the radiation scattering integrated low-RCS antenna housing is obtained.

Description

Radiation scattering integrated low-RCS antenna housing and design method thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of antenna covers, in particular to a radiation scattering integrated low-RCS antenna cover and a design method thereof.
Background
The antenna housing (radome) is a structure for protecting an antenna system from being influenced by external environment, has good mechanical property on mechanical property, can resist various severe environments to protect the antenna from normally working, has good wave transmission property on electromagnetic property, and reduces the transmission influence on electromagnetic waves. Radomes are an important means in electromagnetic protection.
The metamaterial is one of research hotspots in academia in recent years, and has extraordinary physical properties that some natural materials do not have, and an Electrical Metamaterial (EM) refers to an artificial composite material or a composite structure composed of sub-wavelength unit structures and having an equivalent dielectric constant less than 1, and specifically can be divided into electrical Metamaterials having equivalent dielectric constants less than 0, equal to 0, and between 0 and 1. Therefore, the metamaterial has great application value compared with the traditional material. A meta-surface refers to an artificial layered material with a thickness less than the wavelength, which can be considered as a two-dimensional correspondence of the meta-material. Through different unit structures, the super surface can flexibly regulate and control amplitude, phase and polarization mode, and the application of the super surface to the antenna housing is one of the applications. Compared with the traditional material, due to the unique electromagnetic performance of the material, the super surface can realize the functions of reducing RCS (Radar Cross-Section) or enhancing RCS and the like. The application range of the antenna housing is effectively widened.
The origin of the low-RCS radome dates back to the 50 th century, and Russia firstly realized the low-RCS radome through plasma, so that the probability of detection is reduced. Over 90 years, russia realized more than 90% of the RCS reduced radomes. The research on the aspects is started later in China, and from the last 90 th century, the low RCS radome becomes a research hotspot due to the application requirements of various military industry and civil use. Currently, a commonly used radome is mainly based on a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS), and electromagnetic performance of the radome is represented by a passband characteristic within a working bandwidth and a stopband characteristic outside the working bandwidth. But the RCS reduction in-band is still a problem.
With the development of science and technology, the communication field changes from the top to the bottom, Wifi and 5G appear, which indicates that the microwave frequency band communication is mature day by day, and various communication means are layered endlessly, which puts higher requirements on information transmission carriers and transmission means. Such as mobile communication, telecommunication transmission, aerospace, defense military and other extreme fields. Therefore, reducing the influence of in-band communication and achieving in-band RCS reduction are all issues that need to be addressed urgently in the field of electromagnetic transmission.
With the development of the fields of block chains, big data, artificial intelligence and the like, intellectualization becomes a design concept and development trend. The antenna housing is designed through an intelligent method, the method is different from the traditional design method, and the realization of the multifunctional electromagnetic super-surface antenna housing through the novel electromagnetic metamaterial is a new research hotspot.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a radiation scattering integrated low-RCS antenna housing and a design method thereof, and the radiation scattering integrated low-RCS antenna housing is simple in implementation method, low in cost and high in practicability.
The invention provides a design method of a radiation scattering integrated low-RCS antenna housing, which comprises the following steps:
s1, optimizing the arrangement of a plurality of phase units on the transmission-type super surface of the radome by a random gradient descent method;
s11, according to the far-field scattering field E of the plane wave antenna arrayscatteringFar field radiation field EradiationAnd antenna radiation field EantennaObtaining an objective function of the phase unit arrangement:
s12, optimizing the objective function of the phase unit arrangement by using a random gradient descent method to obtain the optimal phase arrangement;
s2, fitting the relationship between the size of the phase unit and the phase of the phase unit by using an artificial neural network according to the optimal phase arrangement, and finding out the patch sizes corresponding to a plurality of phase units;
and S3, designing the transmission type super surface of the antenna housing according to the patch sizes and the optimal phase arrangement corresponding to the multiple phase units to obtain the radiation scattering integrated low-RCS antenna housing.
The specific steps of obtaining the objective function of the phase unit arrangement in step S11 are as follows:
s111, for the M × N super-surface phase unit, the far-field radiation field of the plane wave antenna array is expressed as:
Eradiation=EFantenna×AF (1)
EF in formula (1)antennaFor the far-field radiation field of the antenna, AF is an array factor, which is specifically expressed as:
Figure BDA0002435523010000031
in the formula (2), k is a wave vector, and d is a super-surface unit interval; theta and
Figure BDA0002435523010000032
is the pitch angle and azimuth angle under the spherical coordinate system; phi (m, n) is the phase of the corresponding phase unit at position (m, n);
s112, for the M × N super-surface phase unit, the far-field scattered field of the reflected electromagnetic wave is represented as:
Figure BDA0002435523010000033
EF in formula (3)reflectIs the reflected field of the antenna element; escatteringThe phase delay of a reflected detection signal is 2 phi in a far-field scattering field after super-surface modulation, the formula (2) is substituted into the formula (1), and then the formula (1) and the formula (3) are compared to obtain the far-field radiation field E, if and only if phi (m, N) is N × 2 pi, N ∈ 0,1,2 and … NradiationAnd far field scattered field EscatteringEqual;
therefore, different regulation and control of an antenna radiation field and a reflected electromagnetic wave scattering field are realized by designing the phase arrangement of the transmission type super surface phase unit;
s113, according to Eescattering、EradiationAnd EantennaThe objective function is obtained as:
min F(X)={ω1×f(x)+ω2×g(x),f(x)=|Eradiation-Eantenna|,g(x)=Escattering}
Figure BDA0002435523010000034
in the formula (4), X represents the whole phase array arrangement, and comprises a plurality of position phase variables, XMPhase variable representing the Mth position, RMRepresenting M real numbers, ω1And ω2Is the weighting factor of the far-field radiation field and the far-field scattered field.
The specific method for optimizing the objective function of the phase unit arrangement in step S12 is as follows: according to a random gradient descent method, a target function respectively calculates corresponding first-order partial derivatives of a plurality of position phase variables, then the integral phase array arrangement X randomly selects the first-order partial derivative of one position phase variable each time, the direction of the first-order partial derivative is changed to optimize the target function, and after multiple random iterations, the target function is finally optimized to reach a minimum value because the change is randomly carried out along the direction of the first-order partial derivative each time.
A radiation scattering integrated low-RCS radome is obtained according to the design method.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the design and optimization of the antenna housing are realized based on a machine learning method. The fitting of the sizes of the phase unit and the structural unit is realized by using an artificial neural network; the optimization of the phase unit arrangement is realized by using a random gradient descent method as an optimizer of machine learning. The problem of RCS reduction in a working band is solved, the radiation and scattering integrated function is achieved, and the antenna housing is simple in design method, low in cost, high in practicability and high in application value.
According to the invention, the rapid design of the radiation scattering integrated antenna housing is realized by using a random gradient descent method and an artificial neural network, and the RCS reduction performance and reliability of the design method and the designed sample are shown by an experimental result through testing the designed and processed antenna housing.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a radiation scattering integrated low RCS radome provided by the invention.
Fig. 2 is a phase optimization arrangement result and a unit arrangement schematic diagram of the radiation scattering integrated low RCS radome provided by the invention.
Fig. 2a shows an optimal phase arrangement obtained by SGD optimization according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2b is a diagram of the total layout pattern formed by filling the phase cells according to the values in the optimized optimal layout pattern for the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of initial training optimization efficiency of a phase unit of the radiation scattering integrated low RCS radome provided in the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of efficiency of continuous training and optimization of a phase unit of the radiation scattering integrated low RCS radome provided by the invention.
Fig. 5 is a theoretical calculation far-field schematic diagram of the radiation scattering integrated low RCS radome provided by the invention.
Fig. 6 is a far field schematic diagram of a manufacturing method of the radiation scattering integrated low RCS radome provided by the invention.
Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of a far field reflected by an opposite antenna of the radiation scattering integrated low RCS radome provided by the invention.
Fig. 8 is a diagram of a comparative metal plate RCS of the radiation scattering integrated low RCS radome provided by the invention.
Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of a test result of the radiation scattering integrated low RCS radome provided in the present invention.
Fig. 10 is a schematic structural diagram of an artificial neural network provided by the present invention.
Fig. 11 is a diagram illustrating a fitting result between a size of a phase unit and a phase relationship of the phase unit according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 12 is a schematic diagram illustrating a principle of a design method of a radiation scattering integrated low RCS radome provided by the invention.
Fig. 13 is a flow chart of a design method of a radiation scattering integrated low RCS radome provided by the present invention.
Detailed Description
Detailed description of the preferred embodimentsthe following detailed description of the present invention will be made with reference to the accompanying drawings 1-13, although it should be understood that the scope of the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments.
As shown in fig. 13, the invention provides a radiation scattering integrated radome and a rapid design method thereof, rapid design of the radiation scattering integrated radome is realized by using a random gradient descent method and an artificial neural network, a radome is designed and processed for testing, and experimental results show performance and reliability of the design method and a designed sample.
A phase unit: a cell having a different phase response to an electromagnetic wave. The design of the phase unit is shown in fig. 1.
And the random gradient descent method optimizes the arrangement of unit phases. Specific training situations and results can be seen in fig. 2-4.
Fig. 3 and 4 are graphs showing the change of the loss function value when the objective function is optimized by using the SGD algorithm of the stochastic gradient descent method in the training process. In fig. 3, the training is continued for 3000 times with the learning rate of 0.1. Fig. 4 shows the value transformation of the loss function after training is continued 3000 times based on the learning rate 0.1 in the case where the learning rate is 0.01.
Random gradient descent method: the direction of the maximum value of the directional derivative on the curved surface represents the direction of the gradient, so that when the gradient is reduced, the weight is updated along the opposite direction of the gradient, the solution of the first-order partial derivative is carried out on all variables, and the change is carried out along one direction at random, so that the global optimal solution can be effectively found in the mode.
Fig. 5 is a theoretical calculation of the optimal arrangement obtained by the optimization by the stochastic gradient descent method. As can be seen from the calculation chart of fig. 5, the left side shows the case of transmission, in which the transmitted wave retains the performance of the transmitted wave, while the reflected wave is scattered in the non-incident direction. It can be seen from the backward energy distribution cross section that the backward energy approaches to 0, and a good backward RCS reduction effect is obtained.
The artificial neural network shown in fig. 10 and 11 is used to fit the phases and the cells, thereby achieving a fast design of the phase cells. FIG. 10 shows a schematic diagram of a neuron in a neural network. Fig. 11 shows the effect of fitting the elements and phases by using a neural network. As can be seen from the effect in the figure, the fitting effect between the phase and the unit is good, basically all the units are on the fitted curve, and the accuracy is high.
According to the optimized phase arrangement, the phase position unit is filled in to realize the super surface shown in fig. 2 b. And the effect of the surface is verified.
Fig. 6 and 7 show simulations of far field patterns in transmission and reflection, respectively. As can be seen from the simulation results, in the case of transmission, the transmitted wave maintains its directivity, and the reflected wave is scattered in other directions. Fig. 8 shows the reduction effect of RCS. The RCS reduction of more than 10dB in the frequency band of 10.4G-11GHz can be clearly obtained. Fig. 9 shows the test results, which are better matched with the original antenna pattern after loading the super-surface radome. It is illustrated that the RCS reduction is achieved within the operating band.
A radiation scattering integrated antenna housing with an internal RCS (radar cross section) is composed of a medium substrate and a seven-layer structure of copper-clad patches, and under the structure, a phase unit is high in transmission efficiency and can cover a phase of 0-360 degrees.
And fitting between the phase and the unit size is realized through an artificial neural network, and the unit with the corresponding size is found according to the phase.
The phase position unit arrangement is optimized based on a random gradient descent method optimizer, the arrangement under the algorithm optimization keeps own antenna signals less influenced, and opposite signals are scattered to other directions.
Own signals are not influenced as much as possible, and opposite signals are scattered to other directions, so that backward RCS reduction is realized.
In the working frequency band, the signal direction and the gain of the own transmitting antenna are kept unchanged from the original signal, the opposite detection signal is scattered to other directions, and the backward RCS reduction is realized by utilizing the scattering cancellation principle.
The invention realizes the optimization of two targets according to the far-field radiation formula of the phased-array antenna and the relation that the own transmitting antenna and the opposite detecting antenna have twice phase difference. The optimization target is that the antenna direction of the own party is kept unchanged as much as possible, the enemy detection echo is scattered under the condition that the gain is reduced as much as possible, and the integration of radiation and scattering is realized through the optimization target. According to the scattering cancellation principle, normal operation in an antenna band is ensured, and meanwhile, wave detection signals are scattered to a non-threat direction.
The principle of heat dissipation cancellation is to reduce the size of the total scattering cross section by loading the object with a metamaterial coating, so that the target is hidden or transparent. The electric field and magnetic field of two electromagnetic waves with equal and opposite directions are all in equal and opposite directions, the two waves are mutually counteracted in a free space, and if the electromagnetic waves are reversed, the phase of the electromagnetic waves only needs to be changed by 180 degrees. Therefore, by constructing a 180 ° phase difference relationship between the transmission phase and the reflection phase, dispersion cancellation can be achieved.
The invention realizes the reduction of the RCS in the band by using the scattering cancellation principle, and has simple manufacturing process, simple design structure and strong practicability.
As shown in fig. 1, the unit structure is composed of 3 × 3 small units for the structural design of the radome. Each cell is a high efficiency transmissive cell consisting of 4 layers of copper patch and 3 layers of F4B dielectric substrate. And different phases are realized by adjusting the patch size. The designed antenna housing is placed at the position where the distance between the transmitting antennas is integral multiple of the wavelength, the receiving antenna is placed at the other side, and the antenna efficiency is tested.
The equal-size metal plate is placed at the position where the distance between the antenna housing and the antenna housing is integral multiple of the wavelength, the position of the transmitting antenna is placed at the position far away from the antenna housing, the effect of scattering cancellation is detected during reflection, the simulation result is shown in figure 8, after incoming waves of the opposite side are reflected, a reflected wave directional diagram can be seen, a main wave beam is scattered into wave beams in other directions, and due to scattering, a better RCS reduction effect is obtained. RCS is reduced by more than 10dB in the frequency band of 10.4G-11GHz through scattering.
The present invention can use a 10X10 phased array, which contains 100 phase positions, so the objective function f (X) is a function of the phase variables of 100 positions.
Fig. 12 shows the design process of the invention: by establishing the relationship between the phase and the cell structure, the reverse design of obtaining the cell through the phase is realized. And optimizing the phase arrangement of the super surface by an SGD algorithm, and filling the super surface by using a reverse design unit according to the phase arrangement to realize the super surface design. The super surface is placed at a position which is an integral multiple of the wavelength of the antenna, and the high-efficiency transmission effect is realized on the transmitted wave emitted by the antenna; the effect of scattering is achieved for the detected reflected waves, and then RCS reduction is achieved.
The design and optimization of the antenna housing are realized based on a machine learning method. The fitting of the sizes of the phase unit and the structural unit is realized by using an artificial neural network; the optimization of the phase unit arrangement is realized by using a random gradient descent method as an optimizer of machine learning. The problem of RCS reduction in a working band is solved, the radiation and scattering integrated function is achieved, and the antenna housing is simple in design method, low in cost, high in practicability and high in application value.
According to the invention, the rapid design of the radiation scattering integrated antenna housing is realized by using a random gradient descent method and an artificial neural network, and the RCS reduction performance and reliability of the design method and the designed sample are shown by an experimental result through testing the designed and processed antenna housing.
The above disclosure is only for a few specific embodiments of the present invention, however, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any variations that can be made by those skilled in the art are intended to fall within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (4)

1. A design method of a radiation scattering integrated low-RCS radome comprises the following steps:
s1, optimizing the arrangement of a plurality of phase units on the transmission-type super surface of the radome by a random gradient descent method;
s11, according to the far-field scattering field E of the plane wave antenna arrayscatteringFar field radiation field EradiationAnd antenna radiation field EantennaObtaining an objective function of the phase unit arrangement:
s12, optimizing the objective function of the phase unit arrangement by using a random gradient descent method to obtain the optimal phase arrangement;
s2, fitting the relationship between the size of the phase unit and the phase of the phase unit by using an artificial neural network according to the optimal phase arrangement, and finding out the patch sizes corresponding to a plurality of phase units;
and S3, designing the transmission type super surface of the antenna housing according to the patch sizes and the optimal phase arrangement corresponding to the multiple phase units to obtain the radiation scattering integrated low-RCS antenna housing.
2. The method for designing the radiation scattering integrated low RCS radome of claim 1 wherein the step S11 of obtaining the objective function of the phase element arrangement includes the specific steps of:
s111, for the M × N super-surface phase unit, the far-field radiation field of the plane wave antenna array is expressed as:
Eradiation=EFantenna×AF (1)
EF in formula (1)antennaFor the far-field radiation field of the antenna, AF is an array factor, which is specifically expressed as:
Figure FDA0002435521000000011
in the formula (2), k is a wave vector, and d is a super-surface unit interval; theta and
Figure FDA0002435521000000012
is the pitch angle and azimuth angle under the spherical coordinate system; phi (m, n) is the phase of the corresponding phase unit at position (m, n);
s112, for the M × N super-surface phase unit, the far-field scattered field of the reflected electromagnetic wave is represented as:
Figure FDA0002435521000000013
EF in formula (3)reflectIs the reflected field of the antenna element; escatteringThe phase delay of a reflected detection signal is 2 phi in a far-field scattering field after super-surface modulation, the formula (2) is substituted into the formula (1), and then the formula (1) and the formula (3) are compared to obtain the far-field radiation field E, if and only if phi (m, N) is N × 2 pi, N ∈ 0,1,2 and … NradiationAnd far field scattered field EscatteringEqual;
therefore, different regulation and control of an antenna radiation field and a reflected electromagnetic wave scattering field are realized by designing the phase arrangement of the transmission type super surface phase unit;
s113, according to Eescattering、EradiationAnd EantennaThe objective function is obtained as:
min F(X)={ω1×f(x)+ω2×g(x),f(x)=|Eradiation-Eantenna|,g(x)=Escattering}
Figure FDA0002435521000000021
in the formula (4), X represents the whole phase array arrangement, and comprises a plurality of position phase variables, XMPhase variable representing the Mth position, RMRepresenting M real numbers, ω1And ω2Is the weighting factor of the far-field radiation field and the far-field scattered field.
3. The method for designing the radiation scattering integrated low RCS radome of claim 2, wherein the specific method for optimizing the objective function of the phase element arrangement in step S12 is as follows: according to a random gradient descent method, a target function respectively calculates corresponding first-order partial derivatives of a plurality of position phase variables, then the integral phase array arrangement X randomly selects the first-order partial derivative of one position phase variable each time, the direction of the first-order partial derivative is changed to optimize the target function, and after multiple random iterations, the target function is finally optimized to reach a minimum value because the change is randomly carried out along the direction of the first-order partial derivative each time.
4. A radiation scattering integrated low RCS radome, characterized in that the radome obtained by using the design method according to any one of claims 1-3 is used.
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111881609A (en) * 2020-07-31 2020-11-03 北京环境特性研究所 Method and device for configuring stealth parameters of plasma material
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CN113065243A (en) * 2021-03-23 2021-07-02 中国科学院微小卫星创新研究院 Optimization method for satellite-borne antenna layout
CN112906308A (en) * 2021-03-26 2021-06-04 电子科技大学 Method, equipment and storage medium for quickly predicting radiation characteristic of antenna housing
CN112906308B (en) * 2021-03-26 2022-05-03 电子科技大学 Method, equipment and storage medium for quickly predicting radiation characteristic of antenna housing
US11322831B1 (en) 2021-06-30 2022-05-03 King Abdulaziz University Radio cross-section reduction of conformal antennas mounted on vehicles

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