CN111424630A - Ship berthing and protecting integrated device and method for ship lift chamber - Google Patents
Ship berthing and protecting integrated device and method for ship lift chamber Download PDFInfo
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- CN111424630A CN111424630A CN202010335022.9A CN202010335022A CN111424630A CN 111424630 A CN111424630 A CN 111424630A CN 202010335022 A CN202010335022 A CN 202010335022A CN 111424630 A CN111424630 A CN 111424630A
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- mooring
- blocking
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- bollard
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02C—SHIP-LIFTING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS
- E02C5/00—Mechanisms for lifting ships vertically
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02C—SHIP-LIFTING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS
- E02C1/00—Locks or dry-docks; Shaft locks, i.e. locks of which one front side is formed by a solid wall with an opening in the lower part through which the ships pass
- E02C1/10—Equipment for use in connection with the navigation of ships in locks; Mooring equipment
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Ship Loading And Unloading (AREA)
Abstract
The device comprises a plurality of combined mooring columns and a plurality of second single-side eave-blocking mooring columns; and the plurality of combined mooring columns and the plurality of second single-face fender eave mooring columns are alternately arranged and installed on the inner web side of the top surfaces of the main longitudinal beams on the two sides of the ship lift chamber. And a third single-face eave-blocking bollard is arranged on the inner web side of the top surface of each side main longitudinal beam. The combined bollard comprises a first single-face eave blocking bollard and a mounting bracket, wherein the first single-face eave blocking bollard is fixedly mounted on the main longitudinal beam through the mounting bracket. The invention provides a ship berthing and protecting integrated device and method for a ship lift chamber, which can meet the requirement of mooring release cables of ships with different freeboard heights and effectively prevent the interference and collision of the ship and chamber deck equipment facilities through the ship lift; and the emergency brake of the out-of-control ship can be realized, and the installation and the maintenance of the berthing device are convenient.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of berthing and mooring of ship lift cabins, in particular to a berthing and protection integrated device and method for ship lift cabins.
Background
When a ship passes through the ship lift, the ship and the cabin deck equipment facility are prevented from interfering in order to facilitate the ship to berth and release the mooring rope, so a special berthing and mooring rope device is required to ensure the navigation safety. The ship chamber of the ship lift is a large steel structure, and a ship entering and exiting the ship chamber can deform even have serious accidents after being impacted, so that strict requirements on mooring and mooring release cables of the ship entering and exiting the ship chamber of the ship lift are met, and the heights of the ship model, the size, the loaded and unloaded freeboard are different in the ascending or descending process of the ship, so that the required mooring columns and the fender heights are different.
The existing ship mooring device mainly comprises a floating mooring post in the method ①, a common mooring post in the method ②, a mooring ring in the method ③, a quick towing hook in the method ④ and a cable twisting machine in the method ⑤.
In the method, the method ① is limited in arrangement due to the fact that the method is large in size and must be arranged in a water body, the height of a mooring post in the method ② is not variable, the use range is limited, the method ③, the method ④ and the method ⑤ are not variable in height with ports and wharfs, overhauling is complex, and navigation efficiency is affected.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a ship berthing and protecting integrated device and method for a ship lift chamber, which can meet the requirement of mooring release ropes of ships with different freeboard heights and effectively prevent the interference and collision of the ship and chamber deck equipment facilities through the ship lift; and the emergency brake of the out-of-control ship can be realized, and the installation and the maintenance of the berthing device are convenient.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the integrated device for berthing and protecting the ship in the ship chamber of the ship lift comprises a plurality of combined mooring columns and a plurality of second single-side eave-blocking mooring columns; and the plurality of combined mooring columns and the plurality of second single-face fender eave mooring columns are alternately arranged and installed on the inner web side of the top surfaces of the main longitudinal beams on the two sides of the ship lift chamber. And a third single-face eave-blocking bollard is arranged on the inner web side of the top surface of each side main longitudinal beam. The combined bollard comprises a first single-face eave blocking bollard and a mounting bracket, wherein the first single-face eave blocking bollard is fixedly mounted on the main longitudinal beam through the mounting bracket.
The mounting bracket comprises two end columns, a longitudinal beam, a plurality of cross beams and a plurality of partition plates; the longitudinal beam is fixedly connected with the cross beams, any two cross beams are fixedly connected through the partition plate, the two first single-face eave blocking bollards are respectively welded on the two end columns, and the steel fenders are evenly welded on the cross beams at equal intervals. The beam is provided with a plurality of drain holes.
And the end columns, the longitudinal beams and the T-shaped reinforcing beam mounting positions of the middle bracket of the main longitudinal beam of the ship lift chamber are fixedly mounted.
The second single-side eave-blocking bollard is fixedly installed on a first base, and the first base is fixedly installed on the top surface of a main longitudinal beam of a ship lift chamber and is blocked by a surrounding plate.
The third single-side eave-blocking bollard is fixedly installed on a second base, the second base is installed on the main longitudinal beam, and the second base is fixedly installed with a T-shaped reinforcing beam installation position of a middle support of the main longitudinal beam of the ship lift chamber and is blocked by a surrounding plate.
The first single-face eave-blocking bollard and the second single-face eave-blocking bollard are 25T single-face eave-blocking bollards; the third single-face eaves-blocking bollard is a 55T single-face eaves-blocking bollard.
The ship berthing and protecting integrated device and method for the ship lift chamber has the following beneficial effects:
1) the invention can meet the need of mooring ropes for ships with different freeboard heights, the steel fender on the mounting bracket can effectively prevent the interference and collision between the ship and the cabin deck equipment facility through the ship lift, and the 55T single-side eave-blocking mooring column can be used for emergency mooring braking of the ship out of control.
2) The device is fixedly arranged on the top surface of the main longitudinal beam of the ship chamber of the ship lift, can be berthed and tied along with ships with different freeboard heights through the ship lift, and is convenient and quick to detach the tied cable.
3) The steel fender can effectively prevent the ship from interfering and colliding with the ship lift deck equipment and facilities, and ensures the safe operation of the ship lift equipment.
4) The 55T single-side eave-blocking bollard can be used for emergency braking of an out-of-control ship, and the ship can safely pass through the ship lift.
5) The combined bollard is formed by welding beam structures, and is simple in structure, convenient to install and maintain.
6) The combined mooring post, the 25T single-face eave-blocking mooring post and the 55T single-face eave-blocking mooring post are fixedly arranged on the T-shaped reinforcing beam of the middle support of the ship lift chamber main longitudinal beam, and the mechanical property of the device is ensured to be good.
7) The berthing method fully considers the ship size, the draught, the loading condition and the like of the ship lift, can adapt to all ships passing through the ship lift to safely and conveniently release mooring ropes, and improves the berthing reliability of the ships passing through the ship lift.
8) The device of the invention realizes the requirements of high and low-freeboard ship mooring cables, the function of high-freeboard ship fender and the function of out-of-control ship mooring cable braking.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic layout of the berthing device of the present invention.
FIG. 2(1) is a schematic top view of the mooring device of the present invention;
FIG. 2(2) is a schematic view of an upright structure of a combined mooring post of the mooring device of the present invention;
FIG. 2(3) is a schematic side view of the assembled mooring bollard of the mooring device of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic view of the installation of a second single-sided eave-blocking bollard of the apparatus of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic view of the installation of a third single-sided eave-blocking bollard of the apparatus of the present invention.
Detailed Description
As shown in fig. 1, fig. 2(1), fig. 2(2), fig. 2(3), fig. 3, and fig. 4. The integrated device for berthing and protecting the ship in the ship lift comprises a plurality of combined mooring columns 1 and a plurality of second single-side eave-blocking mooring columns 2; the combined mooring columns 1 and the second single-face eave mooring columns 2 are alternately arranged and installed on the inner web side of the top face of the main longitudinal beam 8 on two sides of the ship lift chamber; and a third single-face eave-blocking bollard 3 is arranged on the inner web side of the top surface of each main longitudinal beam 8.
The arrangement method of the device in the ship receiving chamber of the ship lift comprises the following steps: the ship reception chambers are densely arranged at the upper and lower ends along the water flow direction, the middle sections of the ship reception chambers are sparsely arranged, and the ship tying columns are arranged on the inner web sides of the top surfaces of the main longitudinal beams 8 on the two sides of the ship chamber of the ship lift in a height matching and alternating mode.
The combined bollard 1 comprises a first single-face eave blocking bollard 9 and a mounting bracket 4, wherein the first single-face eave blocking bollard 9 is fixedly mounted on a main longitudinal beam 8 through the mounting bracket 4. The mounting bracket 4 comprises two end posts 4.1, a longitudinal beam 4.2, a plurality of cross beams 4.3 and a plurality of partition plates 4.4; the longitudinal beam 4.2 is fixedly connected with the cross beams 4.3, any two cross beams 4.3 are fixedly connected through the partition plates 4.4, the two first single-face eave-blocking bollards 9 are respectively welded on the two end columns 4.1, and the steel fender boards 5 are evenly welded on the cross beams 4.3 at equal intervals.
The cross beam 4.3 is provided with a plurality of drain holes, and the drain holes can drain rainwater, ship cooling water and the like accumulated on the cross beam 4.3 to the ship chamber, so that the combined mooring post is prevented from being soaked and corroded in water for a long time, and the service life of the mooring post is prolonged.
The end posts 4.1 and the longitudinal beams 4.2 are fixedly arranged with the T-shaped reinforcing beam mounting positions of the middle bracket of the main longitudinal beam 8 of the ship lift chamber.
The combined bollard 1 is formed by welding beam structures and is simple in structure.
The second single-side eave-blocking bollard 2 is fixedly arranged on a first base 6, and the first base 6 and the top surface of a main longitudinal beam 8 of a ship lift chamber are fixedly arranged and are blocked by a coaming.
The third single-side eave-blocking bollard 3 is fixedly installed on a second base 7, the second base 7 is installed on a main longitudinal beam 8, and the second base 7 and a T-shaped reinforcing beam installation position of a middle support of the main longitudinal beam 8 of the ship lift chamber are fixedly installed and sealed by a coaming.
The first single-face eave-blocking bollard 9 and the second single-face eave-blocking bollard 2 are 25T single-face eave-blocking bollards;
the third single-face eave-blocking bollard 3 is a 55T single-face eave-blocking bollard.
Example (b):
the type selection, the arrangement interval and the number of the mooring posts and the fender are determined according to a ship mooring safety evaluation equation, wherein the evaluation equation is as follows:
E(lx,ly,θ)＝γ1(Fx,e+∑Fx,r)2+γ2(Fy,e+∑Fy,r+∑Fy,f)2+γ3(Me+∑Mr+∑Mf)2in the formula: lxFor the swaying displacement of the vessel, /)yFor the ship surge displacement, theta is the ship bow angle, Fx,e、Fy,e、Me∑ F for the components of environmental loads (wind, water flow, waves) in the x and y directions and the ship yawing momenty,r、∑Fy,r、∑MrFor the resultant and resultant moments of all cables, ∑ Fy,f、∑MfThe resultant force and resultant moment, gamma, of all fenders1、γ2、γ3The weighting coefficients of the total force and the total moment in the x direction and the y direction are adopted, and the influence degree of the force change and the moment change on the ship mooring safety evaluation is equivalent after the weighting coefficients are introduced.
As shown in fig. 1, 14 combined mooring columns 1 are arranged in an anti-symmetric manner on the inner web side of the top surfaces of main longitudinal beams on two sides of a ship chamber of a ship lift, so that the mooring and mooring releasing requirements of high-topsides ships can be met;
12 second single-side eave-blocking mooring columns 2 are arranged in an anti-symmetric mode and are arranged on the inner web sides of the top surfaces of the main longitudinal beams on the two sides of the ship chamber of the ship lift, and the requirements of the mooring rope for the vessel with a lower freeboard can be met;
2 third single face fender eaves bollards 3 are arranged in an anti-symmetric way and are arranged on the inner web side of the top faces of main longitudinal beams on two sides of a ship lift chamber, and the emergency braking of the ship can be realized when the ship is out of control.
The device is according to the needs of berthing and releasing mooring ropes of ships through the ship lift, the combined mooring columns 1 and the second single-side eaves-blocking mooring columns 2 are arranged in a staggered and anti-symmetric mode, and therefore the needs of convenient berthing and quick releasing mooring ropes of different freeboard ships are guaranteed.
The distance between two adjacent mooring posts arranged in the device meets the requirement that the mooring angle of a ship is not smaller than a certain angle with the center line of a ship chamber, the ship is not interfered with other mooring posts when mooring the ship, the horizontal plane of the mooring posts occupies the minimum width of a walkway plate on the top surface of a longitudinal beam of the ship chamber, and the arrangement ensures the requirements of personnel on transportation, evacuation and escape.
The implementation steps are as follows:
take a ship going down to pass through a three gorges ship lift as an example:
step 1): the ship lift chamber is positioned at an upstream butt joint position, the ship lift centralized control room sends a downstream ship chamber entering order, and an upstream chamber entering signal lamp is turned into a green lamp;
step 2): the ship lift centralized control room issues a ship box entering order, the ship is parked at the upstream side against a ship pier to be untwisted, the ship starts to move into the box at the speed v, the ship is moved to an upstream navigation wall to adjust the course of the ship, and the ship sails in a straight line to enter the ship box, so that collision and interference between the ship box entering process and ship lift equipment are avoided;
step 3): the ship lift centralized control room issues a scheduling command according to the length of the ship, and the ship gives a scheduling command at a speed v1Berthing, namely, when the bow reaches the designated berthing position of the ship chamber, braking the ship;
step 4): after the bow reaches a berthing position, selecting a mooring post according to the length, the berthing position and the freeboard height of a ship, combining the mooring post by using a mooring cable of a large freeboard ship, and mooring cables 25T of a small freeboard ship with a single-side eave blocking mooring post;
step 5): after the bow mooring is finished, the ship direction is adjusted, the ship is tied with a stern mooring rope, and finally a middle waist mooring rope of the ship is tied;
step 6): if the braking of the ship is out of control in the compartment entering process, the compartment entering ship can be braked by adopting 55T single-side eave-blocking bollards with cables;
step 7): after the mooring of the ship is finished, stopping the ship engine, sending an upstream butt joint release order to the ship lift centralized control room, and releasing the butt joint of the ship chamber;
step 8): sending an up-down command of the ship chamber of the ship lift, and butting the ship chamber with the downstream after the ship chamber runs to be flush with the water level of the downstream channel;
step 9): after the lower lock head working door and the ship chamber door are opened in place, the ship lift centralized control room sends a ship chamber-out command;
step 10): turning the lower box head signal lamp to green, preparing the ship to go out of the box, firstly untying the middle waist cable of the ship, then untying the head cable of the ship, and finally untying the tail cable of the ship, wherein the ship turns green at the speed v1And (4) exiting the ship compartment, finishing the process of the ship through the ship lift when the ship descends, and finally driving the ship to the downstream, or vice versa.
Preferably, the principle of the ship mooring position selection is the ship mooring position, the longitudinal distance between the bow and the mooring post is preferably 10-15 m, when the ship freeboard is more than or equal to 3m, the ship is moored to the combined mooring post 1, the freeboard of the ship is more than or equal to 2m and less than 3m, the ship is closely selected to be moored to the combined mooring post 1 or 25T single-side eave-blocking mooring post, when the ship freeboard is less than 2m, the ship is moored to the 25T single-side eave-blocking mooring post, so that the horizontal angle and the vertical angle of the ship mooring rope are ensured to be minimum, and the angle is not more than 20 degrees.
The 14 combined mooring columns 1 and 12 second single-face eave-blocking mooring columns 2 are arranged on the inner web sides of the top faces of the main longitudinal beams on two sides of a ship chamber of the ship lift in an anti-symmetric mode, and the mooring columns are arranged along the longitudinal direction of the ship chamber at intervals according to the principle that the chamber is dense at the head and sparse in the middle. The mooring columns are arranged in a high-low matching mode and are alternately arranged on the inner web sides of the top surfaces of the main longitudinal beams on the two sides of the ship chamber of the ship lift, so that the requirements of mooring cables of high-and-low-stem ships and the function of fender of the high-stem ships are met. According to the requirements of ship navigation and berthing, 2 third single-side fender eave mooring columns 3 are arranged on the upper and lower chamber heads of the ship chamber in an anti-symmetric manner so as to realize the cable braking function of the out-of-control ship.
Claims (9)
1. The integrated device for berthing and protecting the ship in the ship lift chamber is characterized by comprising a plurality of combined mooring columns (1) and a plurality of second single-side eave-blocking mooring columns (2); the combined mooring columns (1) and the second single-side eave-blocking mooring columns (2) are alternately arranged and installed on the main longitudinal beams (8) on two sides of the ship lift chamber;
each side main longitudinal beam (8) is provided with a third single-side eave-blocking bollard (3);
the combined bollard (1) comprises a first single-face eave blocking bollard (9) and a mounting bracket (4), and the first single-face eave blocking bollard (9) is fixedly mounted on the main longitudinal beam (8) through the mounting bracket (4).
2. The integrated ship berthing and protecting device for ship lifts and ship cabins as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the mounting bracket (4) comprises two end columns (4.1), a longitudinal beam (4.2), a plurality of cross beams (4.3) and a plurality of partition plates (4.4);
the longitudinal beam (4.2) is fixedly connected with the plurality of cross beams (4.3), any two cross beams (4.3) are fixedly connected through the partition plates (4.4), the two first single-face eave-blocking bollards (9) are respectively connected to the two end columns (4.1), and the plurality of steel fenders (5) are uniformly connected to the cross beams (4.3) at equal intervals.
3. The integrated ship berthing and protecting device for ship lifts and ship cabins as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the cross beam (4.3) is provided with a plurality of drain holes.
4. The integrated ship berthing and protecting device for ship lifts and ship cabins as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the end posts (4.1), the longitudinal beams (4.2) and the T-shaped reinforcing beam mounting positions of the middle support of the main longitudinal beam (8) of the ship lift chamber are fixedly mounted.
5. The integrated ship berthing and protecting device for ship lifts and ship cabins as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the second single-side eave-blocking bollard (2) is fixedly arranged on a first base (6), and the first base (6) is fixedly arranged on the top surface of a main longitudinal beam (8) of a ship lift chamber and is blocked by a coaming.
6. The integrated ship berthing and protecting device for ship lifts and ship cabins as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the third single-side eave-blocking bollard (3) is fixedly installed on a second base (7), the second base (7) is installed on the main longitudinal beam (8), and the second base (7) is fixedly installed with a T-shaped reinforcing beam installation position of a middle support of the main longitudinal beam (8) of the ship lift chamber and is blocked by a coaming.
7. The integrated ship berthing and protecting device for ship lifts and ship cabins as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the first single-face eave-blocking bollard (9) and the second single-face eave-blocking bollard (2) are 25T single-face eave-blocking bollards; the third single-face eave-blocking bollard (3) is a 55T single-face eave-blocking bollard.
8. Method for berthing a ship by means of a ship lift, using a device according to any of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
step 1): the ship lift chamber is positioned at an upstream butt joint position, the ship lift centralized control room sends a downstream ship chamber entering order, and an upstream chamber entering signal lamp is turned into a green lamp;
step 2): the ship lift centralized control room issues a ship box entering order, the ship is parked at the upstream side against a ship pier to be untwisted, the ship starts to move into the box at a speed, the ship is moved to an upstream navigation wall to adjust the course of the ship, and the ship sails in a straight line to enter the ship box, so that collision and interference between the ship box entering process and ship lift equipment are avoided;
step 3): the ship lift centralized control room issues a scheduling command according to the length of the ship, the ship moves at a speed, the bow reaches a designated berthing position of a ship chamber, and the ship is braked;
step 4): after the bow reaches a berthing position, selecting a mooring post according to the length, the berthing position and the freeboard height of a ship, wherein the mooring post (1) is a combination type mooring post of a large freeboard ship mooring line, and the mooring post of a small freeboard ship mooring line 25T is a single-side eave-blocking mooring post;
step 5): after the bow mooring is finished, the ship direction is adjusted, the ship is tied with a stern mooring rope, and finally a middle waist mooring rope of the ship is tied;
step 6): if the braking of the ship is out of control in the compartment entering process, the compartment entering ship can be braked by adopting 55T single-side eave-blocking bollards with cables;
step 7): after the mooring of the ship is finished, stopping the ship engine, sending an upstream butt joint release order to the ship lift centralized control room, and releasing the butt joint of the ship chamber;
step 8): sending an up-down command of the ship chamber of the ship lift, and butting the ship chamber with the downstream after the ship chamber runs to be flush with the water level of the downstream channel;
step 9), after the lower lock head working door and the ship chamber door are opened in place, sending a ship chamber outlet command from the ship lift centralized control room;
step 10): and the lower box head signal lamp turns green, the ship ready to go out of the box firstly unwinds the middle waist cable of the ship, then unwinds the head cable of the ship, and finally unwinds the tail cable of the ship, the ship goes out of the box at a speed, the process of the ship going downwards through the ship lift is finished, and finally the ship goes downwards, or vice versa.
9. A method for berthing a ship by a ship lift using the berthing apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the ship is selected as a berthing position, the longitudinal distance between the bow and the mooring post is preferably 10m to 15m, and the freeboard of the ship is not less than L1When in use, the ship is moored to the combined bollard (1), L2Not more than L for ship freeboard1The ship is moored by selecting a combined bollard (1) or a 25T single-face eave-blocking bollard nearby, and when the ship freeboard is less than L2When in use, the ship is moored on the 25T single-face eave-blocking bollard so as to ensure that the horizontal angle and the vertical angle of the ship mooring rope are minimum, and the angle is not more than 20 degrees.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010335022.9A CN111424630B (en) | 2020-04-24 | 2020-04-24 | Ship berthing and protecting integrated device and method for ship lift chamber |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202010335022.9A CN111424630B (en) | 2020-04-24 | 2020-04-24 | Ship berthing and protecting integrated device and method for ship lift chamber |
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| CN111424630A true CN111424630A (en) | 2020-07-17 |
| CN111424630B CN111424630B (en) | 2022-03-08 |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2931176A1 (en) * | 2008-05-13 | 2009-11-20 | Cie Nationale Du Rhone Sa | Signaling device for indicating prevention of mooring at mooring bollard of boat in gate, has shield mounted in manner for being observed before portion of wooden piece for mooring constituting mooring bollard |
| CN105539748A (en) * | 2016-01-14 | 2016-05-04 | 许可 | Method for improving ship lock navigation capacity and compartment type ship |
| CN108978592A (en) * | 2018-09-17 | 2018-12-11 | 长江勘测规划设计研究有限责任公司 | A kind of combined type bollard for ship lift ship compartment |
| CN212358241U (en) * | 2020-04-24 | 2021-01-15 | 长江三峡通航管理局 | Ship berthing and protecting integrated device for ship lift chamber |
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2020
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2931176A1 (en) * | 2008-05-13 | 2009-11-20 | Cie Nationale Du Rhone Sa | Signaling device for indicating prevention of mooring at mooring bollard of boat in gate, has shield mounted in manner for being observed before portion of wooden piece for mooring constituting mooring bollard |
| CN105539748A (en) * | 2016-01-14 | 2016-05-04 | 许可 | Method for improving ship lock navigation capacity and compartment type ship |
| CN108978592A (en) * | 2018-09-17 | 2018-12-11 | 长江勘测规划设计研究有限责任公司 | A kind of combined type bollard for ship lift ship compartment |
| CN212358241U (en) * | 2020-04-24 | 2021-01-15 | 长江三峡通航管理局 | Ship berthing and protecting integrated device for ship lift chamber |
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| CN111424630B (en) | 2022-03-08 |
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