CN111393360A - 2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐及其制备方法 - Google Patents

2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN111393360A
CN111393360A CN202010097407.6A CN202010097407A CN111393360A CN 111393360 A CN111393360 A CN 111393360A CN 202010097407 A CN202010097407 A CN 202010097407A CN 111393360 A CN111393360 A CN 111393360A
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hydroxypyridine
trinitro
nitrogen
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姚磊
邹芳芳
张行程
胡文祥
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Xinyang Normal University
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    • C07D213/02Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
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    • C07D213/60Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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Abstract

本发明属于化合物制备技术领域,具体涉及2,4,6‑三硝基‑3‑羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐及其制备方法。其制备方法如下:制备2,4,6‑三硝基‑3‑羟基吡啶;将2,4,6‑三硝基‑3‑羟基吡啶和碱或盐加入至溶剂中,经搅拌、过滤、干燥,得到所述2,4,6‑三硝基‑3‑羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐。本发明所用原料安全,所需设备简单,制备方法简单易行,产率较高、纯度也较高,易纯化、易重结晶。产物可广泛运用于武器、航天和民用射孔弹等特殊领域,爆炸时主要生成氮气,对环境友好,更加安全,更易于工业化生产和易于钝化,潜在的产业化价值更高,对高能炸药的研究具有重要意义。

Description

2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于化合物制备技术领域,具体涉及2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐及其制备方法。
背景技术
人们一直在寻找高能钝感的新型含能材料,然而能量和感度之间总是相互矛盾。一般感度低、稳定性较好的材料往往能量比较低,而能量较高材料的稳定性又会较差。富氮含能化合物是一类具有广阔应用前景的新型高能钝感含能材料。它们包括中性化合物和离子化合物。富氮含能离子化合物具有比其中性化合物更低的蒸汽压、更高的生成焓、更好的热稳定性和更高的密度。含能离子化合物包括含能离子液体和含能离子盐,由阴离子和阳离子组成。含能离子化合物的性质可通过改变组分离子来调整。通过优化和改进相关正负离子的性能,可得到种类丰富而且性能良好的含能材料。富氮含能离子化合物的分解产物主要是氮气,少烟少雾对环境友好,其在新型高能纯感炸药、低特征信号推进剂和低残渣火药领域具有广阔的应用前景。
含能离子化合物的发现已有一个世纪了,但幵发含能离子化合物作为含能材料的研究却刚刚开始。目前使用的许多含能中性分子大都可以衍生成离子化合物,为含能离子化合物的分子设计和结构调整提供了可能(如杜志明,韩志跃,赵志华,et al.高氮含能离子盐合成及性能研究[C]//第五届全国强动载效应及防护学术会议暨复杂介质/结构的动态力学行为创新研究群体学术研讨会.2013.)。高氮含能离子化合物的种类非常多且容易修饰,因此这类化合物广泛应用于工业和国防领域。作为一种新型含能材料,富氮含能离子化合物己经受到广泛关注,Reactivity of heterocyclic compounds innitration.8.Nitration of 3-hydroxypyridine and its substituted forms[J].Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds,34(7):830-832.报道了关于2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的制备方法,但目前并未有文献研究关于2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的高能离子盐。
发明内容
为解决现有技术中对于2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶相关含能离子盐研究的缺失,本发明提供一种2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐及其制备方法。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用以下技术方案:
本发明提供一种2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐,结构式如式I所示:
Figure BDA0002385586600000021
进一步地,所述结构式中R为富氮有机碱的阳离子。
本发明还提供一种2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
A.制备2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶;
B.将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶和富氮有机碱加入至溶剂中,经搅拌、过滤、干燥,得到所述2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐。
进一步地,所述步骤B中溶剂为甲醇、无水甲醇或蒸馏水。
进一步地,所述步骤B中的富氮有机碱为含氮碱或盐。
进一步地,所述盐为含氮盐、银盐或铅盐。
进一步地,所述含氮盐为盐酸盐、硫酸盐、硝酸盐或者上述含氮盐的水合物。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下有益效果:
1.本发明通过将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶与碱或盐反应生成目标化合物2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐,所用原料安全,所需设备简单,制备方法简单易行,产率较高、纯度也较高,易纯化、易重结晶。
2.本发明所得到的目标化合物2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐性能优越,可广泛运用于武器、航天和民用射孔弹等特殊领域;部分化合物有着与RDX相近的爆轰性能和比RDX更加钝感和更高的密度物理性能,爆轰性能和撞击硬度值都要远高于TKX-55;爆压、爆速也远较母体2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶高,爆炸时主要生成氮气,对环境友好,更加安全,更易于工业化生产和易于钝化,潜在的产业化价值更高,对高能炸药的研究具有重要意义。
附图说明
图1为本发明的实验原理图。
具体实施方式
以下实施例用于说明本发明,但不用来限定本发明的保护范围。若未特别指明,实施例中所用技术手段为本领域技术人员所熟知的常规手段。下述实施例中的试验方法,如无特别说明,均为常规方法。
薄层色谱(Thin Layer Chromatography,TLC),又称薄层层析,属于固-液吸附色谱。本发明利用TLC技术检测反应釜2,3,4-三氟硝基苯(ZXC-16)的剩余量,判断反应是否完成,若剩余量为0,则反应完成。
本发明实施例中,2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶均按照文献(Reactivity ofheterocyclic compounds in nitration.8.Nitration of 3-hydroxypyridine and itssubstituted forms[J].Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds,34(7):830-832.)的方法制备。
以下实施例的实验原理如图1。
实施例1
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸铵(ZXC-23)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温下搅拌2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920g,4mol),加入至30ml无水甲醇中的溶液,同时在水浴中缓慢添加氨水(1L,25%)。加入氨水后,在25℃水浴下再搅拌5小时,产生大量沉淀。过滤沉淀得到ZXC-23(黄色粉末,716.5g,产率72.5%)。
其核磁共振氢谱图为1H NMR(D2-D2O):δ8.70(s,1H).13C NMR(D2-D2O):δ156.50,148.52,146.81,133.96,121.17.15N NMR(D2-D2O):δ364.56,361.54,360.19,14.78.Elemental analysis(%)calcd for C5H5N5O7(247.10):C,24.03;H,2.12;N,28.11.Found:C,24.30;H,2.04;N,28.34。
实施例2
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸肼(ZXC-24)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温下搅拌2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920.3mg,4mmol)在30mL无水甲醇中的溶液,同时在水浴中缓慢添加水合肼(1mL,80%)。加入水合肼后,在25℃水浴下再搅拌5小时,产生大量沉淀。过滤沉淀得到ZXC-24(681.1mg,红色粉末,产率65.0%)。
其核磁共振氢谱图为1H NMR(D2-D2O):δ8.11(s,1H),6.30(br,5H).13C NMR(D6-DMSO):δ158.34,156.81,137.61,129.48,108.00.15N NMR(D6-DMSO):δ366.61,365.32,249.59,208.16,99.94,53.20.Elemental analysis(%)calcd for C5H6N6O7(262.12):C,22.84;H,2.42;N,32.13.Found:C,22.91;H,2.31;N,32.06.
实施例3
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸羟胺盐(ZXC-25)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920g,4.0mol)溶于2.5L蒸馏水中,同时加入羟基水溶液(50%,500mL,10.00mol)。在羟胺被加完后继续搅拌7小时后,除去所有溶剂,干燥残渣,得到ZC-25。红色粉末(1.0Kg,95.06%产率)。
其核磁共振氢谱图为1H NMR(D6-DMSO):δ8.17(s,1H),7.51(br,3H),3.37(br,1H).13C NMR(D6-DMSO):δ137.03,129.92,111.04,108.23,99.97.Elemental analysis(%)calcd for C5H5N5O8(263.12):C,22.65;H,1.98;N,26.75.Found:C,22.82;H,1.92;N,26.62;O,48.64.
实施例4
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸胍盐(ZXC-26)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,拌将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920g,4.0mol)溶于1L甲醇中,随后加入胍的盐酸盐(382.0g,4.0mol)。在盐酸胍被加完后,继续搅拌12小时,产生大量沉淀。过滤沉淀得到ZXC-26(黄色粉末,497.1g,产率43%)。
其核磁共振氢谱图为1H NMR(D6-DMSO):δ8.64(s,1H),6.85(br,6H).13C NMR(D6-DMSO):δ158.32,155.42,151.75,145.03,131.58,120.48.15N NMR(D6-DMSO):δ370.26,363.24,360.82,272.92,70.19.Elemental analysis(%)calcd for C6H7N7O7(289.03):C,24.57;H,2.65;N,33.96.Found:C,24.92;H,2.44;N,33.91.
实施例5
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸二氨基胍盐(ZXC-27)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920g,4.0mol)溶于1L甲醇中,同时加入1,3-二氨基胍盐酸盐(502.4g,4.0mol)。加完后,继续搅拌24小时,产生大量沉淀。过滤沉淀得到ZXC-27(黄色粉末,858.7mg,产率67%)。
其核磁共振氢谱图为1H NMR(D6-DMSO):δ8.66(s,2H),8.49(s,1H),7.20(br,2H),6.68(br,2H),4.47(br,2H).13C NMR(D6-DMSO):δ159.10,155.33,151.58,145.05,131.52,120.33.15N NMR(D6-DMSO):δ370.39,363.33,360.73,273.01,249.96,93.03,50.98.Elemental analysis(%)calcd for C6H9N9O7(319.13):C,22.47;H,2.96;N,39.52.Found:C,22.58;H,2.84;N,39.49.
实施例6
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸3,5-二氨基-4H-1,2,4-三唑盐(ZXC-28)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920g,4.0mol)溶于1L甲醇中,同时搅拌3,5-二氨基-1.2,4-三唑(396g),加入3,5-二氨基-1,2,4-三唑加完后,继续搅拌24小时,产生大量沉淀。过滤沉淀得ZXC-28(黄色粉末989.6g,得率75.2%)。
其核磁共振氢谱图为1H NMR(D6-DMSO):δ8.65(s,1H).13C NMR(D6-DMSO):δ155.49,151.97,151.79,145.18,131.72,120.49.15N NMR(D6-DMSO):δ370.17,362.90,360.87,272.89,249.74,134.21,48.58.Elemental analysis(%)calcd for C7H7N9O7(329.16):C,25.44;H,2.25;N,38.37.Found:C,25.54;H,2.14;N,38.30.
实施例7
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸4-氨基-4H-1,2,4-三唑盐(ZXC-29)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920g,4.0mol)溶于1L甲醇中,慢慢加入4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑后,再继续搅拌15小时。然后将反应液浓缩沉淀、冷却、过滤得到目标化合物ZXC-29粉末(黄色,565.6g,收率为45.0%)。
其核磁共振氢谱图为1H NMR(D6-DMSO):δ9.48(s,2H),8.64(s,1H).13C NMR(D6-DMSO):δ155.50,151.72,145.13,144.43,131.59,120.38.15N NMR(D6-DMSO):δ370.32,363.23,360.70,272.97,252.00,188.37,68.49.Elemental analysis(%)calcd forC7H6N8O7(314.17):C,26.53;H,2.04;N,35.71.Found:C,26.76;H,1.93;N,35.67.
实施例8
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸5-氨基-1H-四氮唑盐(ZXC-30)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920g,4.0mol)溶于1L甲醇中,再慢慢加入5-胺-四氮唑盐(340.3mg,4.0mol)。加完后,再搅拌20小时。然后,将混合物浓缩沉淀、冷却并过滤至目标化合物ZXC-30(黄色粉末,850.0g,产率为65.5%)。
其核磁共振氢谱图为1H NMR(D6-DMSO):δ8.61(s,1H),6.90(br,3H).13C NMR(D6-DMSO):δ155.46,151.77,145.15,131.73,120.39,53.46.15N NMR(D6-DMSO):δ370.27,363.25,361.18,361.10,361.17,272.00,249.38,41.38.Elemental analysis(%)calcdfor C6H5N9O7(315.22):C,22.63;H,1.76;N,40.17.Found:C,22.87;H,1.60;N,40.00.
实施例9
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸1-氨基胍盐(ZXC-31)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920g,4.0mol)溶于1L甲醇中,再慢慢加入氨基胍半硫酸盐(492.0g,2.0mol)。待氨基胍半硫酸盐加完后,继续搅拌24小时。然后,将混合物浓缩沉淀、冷却并过滤至目标化合物ZXC-31(黄色粉末,688.1g,产率为55.1%)。
其核磁共振氢谱图为1H NMR(D6-DMSO):δ8.65(s 1H),8.50(s,1H),7.20(br,2H),6.66(br,2H),4.63(br,2H).13C NMR(D6-DMSO):δ158.80,155.34,151.87,145.05,131.51,120.34.Elemental analysis(%)calcd for C6H8N8O7(304.06):C,23.37;H,2.82;N,36.14.Found:C,23.69;H,2.65;N,36.84.
实施例10
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸1-氨基胍盐(ZXC-31)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920g,4.0mol)溶于1L甲醇中,再慢慢加入氨基胍碳酸氢盐(536.0g,4.0mol)。待氨基胍半硫酸盐加完后,继续搅拌24小时。然后,将混合物浓缩沉淀、冷却并过滤至目标化合物ZXC-31(黄色粉末,679.8g,产率为56.09%)。
实施例11
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸1-氨基胍盐(ZXC-31)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920g,4.0mol)溶于1L甲醇中,再慢慢加入氨基胍磷酸氢盐(676.0g,4.0mol)。待氨基胍磷酸氢盐加完后,继续搅拌24小时。然后,将混合物浓缩沉淀、冷却并过滤至目标化合物ZXC-31(黄色粉末,695.3g,产率为57.36%)。
实施例12
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸钠盐(ZXC-32)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,将氢氧化钠(160mg,4.0mmol)溶于30mL甲醇中,等体系冷却至室温后,再慢慢加入2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920mg,4.0mmol),待2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶加完后,继续搅拌6小时,然后将沉淀过滤、干燥得目标化合物ZXC-32(黄色粉末,680.4mg,产率为67.50%)。
实施例13
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸钾盐(ZXC-33)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,将氢氧化钾(224mg,4.0mmol)溶于30mL甲醇中,等体系冷却至室温后,再慢慢加入2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920mg,4.0mmol),待2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶加完后,继续搅拌9小时后,将沉淀过滤、干燥,得目标化合物ZXC-33(黄色粉末,852.5mg,产率为79.52%)。
实施例14
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸银盐(ZXC-34)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920mg,4.0mmol)溶于30mL甲醇中,再慢慢加入硝酸银(676mg,4.0mmol)(避光)。待硝酸银加完后,继续搅拌36小时,将沉淀过滤、干燥得目标化合物ZXC-34(黄色粉末,1.105g,产率为92.48%)。
实施例15
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸铅盐(ZXC-35)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920mg,4.0mmol)溶于30mL甲醇中,再慢慢加入硝酸铅(662mg,2.0mmol)。待硝酸铅加完后,继续搅拌42小时,将沉淀过滤、干燥得目标化合物ZXC-35(黄色粉末,1.243g,产率为83.08%)。
实施例16
利用参考文献(Shreeve J,Yin P,Mitchell L,et al.Comparative Study ofVarious Pyrazole-based Anions:A Promising Family of Ionic derivatives asInsensitive Energetic Materials.[J].Chemistry–An Asian Journal,2017,12.)所述方法计算以2,4,6-三硝基吡啶为母体的系列富氮含能离子盐的生成焓、生成热、爆速及爆压,使用密度仪(3H-2000,购自贝士德仪器科技(北京)有限公司)测系列离子盐的密度,以TA Q600 TA Q2000测定了它们的热分解温度,以a standard BAM Fallhammer and a BAMfriction tester对它们感度进行了测定,并以JNM-ECZ600R/S3 600MHz核磁仪,CE-440Elemental Analyzer元素分析仪及X-单晶衍射仪对这些富氮含能离子盐进行了结构确证。详见表1。
表1.本发明制备的富氮含能离子盐与母体、DX和TKX-55性能比较
Figure BDA0002385586600000071
Note:[a]热分解温度;[b]296K下的单晶密度;[c]生成焓;[d]爆速;[e]爆压;[g]撞击感度(BAM drophammer,1 of 6);[h]摩擦感度(BAM friction tester,1 of 6)。
从表1中可以看出,ZXC-25,ZXC-30,2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的单晶密度都要大于RDX,ZXC-25爆轰性能(爆速P=34.1GPa,爆压vD=8.64km s-1)与RDX的爆轰性能(P=34.9GPa,爆压vD=8.74km s-1)非常相近,但其撞击感度(IS=46J)要远比RDX(IS=7J)高。此外,其它化合物如2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶,ZXC-23,ZXC-24,ZXC-27,ZXC-30,ZXC-31等化合物爆轰性能和撞击硬度值都要远高于TKX-55;ZXC-23,ZXC-24,ZXC-25,ZXC-31的爆压、爆速也远较2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶高,此外,ZXC-25,ZXC-31的密度也高于2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶高,因而,以2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶为母体的含能离子盐具有重要的应用前景和研究价值。
以上所述,仅为本发明人较佳的具体实施方式,但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明揭露的技术范围内,根据本发明的技术方案及其发明构思加以等同替换或改变,都应涵盖在发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (7)

1.2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐,其特征在于,结构式如式I所示:
Figure FDA0002385586590000011
2.根据权利要求1所述的2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐,其特征在于,所述结构式中R为富氮有机碱的阳离子。
3.权利要求1或2所述的2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
A.制备2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶;
B.将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶和富氮有机碱加入至溶剂中,经搅拌、过滤、干燥,得到所述2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐。
4.根据权利要求3所述的2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤B中溶剂为甲醇、无水甲醇或蒸馏水。
5.根据权利要求3所述的2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤B中的富氮有机碱为含氮碱或盐。
6.根据权利要求5所述的2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐的制备方法,其特征在于,所述盐为含氮盐、银盐或铅盐。
7.根据权利要求6所述的2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐的制备方法,其特征在于,所述含氮盐为盐酸盐、硫酸盐、硝酸盐或者上述含氮盐的水合物。
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