CN111393360A - 2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明属于化合物制备技术领域,具体涉及2,4,6‑三硝基‑3‑羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐及其制备方法。其制备方法如下:制备2,4,6‑三硝基‑3‑羟基吡啶;将2,4,6‑三硝基‑3‑羟基吡啶和碱或盐加入至溶剂中,经搅拌、过滤、干燥,得到所述2,4,6‑三硝基‑3‑羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐。本发明所用原料安全,所需设备简单,制备方法简单易行,产率较高、纯度也较高,易纯化、易重结晶。产物可广泛运用于武器、航天和民用射孔弹等特殊领域,爆炸时主要生成氮气,对环境友好,更加安全,更易于工业化生产和易于钝化,潜在的产业化价值更高,对高能炸药的研究具有重要意义。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于化合物制备技术领域,具体涉及2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐及其制备方法。
背景技术
人们一直在寻找高能钝感的新型含能材料,然而能量和感度之间总是相互矛盾。一般感度低、稳定性较好的材料往往能量比较低,而能量较高材料的稳定性又会较差。富氮含能化合物是一类具有广阔应用前景的新型高能钝感含能材料。它们包括中性化合物和离子化合物。富氮含能离子化合物具有比其中性化合物更低的蒸汽压、更高的生成焓、更好的热稳定性和更高的密度。含能离子化合物包括含能离子液体和含能离子盐,由阴离子和阳离子组成。含能离子化合物的性质可通过改变组分离子来调整。通过优化和改进相关正负离子的性能,可得到种类丰富而且性能良好的含能材料。富氮含能离子化合物的分解产物主要是氮气,少烟少雾对环境友好,其在新型高能纯感炸药、低特征信号推进剂和低残渣火药领域具有广阔的应用前景。
含能离子化合物的发现已有一个世纪了,但幵发含能离子化合物作为含能材料的研究却刚刚开始。目前使用的许多含能中性分子大都可以衍生成离子化合物,为含能离子化合物的分子设计和结构调整提供了可能(如杜志明,韩志跃,赵志华,et al.高氮含能离子盐合成及性能研究[C]//第五届全国强动载效应及防护学术会议暨复杂介质/结构的动态力学行为创新研究群体学术研讨会.2013.)。高氮含能离子化合物的种类非常多且容易修饰,因此这类化合物广泛应用于工业和国防领域。作为一种新型含能材料,富氮含能离子化合物己经受到广泛关注,Reactivity of heterocyclic compounds innitration.8.Nitration of 3-hydroxypyridine and its substituted forms[J].Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds,34(7):830-832.报道了关于2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的制备方法,但目前并未有文献研究关于2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的高能离子盐。
发明内容
为解决现有技术中对于2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶相关含能离子盐研究的缺失,本发明提供一种2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐及其制备方法。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用以下技术方案:
本发明提供一种2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐,结构式如式I所示:
进一步地,所述结构式中R为富氮有机碱的阳离子。
本发明还提供一种2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
A.制备2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶;
B.将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶和富氮有机碱加入至溶剂中,经搅拌、过滤、干燥,得到所述2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐。
进一步地,所述步骤B中溶剂为甲醇、无水甲醇或蒸馏水。
进一步地,所述步骤B中的富氮有机碱为含氮碱或盐。
进一步地,所述盐为含氮盐、银盐或铅盐。
进一步地,所述含氮盐为盐酸盐、硫酸盐、硝酸盐或者上述含氮盐的水合物。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下有益效果:
1.本发明通过将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶与碱或盐反应生成目标化合物2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐,所用原料安全,所需设备简单,制备方法简单易行,产率较高、纯度也较高,易纯化、易重结晶。
2.本发明所得到的目标化合物2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐性能优越,可广泛运用于武器、航天和民用射孔弹等特殊领域;部分化合物有着与RDX相近的爆轰性能和比RDX更加钝感和更高的密度物理性能,爆轰性能和撞击硬度值都要远高于TKX-55;爆压、爆速也远较母体2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶高,爆炸时主要生成氮气,对环境友好,更加安全,更易于工业化生产和易于钝化,潜在的产业化价值更高,对高能炸药的研究具有重要意义。
附图说明
图1为本发明的实验原理图。
具体实施方式
以下实施例用于说明本发明,但不用来限定本发明的保护范围。若未特别指明,实施例中所用技术手段为本领域技术人员所熟知的常规手段。下述实施例中的试验方法,如无特别说明,均为常规方法。
薄层色谱(Thin Layer Chromatography,TLC),又称薄层层析,属于固-液吸附色谱。本发明利用TLC技术检测反应釜2,3,4-三氟硝基苯(ZXC-16)的剩余量,判断反应是否完成,若剩余量为0,则反应完成。
本发明实施例中,2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶均按照文献(Reactivity ofheterocyclic compounds in nitration.8.Nitration of 3-hydroxypyridine and itssubstituted forms[J].Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds,34(7):830-832.)的方法制备。
以下实施例的实验原理如图1。
实施例1
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸铵(ZXC-23)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温下搅拌2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920g,4mol),加入至30ml无水甲醇中的溶液,同时在水浴中缓慢添加氨水(1L,25%)。加入氨水后,在25℃水浴下再搅拌5小时,产生大量沉淀。过滤沉淀得到ZXC-23(黄色粉末,716.5g,产率72.5%)。
其核磁共振氢谱图为1H NMR(D2-D2O):δ8.70(s,1H).13C NMR(D2-D2O):δ156.50,148.52,146.81,133.96,121.17.15N NMR(D2-D2O):δ364.56,361.54,360.19,14.78.Elemental analysis(%)calcd for C5H5N5O7(247.10):C,24.03;H,2.12;N,28.11.Found:C,24.30;H,2.04;N,28.34。
实施例2
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸肼(ZXC-24)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温下搅拌2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920.3mg,4mmol)在30mL无水甲醇中的溶液,同时在水浴中缓慢添加水合肼(1mL,80%)。加入水合肼后,在25℃水浴下再搅拌5小时,产生大量沉淀。过滤沉淀得到ZXC-24(681.1mg,红色粉末,产率65.0%)。
其核磁共振氢谱图为1H NMR(D2-D2O):δ8.11(s,1H),6.30(br,5H).13C NMR(D6-DMSO):δ158.34,156.81,137.61,129.48,108.00.15N NMR(D6-DMSO):δ366.61,365.32,249.59,208.16,99.94,53.20.Elemental analysis(%)calcd for C5H6N6O7(262.12):C,22.84;H,2.42;N,32.13.Found:C,22.91;H,2.31;N,32.06.
实施例3
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸羟胺盐(ZXC-25)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920g,4.0mol)溶于2.5L蒸馏水中,同时加入羟基水溶液(50%,500mL,10.00mol)。在羟胺被加完后继续搅拌7小时后,除去所有溶剂,干燥残渣,得到ZC-25。红色粉末(1.0Kg,95.06%产率)。
其核磁共振氢谱图为1H NMR(D6-DMSO):δ8.17(s,1H),7.51(br,3H),3.37(br,1H).13C NMR(D6-DMSO):δ137.03,129.92,111.04,108.23,99.97.Elemental analysis(%)calcd for C5H5N5O8(263.12):C,22.65;H,1.98;N,26.75.Found:C,22.82;H,1.92;N,26.62;O,48.64.
实施例4
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸胍盐(ZXC-26)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,拌将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920g,4.0mol)溶于1L甲醇中,随后加入胍的盐酸盐(382.0g,4.0mol)。在盐酸胍被加完后,继续搅拌12小时,产生大量沉淀。过滤沉淀得到ZXC-26(黄色粉末,497.1g,产率43%)。
其核磁共振氢谱图为1H NMR(D6-DMSO):δ8.64(s,1H),6.85(br,6H).13C NMR(D6-DMSO):δ158.32,155.42,151.75,145.03,131.58,120.48.15N NMR(D6-DMSO):δ370.26,363.24,360.82,272.92,70.19.Elemental analysis(%)calcd for C6H7N7O7(289.03):C,24.57;H,2.65;N,33.96.Found:C,24.92;H,2.44;N,33.91.
实施例5
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸二氨基胍盐(ZXC-27)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920g,4.0mol)溶于1L甲醇中,同时加入1,3-二氨基胍盐酸盐(502.4g,4.0mol)。加完后,继续搅拌24小时,产生大量沉淀。过滤沉淀得到ZXC-27(黄色粉末,858.7mg,产率67%)。
其核磁共振氢谱图为1H NMR(D6-DMSO):δ8.66(s,2H),8.49(s,1H),7.20(br,2H),6.68(br,2H),4.47(br,2H).13C NMR(D6-DMSO):δ159.10,155.33,151.58,145.05,131.52,120.33.15N NMR(D6-DMSO):δ370.39,363.33,360.73,273.01,249.96,93.03,50.98.Elemental analysis(%)calcd for C6H9N9O7(319.13):C,22.47;H,2.96;N,39.52.Found:C,22.58;H,2.84;N,39.49.
实施例6
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸3,5-二氨基-4H-1,2,4-三唑盐(ZXC-28)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920g,4.0mol)溶于1L甲醇中,同时搅拌3,5-二氨基-1.2,4-三唑(396g),加入3,5-二氨基-1,2,4-三唑加完后,继续搅拌24小时,产生大量沉淀。过滤沉淀得ZXC-28(黄色粉末989.6g,得率75.2%)。
其核磁共振氢谱图为1H NMR(D6-DMSO):δ8.65(s,1H).13C NMR(D6-DMSO):δ155.49,151.97,151.79,145.18,131.72,120.49.15N NMR(D6-DMSO):δ370.17,362.90,360.87,272.89,249.74,134.21,48.58.Elemental analysis(%)calcd for C7H7N9O7(329.16):C,25.44;H,2.25;N,38.37.Found:C,25.54;H,2.14;N,38.30.
实施例7
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸4-氨基-4H-1,2,4-三唑盐(ZXC-29)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920g,4.0mol)溶于1L甲醇中,慢慢加入4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑后,再继续搅拌15小时。然后将反应液浓缩沉淀、冷却、过滤得到目标化合物ZXC-29粉末(黄色,565.6g,收率为45.0%)。
其核磁共振氢谱图为1H NMR(D6-DMSO):δ9.48(s,2H),8.64(s,1H).13C NMR(D6-DMSO):δ155.50,151.72,145.13,144.43,131.59,120.38.15N NMR(D6-DMSO):δ370.32,363.23,360.70,272.97,252.00,188.37,68.49.Elemental analysis(%)calcd forC7H6N8O7(314.17):C,26.53;H,2.04;N,35.71.Found:C,26.76;H,1.93;N,35.67.
实施例8
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸5-氨基-1H-四氮唑盐(ZXC-30)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920g,4.0mol)溶于1L甲醇中,再慢慢加入5-胺-四氮唑盐(340.3mg,4.0mol)。加完后,再搅拌20小时。然后,将混合物浓缩沉淀、冷却并过滤至目标化合物ZXC-30(黄色粉末,850.0g,产率为65.5%)。
其核磁共振氢谱图为1H NMR(D6-DMSO):δ8.61(s,1H),6.90(br,3H).13C NMR(D6-DMSO):δ155.46,151.77,145.15,131.73,120.39,53.46.15N NMR(D6-DMSO):δ370.27,363.25,361.18,361.10,361.17,272.00,249.38,41.38.Elemental analysis(%)calcdfor C6H5N9O7(315.22):C,22.63;H,1.76;N,40.17.Found:C,22.87;H,1.60;N,40.00.
实施例9
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸1-氨基胍盐(ZXC-31)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920g,4.0mol)溶于1L甲醇中,再慢慢加入氨基胍半硫酸盐(492.0g,2.0mol)。待氨基胍半硫酸盐加完后,继续搅拌24小时。然后,将混合物浓缩沉淀、冷却并过滤至目标化合物ZXC-31(黄色粉末,688.1g,产率为55.1%)。
其核磁共振氢谱图为1H NMR(D6-DMSO):δ8.65(s 1H),8.50(s,1H),7.20(br,2H),6.66(br,2H),4.63(br,2H).13C NMR(D6-DMSO):δ158.80,155.34,151.87,145.05,131.51,120.34.Elemental analysis(%)calcd for C6H8N8O7(304.06):C,23.37;H,2.82;N,36.14.Found:C,23.69;H,2.65;N,36.84.
实施例10
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸1-氨基胍盐(ZXC-31)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920g,4.0mol)溶于1L甲醇中,再慢慢加入氨基胍碳酸氢盐(536.0g,4.0mol)。待氨基胍半硫酸盐加完后,继续搅拌24小时。然后,将混合物浓缩沉淀、冷却并过滤至目标化合物ZXC-31(黄色粉末,679.8g,产率为56.09%)。
实施例11
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸1-氨基胍盐(ZXC-31)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920g,4.0mol)溶于1L甲醇中,再慢慢加入氨基胍磷酸氢盐(676.0g,4.0mol)。待氨基胍磷酸氢盐加完后,继续搅拌24小时。然后,将混合物浓缩沉淀、冷却并过滤至目标化合物ZXC-31(黄色粉末,695.3g,产率为57.36%)。
实施例12
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸钠盐(ZXC-32)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,将氢氧化钠(160mg,4.0mmol)溶于30mL甲醇中,等体系冷却至室温后,再慢慢加入2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920mg,4.0mmol),待2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶加完后,继续搅拌6小时,然后将沉淀过滤、干燥得目标化合物ZXC-32(黄色粉末,680.4mg,产率为67.50%)。
实施例13
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸钾盐(ZXC-33)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,将氢氧化钾(224mg,4.0mmol)溶于30mL甲醇中,等体系冷却至室温后,再慢慢加入2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920mg,4.0mmol),待2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶加完后,继续搅拌9小时后,将沉淀过滤、干燥,得目标化合物ZXC-33(黄色粉末,852.5mg,产率为79.52%)。
实施例14
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸银盐(ZXC-34)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920mg,4.0mmol)溶于30mL甲醇中,再慢慢加入硝酸银(676mg,4.0mmol)(避光)。待硝酸银加完后,继续搅拌36小时,将沉淀过滤、干燥得目标化合物ZXC-34(黄色粉末,1.105g,产率为92.48%)。
实施例15
2,4,6-三硝基吡啶-3-酸铅盐(ZXC-35)的制备,包括以下步骤:
在室温搅拌下,将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶(920mg,4.0mmol)溶于30mL甲醇中,再慢慢加入硝酸铅(662mg,2.0mmol)。待硝酸铅加完后,继续搅拌42小时,将沉淀过滤、干燥得目标化合物ZXC-35(黄色粉末,1.243g,产率为83.08%)。
实施例16
利用参考文献(Shreeve J,Yin P,Mitchell L,et al.Comparative Study ofVarious Pyrazole-based Anions:A Promising Family of Ionic derivatives asInsensitive Energetic Materials.[J].Chemistry–An Asian Journal,2017,12.)所述方法计算以2,4,6-三硝基吡啶为母体的系列富氮含能离子盐的生成焓、生成热、爆速及爆压,使用密度仪(3H-2000,购自贝士德仪器科技(北京)有限公司)测系列离子盐的密度,以TA Q600 TA Q2000测定了它们的热分解温度,以a standard BAM Fallhammer and a BAMfriction tester对它们感度进行了测定,并以JNM-ECZ600R/S3 600MHz核磁仪,CE-440Elemental Analyzer元素分析仪及X-单晶衍射仪对这些富氮含能离子盐进行了结构确证。详见表1。
表1.本发明制备的富氮含能离子盐与母体、DX和TKX-55性能比较
Note:[a]热分解温度;[b]296K下的单晶密度;[c]生成焓;[d]爆速;[e]爆压;[g]撞击感度(BAM drophammer,1 of 6);[h]摩擦感度(BAM friction tester,1 of 6)。
从表1中可以看出,ZXC-25,ZXC-30,2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的单晶密度都要大于RDX,ZXC-25爆轰性能(爆速P=34.1GPa,爆压vD=8.64km s-1)与RDX的爆轰性能(P=34.9GPa,爆压vD=8.74km s-1)非常相近,但其撞击感度(IS=46J)要远比RDX(IS=7J)高。此外,其它化合物如2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶,ZXC-23,ZXC-24,ZXC-27,ZXC-30,ZXC-31等化合物爆轰性能和撞击硬度值都要远高于TKX-55;ZXC-23,ZXC-24,ZXC-25,ZXC-31的爆压、爆速也远较2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶高,此外,ZXC-25,ZXC-31的密度也高于2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶高,因而,以2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶为母体的含能离子盐具有重要的应用前景和研究价值。
以上所述,仅为本发明人较佳的具体实施方式,但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明揭露的技术范围内,根据本发明的技术方案及其发明构思加以等同替换或改变,都应涵盖在发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (7)
2.根据权利要求1所述的2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐,其特征在于,所述结构式中R为富氮有机碱的阳离子。
3.权利要求1或2所述的2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
A.制备2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶;
B.将2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶和富氮有机碱加入至溶剂中,经搅拌、过滤、干燥,得到所述2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐。
4.根据权利要求3所述的2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤B中溶剂为甲醇、无水甲醇或蒸馏水。
5.根据权利要求3所述的2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤B中的富氮有机碱为含氮碱或盐。
6.根据权利要求5所述的2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐的制备方法,其特征在于,所述盐为含氮盐、银盐或铅盐。
7.根据权利要求6所述的2,4,6-三硝基-3-羟基吡啶的富氮含能离子盐的制备方法,其特征在于,所述含氮盐为盐酸盐、硫酸盐、硝酸盐或者上述含氮盐的水合物。
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